Ukuqonda Ukubhebhetha Nenjongo Yako

Uphando lophulo-hlolo lwezopolitiko luluhlobo lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko oluzifihlayo njengophando olusemthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo nophando lokwenyaniso loluvo olulungiselelwe ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olungachananga, ukunyanzela uphando olusebenzisa imibuzo echuliweyo ukuphembelela ukusasaza ulwazi olungalunganga, ukukhuthaza iimbono ezikhoyo, okanye ukurhoxa okungancediyo. Ludla ngokubonakala njengomnxeba omfutshane okanye uphando lwe-intanethi, kodwa usukelo lwabo lokwenyaniso alulinganiseki – lunempembelelo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kophatho olungathanga nxaxheba kunye novavanyo olunyanzela olunyanzelayo kubuchule obubalulekileyo bokwazi ukufunda ulwazi olukhoyo kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ngexesha apho iphulo lwezobupolitika luthis ’ uphando oluthe chathayo phakathi kolwazi kunye noluvo.

Igama elithi "uphando lwemposiso" lifumene ukuvelela ngexesha lonyaka ka-1990, kodwa iqhinga lisukela emva kakhulu. Imizekelo yangaphambili iquka "amaphulo okuhlola amacala aphezulu" kunye nemibuzo ethwekisiweyo ebuzwa ngabalaphu-magama. Ngokwanda kobizo oluzenzekelayo (ukubiza) kunye nohlolo lwamanani, ukunyanzela uphando kulula ukwahlula kophando olusemthethweni. Uphando lwendlela lulandela imilinganiselo engqongqo yendlela: ukulinganisa ngokungakhethiyo, amagama angathathi calathi-nxaxheba, kunye nokuchaza ngokucace gca kwemida yempazamo. Uphatho lonyuso, ngokuchasene, lusoloko luqhutywa ngamaphulo, amaqela e-advoki, okanye ii-Picimes ezinemida ecacileyo kunye nezicwangciso ezicacileyo. Babuza kuphela i-glottess, zonke ii-ast syst comforeaders, okanye ii-'ith commentmentations.

Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelisayo lusenokubuza: "Ngaba ubuya kuba nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye kancinci ukuvota uCandidate Smith ukuba uyazi ukuba uSmith utyholwe ngokuthabatha iminikelo yephulo elingekho mthethweni kwiziphumo zamazwe angaphandle? Lo mbuzo awufuni ulufuni uluvo; ubhenca ummangalelwa ongenamngeni. Ingxelo etyholwayo "umphandle" ngoko iziphumo ezingenantsingiselo njengesibonisi soluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa eziluncedo ekusasazeni amarhe ngaphandle kokushiya indlela ecacileyo. Ukuqonda aba bakhandi aba nyathelo lokuqala ekuxhathiseni ukwakhiwa.

Imiqondiso Engundoqo Yomzimba Nolawulo Kwimibuzo Yomthetho

Ukuba ngumthengi ogxekayo wophando kufuna ubuchule bokubona iiflegi ezibomvu kumagama ombuzo nakwinkcazelo yophando. Ngezantsi zizona ndlela ziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ekutsaleni, nganye inemizekelo nenkcazelo eqinileyo.

Ulwimi Oluyifak ’ Imali Neziphene Zeemvakalelo

Amagama afakiweyo akhethelwe ngabom ukuvuselela iimvakalelo ezinamandla – uloyiko, umsindo, ukucaphuka, okanye uvelwano okanye ukudlulisela ulwazi lobundilele. Xa kuqhutyelwa phambili, iziphawuli ezifana "corrupt," "inkohliso" "iinpeentent," okanye "iqonga elizimeleyo" livela rhoqo. Inkcazo ye-prase ivela rhoqo ukugqalwa ngomxholo phambi kophendula.

Umzekelo: "Unikezelo oluthi lunembali yokuchitha imali, ubuya kuxhasa okanye uxhase icebo lakhe lerhafu?" Ibinzana elithi "ukuphumelela kokuchitha inkcitho" lichazwa njengenyani; linyanzela ukuphendula kwilebhile kunokuvavanya izicelo zokwenene. Thelekisa oku kumbuzo wophando olungathathi-nxaxheba: "Uyayixhasa okanye uyayichasa icebo elicetyisiweyo lerhafu lika-Jones"? Ukungabikho kwabalungisi abalayishayo kuvumela uluvo lokwenyaniso.

Ukongeza ekunikeni igama, ukunyanzela kudla ngokusebenzisa izivakalisi ezichuliweyo ngokweemvakalelo. Endaweni "ekungavoti," banokuthi "ukuphosa ivoti" (ukunciphisa ubuvila) okanye "ukwala ukwenza" (isithinteli esipheleleyo). Ukhetho lwesenzi lungenza isenzo sivakalise ngesiquphe nangendlela engalunganga. Jonga nawaphi na amazwi aphethe umgwebo ocacileyo.

Imibuzo Ephambili Ebonisa Ukuba Iza Kuphendulwa

Imibuzo ekhokelayo ibekwa kuqhubo lwempendulo ethile. Isoloko iqulathe iintelekelelo ezenzelwe kumbuzo ngokwawo. Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo yile: "Awuvumi ukuba..." okanye "Awuyiyi kuthi..." ezi ndlela zicatshulwa zenza ukungavumelani kubonakale ngathi kuphikisana.

Umzekelo: "Ngommi oxhalabeleyo, awuqondi ukuba kufuneka sifune imithetho engqongqo kumagosa ethu anyuliweyo? Umbuzo uqiqa ukuba umphicothi uxhalabile kwaye imithetho engqongqo iyafuneka. Ukuphendula "no" kungavakalelwa kukuba akasebenzisani. Elinye iqhinga eliqhelekileyo kukubuza: "Ukuba uCandite Brown uyavuma ukuxoka ngengxelo yabo yomkhosi, oko kungakwenza ungafane uvote?" Umbuzo udibanise ukurhoxiswa njengenyaniso, unyanzelela ukuphendula ucingele into ebangela ukuba umvoti oyonakalisa udumo lomvoti.

Imibuzo ephambili ingasetyenziswa nakuhlobo olulungileyo, njenge "Awuvumi ukuba ingxelo kaThompson kwimfundo ibalasele? Oku akuqhelekanga ekuhlolweni kwe-'dve's' ejolise ekuhlaseleni kodwa kusenjalo ngokunyanzela. Isitshixo kukuqaphela xa umbuzo unexabiso lomgwebo okanye intelekelelo elinganisela inkululeko yomphulaphuli yokuphendula ngokunyanisekileyo.

Ukungalinganiseli: Ulwazi oluXhaswe ngeNdlela enye

Uphando lokufola lunqabile ukunikela amacala omabini embambano ngokulunga. Endaweni yoko, ajolise ingqalelo kuphela kwimiba engalunganga yomvoti okanye inkqubo yomnye lo gama engahoyi naziphi na izinto eziluncedo, okanye i-ethe-jike kwizinto ezikhethwayo. Oku kujikajijela kudala imbono egqwethekileyo enokutshintsha iimbono ngendlela efihlakeleyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Umzekelo: "Piza uGreen ovote ngokuchasene nemali ethandwayo yesiseko sesiseko sendalo, ingakwenza ube nobungozi bokumxhasa? Lo mbuzo ukhankanya kuphela ivoti enye; ushiya umongo njengolunye uvotelo, amalungiselelo emali, okanye izizathu zomvoti. Uhlolisiso lungabuza ukulandelelwa: "Ngaba uyaxhalabela ukuba ufunde ukuba iCandite Green Green yamkele iminikelo evela kumbutho ongenelweyo kwimali?" Oku kuzisa omnye ongenelweyo, uqululo lwengxelo.

Uphando lomthetho lwenjongo yolwimi olulungelelanisiweyo. Ukuba umbuzo wophando ubonakala ubalaselisa icala elinye lebali okanye usebenzisa iinkcazelo ezifanelekileyo okanye ezingalunganga, yiphathe ngokukrokrelela. Umbuzo wobundindi ungathi: "IGreen Green ivote kwimali yokuxhasa izibonelelo zemali. Ngokusekelwe koko ukwaziyo, ngaba le voti ikwenza ube nokwenzeka ngakumbi okanye kancinane ukuxhasa i-"? Olu hlobo lobundilele aluyichazi ivoti "IMPI" okanye luchaze isizathu esikhethekileyo sokuvota.

Isandi solwazi olungalunganga: "Isiphumo Sotyhilo"

Uphando olucinezelayo ludla ngokuphinda-phinda intelekelelo eyingozi izihlandlo ezininzi kuhlolo olufutshane, okanye kumgama omfutshane. Ukuphinda-phinda kudala ukuqhelana, kwaye ukuqhelana kunokubangela ukwamkelwa – kwanenkcazelo ebubuxoki. Lo mgaqo wengqondo, obizwa ngokuba ngumphumo nje wokutyhila, wenza iintetho eziphindaphindiweyo zibonakale zithembekile ngakumbi ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Uvavanyo lokunyanzelisa lungaqala nge: "Uyazi ukuba ii-Adminities zityholwe ngokurhweba ngaphakathi?" Kamva ibuza: "Ukuba ngaba ii-Aldates zifunyaniswe zinetyala ngaphakathi, ungaxhasa utshaba lwakhe?" Kwaye: Ucinga ukuba abapolitiki abafana noAdam ababandakanyeke ekuthengeni ngaphakathi bafanele barhoxe? Isityholo sibekwe kwiindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, sihlandlo ngasinye sifumana ityala lorhwebo phakathi komxhasi nokuziphatha okubi.

Kuphando olusemthethweni, imibuzo ayiphindi into enye encinci kwizinto ezininzi. Ukuba udibana nohlolisiso olugcina ujikeleza emva kwisityholo esifanayo, kusenokuba luvo olunyanzelayo. Injongo kukufaka ingcamango engalunganga kwinkumbulo yakho, hayi ukulinganisa uluvo lwakho.

Ukungalawuleki Okanye Iintetho Ezibangela Ukulahlekiswa Ezixhasa Inyaniso

Uphando lotshitshilo maxa wambi luxhomekeke kumagama adidayo anokuchazwa ngeendlela ezininzi, ivumela umvoti ukuba kamva athi iziphumo zibonisa into eyahlukileyo. Bangasebenzisa amanani awenziweyo okanye angachazwanga. Umzekelo, umbuzo ungathi: "Abanye abantu bathi iCandite Lee inembali yokuvota okubalulekileyo okulahlekileyo. Ingaba oko kukwenza ube mancinci kakhulu ukuvota? Ibinzana elithi "Abanye abantu bathi" lisibinzana lodidi elichaza i-weaselthi engaphenjelwanga mphathi.

Umzekelo: "Ngokutsho kwengxelo yakutshanje, Candidate Taylor udityaniswa neqela eliphikisayo. Uxhalatyiswa kangakanani ngale nto? Umbuzo awuchazi ingxelo, iqela, okanye uhlobo lwamaqhina. Isuka nje ibonise unxulumano njengeliyingozi. Umphicothi-nxaxheba unyanzeleka ukuba asabele kwisisongelo esingacacanga, esinokubangela ukukrokraza nokuba iinkcukacha azikho.

Ngokufanayo, imibuzo equka amanani afana "nee-"amanani ibonisa ukuba ama-70% abavoti aphikisana nalo nkqubo" ngaphandle kokucaphula umthombo okanye iindlela zokusebenza arhanelwa. Kwiziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo, nayiphi na ingqikelelo esetyenziswa kumbuzo kufuneka ichazwe. Ukuba awunakukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa intelekelelo, okanye ukuba amagama abhalwe ngendlela engacacanga, uvotelo lubonakala lukhuphozo olunyanzelayo.

Indlela Yokuhlolisisa Imibuzo Erhabaxa

Ukuqwalasela ngokulandelelanayo enoba umbuzo wovotelo ulungile okanye ungowobundilele, okanye ujonge ngaphaya komkhethe kunye nochuku, sebenzisa ezi zicwangciso zilandelayo ezinenyathelo ezintlanu. Le ndlela ingasetyenziswa ngabafundi kwiiklasi zokufunda nokubhala kwimithombo yezixhobo, ngokufota abavoti befota, okanye ngomntu nabani na ofunda iziphumo zokuhlola iindaba.

Inyathelo 1: Hlaziya Ilizwi Lolwimi Olunzima

Funda umbuzo ngokuvakalayo kwaye wahlule nawaphina amazwi achukumisleyo. Gqithisa iziphawuli kunye nezenzo ezinentsingiselo elungileyo okanye engakhiyo. Umzekelo, "ukwenza ingeniso ecacileyo" ngokuphikisana "ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala" – owesibini uthwale, owesibini awuthathi cala. Beka amagama athweleyo anokungangqinelani kwaye jonga ukuba umbuzo uthelekelelwa ngakumbi. Ukuba intsingiselo engundoqo itshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, indlela yokubhala yantla ibinekwa.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Uhlolisiso lokuba lo mbuzo unikela iimbono ezininzi ngobulumko

Uphando olusemthethweni kwimibandela ephikiswayo ludla ngokuthatha imigangatho yombini kumacala engxoxo. Umzekelo: "Abanye abantu baxhasa imithetho engqongqo yemipu ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, lo gama abanye beyichasa ukukhusela amalungelo esibini oMphengululo. Yiyiphi esondelela kwimbono yakho? Oku kugocagoca zombini iimbono. Kuhlolisiso olucinezelwayo, umbuzo ungavela kwicala elinye kuphela: "Ngaba uyawaxhasa amanyathelo okhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lwemipu agcina imipu ingabi ezandleni zezaphuli-mthetho?"?

Bala inani leengxelo ezilungileyo nezingezizo ezingalunganga kulo mbuzo. Ukuba kukho ukungalingani okucacileyo, umbuzo usenokuba unyanzelekile. Kwakhona phawula ukuba umbuzo uquka "omabini amacala" isehlo enyanisweni elahlekisayo kuba igqwetha icala elinye – umzekelo, ibiza elinye imboniselo "i-ithremati" ngelinye lichaza elinye njenge "omsinga omkhulu".

Inyathelo Lesithathu: Yiqonde Imibuzo Ephambili Enokuphendulwa

Jonga iprojekthi yombuzo ezithatha into ngaphandle kokunika incam yobundilele. Imiphawu eqhelekileyo iquka: "Phinda into..." ilandelwe yi-conoid; "Ukuba uyazi..." ikhokelela kwikhasi elibi; "Awuvumi..."; "Ungaboni umbangi uboniswe..."; okanye "Ucinga ukuba ukuziphatha okunjalo kwamkelekile?" Ngamnye kula manqaku uyavuma ukuba isiseko siyinyaniso. Umbuzo wobundilele uzakuqala ngo: "Unalo mbono..." okanye "Ungalubonisa njani uluvo..." ngaphandle kokwenza ugwebo.

Inyathelo 4: Qinisekisa Naziphi na iiNgxelo Zenyaniso

Ukuba umbuzo uqulathe ikhawunta - umzekelo, "ICandidate Murray ivote ngokuchasene nemali enokuthi igcine imisebenzi eli-10 000" – yima kwaye ujonge izibakala. Sebenzisa i-injini yokuphendla ukubona ukuba ngaba iziphumo zichanile, aziphelelanga, okanye zibubuxoki obucacileyo. Uninzi luxinzelela kwisiqingatha senyaniso okanye ugcino-lwazi olukhethwayo. Nokuba isiseko siyinyaniso, umongo ungalahleka. Jonga kwimvelaphi yokuqala okanye iingqikelelo ezizimeleyo kwimibutho engaphanga.

Ukongezelela, qwalasela imvelaphi yale ngxelo. Ingaba ibangelwa luphando oluthile, inqaku leendaba, okanye ingxelo karhulumente? Iimbekiselo ze-Vague (njengeengxelo "ezingangenkulungwane" okanye "iingcali ezininzi") ziyiflegi ebomvu. Xa kungekho ngqikelelo-magama, zijonge oko kuthethwayo njengokukrokreleka.

Inyathelo 5: Mqonde Obangela Oku

Ngubani oqhuba uphando? Libulungu lophando oludumileyo (umz., Iziko lophando, iGallup, iAssociated Press) okanye iphulo lezobupolitika, iSuper PAC, okanye ifektha engaziwayo? Abavoteli abasemthethweni banikela ulwazi malunga nendlela yophando: umlinganiselo wolinganiso, umda wempazamo, inkqubo yoqhakamshelwano, kunye nemihla yasemasimini. Ukuba umfono akanakunikela olu lwazi, okanye ukuba inani alibhalwanga, ukhuphiso oluchaphazanyiselwayo.

Kwakhona qwalasela ixesha. Uhlolo lotyuso olungumfono-rhoqo lusoloko lubonakala phambi konyulo, ngokukodwa kukhuphiswano. Luyilelwe ukuphembelela abavoti abakhawulezileyo okanye ukurhoxa komvoti othile onxungupheleyo. Ukuba uphando lugxininisa kuphela kuhlaselo olubi nxamnye nomnye umvotelwa kwaye luqulethe kungekho mibuzo malunga nomnye umvotelelwa okanye imibandela engoondileleyo, intshukumisa icacile: ukuyekelela, hayi ukulinganisela.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yongcoliso lodubelo

Kuye kwenzeka amava aphawulekayo okunyanzelisa abantu ukuba bakhethe kunyulo olukhulu lwaseUnited States, nto leyo eye yabonisa ngokucacileyo amaqhinga achazwe ngasentla.

[2000 Republican Primary – John McCain vs. George W. Bush: EMzantsi Carolina, abavoti babika ufono-mfono-mfono bebuza: "Ukuba ngaba ubunokuba maninzi okanye ungayivoti uJohn McKain ukuba wayazi ukuba ungumntwana ongekho mthethweni? Oku kwakusisityholo sobuxoki ngokupheleleyo, kodwa umbuzo watyala amarhesi phakathi kwamawaka evoti. Uphando kamva lwafunyaniswa emva koko kwisixhobo sezobupolitika esisebenza ngokuchasene noMccion. Lo mzekelo usoloko ucatshulwa njengomzekelo wencwadi yencwadi yokunyanzela.

.2008 Democratic Primary – Barack Obama vs. Hillary Clinton: Ngexesha lenjongo yeOhio, abavoti bafumana unxulumano olubuzayo: "Ukuba wayazi ukuba uBarack Obama wayengumSilamsi, oko bekungenza ukuba uvotelwe okanye ungabi namathuba aneleyo okuvota?" Obama ingumKristu, kodwa umbuzo wasasaza unxulumano lobuxoki. Uhlolo lokucinezela lwaye lweqela elingaziwayo, kwaye akukho nkampani yokuvota esemthethweni izakubuza umbuzo ongacacanga.

[[FLT: 0] Unyulo loMongameli olukwi-2016-Ukhetho-Donald Trump noHillary Clinton: Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kwimimandla emininzi ye-engile wabuza uvoti: "Ngaba ubuya kuba mancinane okanye buncinane kakhulu ukuvota uHillary Clinton ukuba uyazi ukuba unesifo esinzulu sempilo? Akukho bungqina buxhasayo bunikiweyo; umbuzo ngokwawo wawungumyalezo. Oku kwakuyinxalenye yendlela ebanzi yokutyhala ecelwe ukuthoba okucutha okubangela ukuthobla intembelo kutshaba.

Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela uphatho lokunyanzela oludlula ngayo kwizibakala eziqhelekileyo zokukhangela iziqhagamshelanisi. Azipapashwa okanye zihlalutya; zikhona kuphela njengefowuni ye-ephemeral okanye i-pop-up kwi-intanethi. Oku kuzenza zibe yingozi kakhulu kuba zinokusasaza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Ukwakha Ubuchule Bokufunda Nokubhala

Ukubona uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo luyinxalenye yobuchule bokufunda obuninzi obuye banceda abantu bakwazi ukusebenzisa inkcazelo entsonkothileyo.

Imisebenzi 1: Thelekisa kwaye uthelekise Imibuzo yeBhodi. Nika abafundi uluhlu lwemibuzo elishumi, eminye evela kunyulo olusemthethweni neminye enyanzelweni yokutyhalela. Bacele ukuba balungelelanise imibuzo ngokusebenzisa iplanga lendlela yemigangatho emihlanu baze bathethelele iimpendulo zabo. Thetha ngesizathu sokuba umahluko wendlela yokubhala imicimbi.

Umsebenzi 2: Bhala umbuzo woTyhala njengombuzo we-Neutral. Thatha umbuzo olayishiweyo okanye okhokelayo uze uwuguqule ube ngumba wophando olufanelekileyo nolulungeleleneyo. Umzekelo, tshintsha u-"Ungavumi ukuba u-X wonakaliswa njani?" ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wokungathathi nxaxheba?

Umsebenzi wophando 3: Uphando lwemvelaphi. Abafundi bafumene uphando lwakutshanje olucatshulwe kwiindaba okanye kumajelo eendaba. Lungenise umbutho owayiqhubayo, indlela yayo, kunye nayo nayiphi na into enokwenzeka. Sebenzisa ubuncwane obufana neAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (AAAPOR) inyathelo lophando olucacileyo lokuvavanya ngokusemthethweni. I-AAPOURDER ye-Ethics ingqikelelo eluncedo ekukhetheni uphando lwendlela kwinteko.

Imisebenzi 4: Imolence-Dlaya umnxeba wocingo. tyhala umnxeba wokhupho-volo kwaye abafundi baqhelise ukuphendula ngokukruqulayo: becela umxhasi, injongo, nokuba uvo lubhaliwe na. Ukudlala indima kuyakha intembelo ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo ngexesha lonxulumano lokwenene.

Ukufunda eendaba akuthethi nje ngokuhlola ukuqonda; kufikelela kuzo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano olunempembelelo – izibhengezo, iintetho zobupolitika, kunye neenkqubo zezentlalo. Imigaqo efanayo yokuvavanya isebenza: kuphando ulwimi, kuqinisekiswe oko kuthethwayo, kuqwalaselwe, yaye kujongwe oko kubangelwa ziimvakalelo.

Isiphelo

Uphando lophulo lumela umgudu owenziwe ngabom wokugqwetha uluvo lukawonke-wonke phantsi kophando. Ngokuqonda ubuchule bolwimi olulayishweyo, imibuzo ekhokelayo, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olungalinganiyo, ukuphindwa, kunye neengxelo ezingacacanga, abantu bangachonga ikhethe kunye nokusebenzisa imigaqo egqwethekileyo ngaphambi kokuba iphembelele izigqibo zabo. Isiseko senyathelo elihlanu esichazwe ngasentla sinika isixhobo esisebenzisekayo sokuhlola naluphi na uphando, nokuba kunokwenzeka kwimnxeba, kwi-webhsayithi, okanye kwingxelo yeendaba. Ukusebenzisa olu cwangciso, kunye noqinisekiso lwemithombo neenkcazelo eziziqinisekiso, kunceda ekukhuseleni ukusasazwa kwenkohliso.

Ukufunda eendaba asibobuchule obungasebenziyo – kufuna uphando olusebenzayo namathandabuzo. Njengoko uphando olunyanzelekileyo luba luntsonkothileyo ngokujoliswe kulwazi lwamanani kunye nobugcisa bokuthatha izithuba, ukukwazi ukuzibona kubaluleka kakhulu. Abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabavoti ngokufanayo kufuneka bahlale bephaphile. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga ubuncwane obufana no uphando lweziko lobuProjijiko kunye nemithetho ye- e-AOULAWULAYO ye-Ethis[FLT] ukuqonda oko kuyila okusemthethweni. Ngokwakha obu buchule, sonke sinokuba ngabemi abanolwazi olungakumbi nabangenalungela ukusetyenziswa.