Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yonyulo Yomongameli waseUnited States

Inkqubo yokukhetha uMongameli wase-United States yinkqubo eyenziwe kakuhle edibanisa ukuvota kwedemokhrasi nemithetho elawulayo. Ngoxa abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba unyulo luyibala lesizwe, eyona nkqubo ibandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi: amaziko kunye neendibano zesizwe, iphulo lonyulo jikelele, yaye ekugqibeleni iElectoral College. Eli nqaku liqhawula inyathelo ngalinye kulwimi olucacileyo, olucacileyo ukuze uqonde kakuhle indlela ekhethwe ngayo isigqeba esiyintloko sohlanga rhoqo kwiminyaka emine.

Umjikelo wonyulo womongameli wase-U.S. umalunga neminyaka emibini, uqala ngezaziso zonyulo kwaye uphela ngokunikezelwa komongameli osandul' ukunyulwa ngoJanuwari. Inyathelo ngalinye libonakalisa injongo yomseki yokulungelelanisa ukuthanda kwabantu nezilangazelelo zamazwe ngamanye. Le nkqubo iye yaguquka ekuhambeni kwexesha, kodwa isiseko sayo sihlala njengoko kuchazwe kumGaqo-siseko.

Inyathelo 1: Iimbaleki Nezinyuso – Ukukhetha Iqela Elineengcongconi

Unyulo lobuMongameli alulokhuphi olunye phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini. Okokuqala, iqela ngalinye eliphambili lezobupolitika (iidemocrats kunye namaRiphabliki) kufuneka likhethe uthotho lwalo olusemthethweni ngothotho lweengxoxo zomgangatho karhulumente ezibizwa ngokuba ziiPrimiries kunye nee-kaucuses. Ezi zinto ziqheleke phakathi koJanuwari noJuni wonyaka wonyulo.

Ziyintoni Iindiza?

Unyulo lulungelelaniswe ngoorhulumente bephondo apho amalungu eqela avotela umvotelwa wawo amthandayo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • I-primprimes ezivaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kwintloko yeqela lawo.
  • I-openripries: Nabani na obhalisiweyo, nokuba ungowaphi na umbutho, angavota kwisiqu seqela elinye.

Oyena mntu ufumana ivoti kwiphondo eliphambili uphumelele iindwendwe zeli lizwe. Abameli ngabantu abathenjiswe ukuxhasa umntu othile oza kungenela indibano yesizwe yeli qela.

Yintoni I Caucus?

Iintlanganiso zeCaucus ziqhelekile apho amalungu eqela lentlanganiso ahlanganisana khona ukuze axubushe kwaye avote abo baza kubhaptizwa. Zimbalwa kakhulu kuneeprimes kodwa zisasetyenziswa kumazwe ambalwa, anjenge-Iowa. ICaucuses ibandakanya uphando lukawonke-wonke, ukunyanzela, kunye nevoti yokugqibela. Isiphumo sigqiba ukuba baphi abathunywa abafumanayo abatsha abavela kwelo lizwe.

Isizathu Sokuba Iimarike Nemibandela Enzima

Ixesha eliyintloko lecaucus lixinene kummandla wabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye limisela ukuba ngubani oza kuya kwindibano yesizwe ngenkxaso ebalaseleyo. Abasebenzi abangaphumelelanga kumaphondo angaphambili badla ngokuyeka. Le nkqubo ivelisa inkcazo enkulu yamajelo eendaba, ivumela abavoti ukuba bafunde ngemigaqo-nkqubo nobuntu babathathi-nxaxheba.

Ukukhangela nzulu indlela esebenza ngayo, tyelela i [[FLT: 0] USUSA.gov iphepha kwiprimies kunye nekawuluses.

Inyathelo lesi - 2: Iindibano ZeSizwe – Ngokusemthethweni Ziguqulelwa KwiCandidate

Emva kokuphela kwexesha eliphambili nelokuqukumbela, umbutho ngamnye uba nendibano yesizwe ehlotyeni (ngokuqhelekileyo ngoJulayi okanye ngoAgasti). Ababezeli abavela kuwo onke amazwe bayahlanganisana ngokusemthethweni ukuze bachaze ummilisele weqela labo ukuba ngumongameli. Ezi ndibano zizezona ziphambili apho iqela lemibutho libonisa iqonga, likhuthaza inkxaso emva kwe-nomminee.

Indima Yabathunywa

Kwindibano, abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye bavota umvoti wabo owaphumelela kwi-caucus ephambili okanye kwi-oda. Umba wesicelo ufuna inkoliso yabathunywa ukukhusela unyulo. Ukuba akukho mvo ufikayo kwindibano kunye nabaninzi abacacileyo, indibano iba “yiyo,” kwaye abameli bangarhoxa inkxaso yabo kwimijikelo emininzi yokuvota. Noko ke, kumaxesha anamhlanje, umtyunjwa ugqibekile phambi kokuba indibano iqalise.

Ukukhetha Umongameli Ongumphathi Ophetheyo

Kwakhona umongameli ukhetha iqabane elibalekayo (isekela lombutho womongameli) ngaphambi okanye ebudeni bendibano. Indibano iqinisekisa ngokusesikweni ukuba bobabini abaza kubhaptizwa. Eli qela landula ke lixhase unyulo ngokubanzi.

Kwakhona iindibano zesizwe zamkela iqonga elisemthethweni lalo, elichaza iindidi zalo zenkqubo kwimibandela enjengezoqoqosho, ukunyamekela impilo, nemicimbi yasemzini.

Inyathelo 3: Iphulo Lokhetho

Xa ii-minenes zithe zamiselwa, iphulo lonyulo liqala ngokunyanisekileyo. Eli candelo liqala ekupheleni kwehlobo lidlule kuSuku loNnyulo ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Ihamba ngemida yelizwe, ithathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo, kwizibhengezo zikamabonwakude, kwaye yenza imigudu yokuphumelela amavoti.

Amanyathelo Angundoqo Ephulo

  • [[FLT: 0] Izabelo zedabi lisithi: Inkamlo zijolise kwimimandla engekho ngqiqweni kwi Democratic okanye iRiphabliki, eyaziwa ngokuba ziimeko zokujinga. Ukuphumelela la mazwe kungenza umahluko kwi Electoral College.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela i-VT: Iphulo lokuchola likhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba babhalise, bavote kwangoko, kwaye baphume ngoSuku lokhetho.
  • Ingxoxo ezicuthiweyo zivumela abavoti bathelekise abathathi-nxaxheba ngamacala. Izixhobo zokuthelekisa kunye nezibhengezo zezentlalo kunye nezibhengezo zamanani zikwadlala indima enkulu.

Ukutyhubela eli xesha, abo baza kunyula banikela umbono wabo kweli lizwe baze bazame ukucenga abavoti abangakhange babhetyebhetye. Iphulo lonyulo lifikelela kwincopho yalo ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba — USuku Lokhetho.

Inyathelo 4: Usuku Lokhetho – Igalelo Elithandwayo

NgoSuku lokhetho, izigidi zamaMerika ziya kwiindawo zokuvota okanye iiposi kwivoti zazo zokuvota umongameli. Noko ke, ngokobuxhakaxhaka abazivoti ngqo kubachongi. Endaweni yoko, zivotela isileti sabavoti abathenjiswe loo mvoti. Kulapho ivoti ecacileyo ephambili kunye neElectoral College edicticact.

Uyintoni Umculo Othandwayo?

Ivoti ethandwayo linani lilonke levoti ephoswa umvoti ngamnye kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngeli xesha ivoti ethandwayo ibonisa ukhetho lonyulo lwesizwe, ayimmiseli ngqo ophumeleleyo. Umongameli ukhethwa yiElectoral College esekelwe kwisiphumo sovoti ethandwayo kwilizwe ngalinye.

Ngokomzekelo, umntu oza kubhaptizwa angafumana ivoti edumileyo kwilizwe lonke kodwa aphulukane nomongameli ukuba akaphumelelanga ukuphumelela kwivoti eyaneleyo. Oku kuye kwenzeka kunyulo olumbalwa, kutshanje ngo2016 nangowama- 2000.

Isiphumo Semeko

Kufutshane phantse kulo lonke iphondo, umvoti ophumeleleyo othandwayo kwelo lizwe ufumana zonke iivoti zakhe ezikhethiweyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye- “winner-tatings-onke”. Amazwe amabini (iMaine neNebraska) asebenzisa indlela yolungelelaniso, enika ivoti enye evoti ekhethekileyo kwisithili sombutho ngasinye, enomvuzo wombuso ngokubanzi efumana ezishiyekileyo ezimbini.

Inyathelo 5: IElectoral College – Indlela UMongameli Achazwa Ngayo Ngokwenene

I-Electoral College liqela labanyuli abangama-58 abanyulwa ngokusesikweni ngumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Urhulumente ngamnye ufumana inani labanyuli elilingana nomelo lwawo olupheleleyo kwiBhunga: ilungu ngalinye leNdlu yabameli (elisekelwe kubemi) kunye nenye kwiqela labemi bayo ababini. ISithili saseColumbia sifumana abavoti abathathu, nangona singamelelwanga kwiBhunga.

Indlela Abanyulwa Ngayo Abacebisi

Amaqela ezobupolitika esizwe ngasinye akhetha eyawo irela yabavoti phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo. Aba badla ngokuba ngabaxhasi beqela, abanyuliweyo, okanye abaxhasi abaphambili. Xa uvotela ukuba ulandelwe ngumongameli, eneneni uvota abavoti abathenjiweyo.

Ukudibana KwabaCebethi

NgoMvulo wokuqala emva koLwesithathu lwesibini ngoDisemba kuMhla woNnyulo, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo ephondo ukuze bavote izihlandlo ezibini: enye yeyomongameli nenye yesekela likamongameli. La mavoti athunyelwa kwiBhunga ukuba libalwe.

Abakhenkethi Abangenalukholo

Kwamanye amazwe, abavoti banyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuvota umvoti owaphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Noko ke, inani elincinane labanyuli livote ngokuchasene nesifungo sabo — aba babizwa ngokuba “ngabanyuli abangakholwayo.” Ngonyaka ka-2016, abanyuli abasixhenxe baphambukile. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa amalungelo karhulumente okusohlwaya okanye ukubuyisela abavoti abangenalukholo kwityala Chiafalo v. Washington.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngembali kunye nobume obusemthethweni be-Electoral College, bona [[FLT: 0] ugcino-lwazi lwamazwe lweKoleji ye-Electoral kwiphepha.

Inyathelo 6: Uphumelele Ulawulo – Umda wama- 270- Amavote

Kufuneka umntu oza kuthabatha ivoti ezininzi kuma-58 onyulo — ubuncinane 270 — ukuze abe ngumongameli olawulayo. Ukuba umnyulwa ufikelela kulo mqobo, unyulo luzinziswa ngokunempumelelo, nangona amanyathelo asemthethweni okubhalisa esele.

Kwenzeka Ntoni Ukuba Ukungabi Nagunya Kufikelela Kuma - 270?

Ukuba akukho mvotelwa uphumelele ubuncinane kwi 270 yamavoti okhetho, unyulo luphoswa kwiNdlu yabameli [[FLT:] kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba lunyulo lonyulo lweqela. Oku kungayenzeka ukuba umvoti wesithathu uphumelele ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela uninzi, okanye ukuba kukho iqhina elichanekileyo.

  • Indlu ikhetha umongameli: igqiza ngalinye lesizwe lifumana ivoti enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abantu. Abameli abavela kwilizwe ngalinye bavota phakathi kwabo, kwaye urhulumente uvote i-octer yabo enye kulowo ungenelelayo kunye noninzi lwabameli balo. Umbalelwa ofumana amavoti avela ubuncinane kumaphondo angama-26 uphumelele.
  • Ijenali likhetha isekela lomongameli: Indlu yendlu yemivolo ikhetha isekela lomongameli ukusuka kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaphezulu, kunye nendlu nganye ekhupha ivoti enye. Uninzi lweCanten epheleleyo (ubuncinane engama-51) iyafuneka.

Le nkqubo yonyulo oluhlanganisiweyo isetyenziswe kabini: ngowe-1800 (ekhokelela kuhlaziyo lwe-12) kunye nango-1824. Izimo zale mihla zisekho ngokucingelwa kodwa zinokwenzeka kwimijaho esondeleyo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu.

Ukuqinisekiswa nokuHlakulelwa

Ingqungquthela idibana kwintlanganiso edityanisiweyo ngoJanuwari 6 ubalo lwevoti zonyulo nokuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba uphumelele. Umongameli ongunogada umiselwa ngoJanuwari 20 emini emaqanda, ethabatha isifungo seofisi kwaye ethatha ngokusemthethweni i-designi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ikholeji Ye - Electoral Ikho

I-Electoral College yayingulwamkelo kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1787. Abanye abathunywa babefuna ukuba iNgqungquthela inyule umongameli; abanye bafuna ivoti ecacileyo edumileyo. I-Electoral College yanika amaphondo amancinane ngokuqinisekisa ukuba namazwe amancinane anabavoti abathathu (iingingqi ezimbini kunye nelungu elinye lendlu).

Le nkqubo ikwathintela imimandla emisiweyo eninzi enabantu ukuba ingalawuli unyulo lwesizwe. Amaqumrhu kufuneka akhe umnqongo obubanzi wamaphondo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ukufikelela kwivoti ezingama-270. Abaxhasi bayithethelela i-urhulumente kwaye bakhuthaza abaza kuthabatha inxaxheba kwimiqathango emininzi kunezixeko ezinkulu.

Abagxeki, noko, babonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuphumelela-onke ingakhokelela kumlandeli ekuphumeleleni umongameli phezu kokuphulukana novoti oluthandwayo lwesizwe. Oku kubangele impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuba ngaba kuhlengahlengiswe okanye kupheliswe i-Electoral College. Kwizimvo ezilungeleleneyo, bona [[FLT: 0]] iEnclopædia Britannica yoshwankathelo lwe-Electoral College[[FLT: 1]].

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga Ngonyulo lobuongameli

Abantu abaninzi abaziqondi ezinye izinto ngendlela abakhethwa ngayo oomongameli.

  • “ Umvoti ophumelele kakhulu.” Yinyani kuphela ngengqiqo yokuba iivoti zelizwe ezithandwayo zimisela ivoti ezinyuliweyo. Kodwa uvotelo oluthandwayo lwesizwe asiyofekta yesigqibo.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Abakhethi basoloko bevota njengesithembiso. Ngelixesha abaninzi besenza, abanyuli abangenalukholo banokwenzeka, nangona benqabile kwaye bebohlwaywa.
  • “ Ukuvota ngqo kumongameli kuthetha ukuba uzinyulele.” ngenene, uvotela abanyuli abavotela umongameli. Uvotelo lwakho lukhetha ukuba yeyiphi irela yabanyuli elimele imeko yakho.
  • [[FLT: 0]] "ULwesibini lokuqala ngoNovemba lusuku olunye nje lokuvota". Ngoku amazwe amaninzi anika uvotelo kwangoko, uvotelo olungekhoyo, kunye neevoti ezingaphakathi, ngoko unyulo luhlala ngokunempumelelo iiveki.

Indima Yemali Nemithombo Yezoshishino

IKomiti yoLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle (Federal Commution Commission) ilawula igalelo nenkcitho. Imali ihlawula izibhengezo zentengiso zikamabonwakude, iintlanganiso, abasebenzi, abakhenkethi, neekomiti zezopolitiko.

Usasazo lwamajelo eendaba lukwalungisa iimbono zabavoti. Iindawo zokuvota, amajelo eendaba, neengxoxo zezentlalo zinika ulwazi kodwa zikwazisa ikhethe kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Abaxhasi bakhuthazwa ukuba bafune ulwazi kwimithombo emininzi baze baqinisekise izibakala.

Ukufumana imali engakumbi yemali kukhuphiswano, tyelela isikhokelo se- FEC kwimali yezemali.

Imbali: Umahluko Neenguqu Eziphawulekayo

Inkqubo yonyulo lomongameli waseUnited States iye yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kunyulo lokuqala lukaGeorge Washington ngowe - 1789.

  • 12th Amendment (1804): Revised inkqubo yeElectoral College ukunyulela umongameli kunye nesekela likamongameli kwizixhobo ezihlukeneyo.
  • 15th Amendment (1870): Ikwaliwa kwamalungelo okuvota asekelwe kuhlanga, nangona imiqobo yaqhubeka kangangamashumi eminyaka.
  • UHlaziyo lwe19th Amendment (1920): abafazi banika ilungelo lokuvota.
  • UHlaliso lweziPhuhliso lwe23 (1961): Abahlali baseWashington, D.C., ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lomongameli kunye neevoti ezintathu ezinyuliweyo.
  • UHlaziyo lwe24 (1964): Irhafu yovolo olungenisiweyo, olwalusetyenziselwa ukususa abavoti abangafumani ngeniso.
  • Umthetho wovotelo wamaLungelo ka 1965: uthintelo localulo lobuhlanga kwizenzo zokuvota.
  • UHLOBO LWAMAXESHA [[FLT: 0] Unyulo lwama 2000: Ugqatso olukufutshane phakathi koGeorge W. Bush noAl Gore lwaphela ngesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo (Bush v. Gore) eyayicombulula ngempumelelo iziphumo, ukuqalisa impikiswano malunga noyilo lwebhola kunye nokufota.
  • Unyulo luka 2016: Donald Trump waphumelela kwiElectoral College ngexa ephulukana nevoti ethandwayo kuHillary Clinton, ukulawula kubiza utshintsho.

Ezi nguqulelo neziganeko ziye zayiguqula inkqubo yonyulo yale mihla, ziyenza ikhetheke ngakumbi kodwa isephantsi kweempikiswano yaye zifuna ukuphucula.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Elungiselelwe Ukulungelelana

Inkqubo yokukhetha umongameli wase-U.S. intsonkothile, kodwa ifeza injongo: ukulinganisela ulawulo oluninzi nomelo lukarhulumente. Ukusukela kwixesha lokuqala ukuya kwi-Electoral College vhoti, inyathelo ngalinye liqinisekisa ukuba kuvakala amalizwi amaninzi — ukususela kumarhafu akwi-Iowa ukuya kumavoti aseKhalifoniya. Ngoxa inkqubo ingefezekanga, iye yavelisa utshintsho loxolo lwamandla ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukuqonda indlela abanyulwa ngayo oomongameli kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Enoba ungumvoti wokuqala okanye ungumchopheli onolwazi, ukwazi abakhandi abasemva konyulo kukunceda ubone ngaphaya kwemixholo ephambili kwaye uqonde ngokwenene ukuba ukhokelo lugqitywe njani eUnited States.

Ngenkcazelo esemthethweni emalunga nokubhalisa kwivoti kunye nenxaxheba kunyulo, tyelela SUSA. uvotelo lwephepha[[FLT: 1].