Ingcaciso: Indlela Iminqweno Yakho Evakaliswa Ngayo Kurhulumente

Umelo kurhulumente ngumgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi. Embilinini yayo, iqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi abantu bayaviwa, baqwalaselwe, basebenzele kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Ngaphandle komelo olusebenzayo, abemi bayaqhawuka kwimigaqo ebumba ubomi babo. Ukuqonda indlela izilangazelelo zakho ezimelwa ngayo akuyomfuneko nje kuphela kwimfundo yezopolitiko kodwa kwakhona nokuba nenxaxheba enenjongo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ingcamango yokumela, iindlela ezahlukeneyo, iindlela ezisebenza ngazo, ubuchule, iingxaki ezikhoyo ekujongeni kwazo, nendlela ezisebenzisekayo zokuyolisa ulwazi kulawulo-melo lwanamhlanje.

Yintoni Umelo?

Kumelo olubhekiselele kwinkqubo apho amagosa anyuliweyo enza khona ngenxa yeentlobo zawo. Yinkqubo echaza ngayo izilangazelelo, iimfuno, namaxabiso abantu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente nakumthetho. Kwidemokhrasi emelayo, abemi abavoti kuyo yonke imbambano; endaweni yoko, bakhetha abantu abaya kwenza ngabom baze bagqibe ngabo. Le nkqubo ilungelelanisa igalelo eliqhelekileyo, kodwa ikwaphakamisa nemibuzo ecacileyo malunga nokuba ngoobani abameli babo, abameli babo, okanye abantu ababanyulelayo.

Intanda-bulumko kunye nezazinzulu zezobupolitika beziphikisana ngengxoxo yomelo kangangeenkulungwane. Ingcamango yale mihla yavela ngexesha loKhanyiso, iphenjelelwa ziinkcubeko ezinjengoJohn Locke kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau, owathi urhulumente osemthethweni ufuna ukuvunyelwa ngabalawuli. Namhlanje, ukumela kuqondwa njengolwalamano olunempembelelo phakathi kwabavoti namagosa abo anyuliweyo, aphenjelwe lunyulo, amaziko, kunye nebutho labantu.

Ukubaluleka Komelo

Umelo olusebenzayo lubalulekile kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Luqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi, ingakumbi lawo akwimimandla ephantsi, aqukiwe kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Xa umelo lusebenza kakuhle, lunika iingenelo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

  • Iproteins ezikwintlukwano nokwahluka-hlukeneyo ekwenzeni izigqibo: Liqumrhu elimele imbonakalo yebutho elilawulayo lisenokuqwalasela ulwahluko oluninzi lwembono. Oku kukhokelela kwimigaqo ethetha ngeemfuno zokwenene zamaqela ahlukeneyo, kunokuba ithande iqonga elimxinwa.
  • Ityala lamagosa anyuliweyo kwimiqathango yawo: Abameli abaziyo ukuba kufuneka bajongane nonyulo kwakhona banokuphulaphula abamele balukhethe kwaye baphendule kwinkxalabo yabo. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo ludala iseti yempendulo egcina urhulumente esabela.
  • ukunceda uluntu ukuba luthembise ulawulo lwalo kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi: Xa abantu bevakalelwa kukuba imicimbi yabo yokuvota iphembelela urhulumente, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala benolwazi, bevota, yaye bebaleka befuna isikhundla ngokwabo. Oku kukhuthaza impucuko yedemokhrasi.
  • Igunya likarhulumente: Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba urhulumente umela izilangazelelo zabo, basengozini yokuthobela imithetho nenkxaso yamaziko karhulumente. Olu kholose lwentlalo luyimfuneko ukuze kubekho uzinzo nentsebenziswano.

Iintlobo zomelo

Umelo asiyongcamango yomlinganiselo omnye. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zichonge iindidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineendlela zayo kunye neziphumo zendlela ezichazwa ngayo izilangazelelo kurhulumente.

Umelo oluquka okubhaliweyo

Oku kwenzeka xa abameli bebelana ngeempawu ezingundoqo nabantu abamelene nabo, njengohlanga, ubufana, ubuhlanga, imvelaphi yentlalo, okanye imvelaphi yentlalo, okanye yezoqoqosho. Ingcamango kukuba ummeli okhangeleka ngathi ungabasebenzi kwaye uphile amava afanayo angayiqonda kakuhle kwaye axhase iimfuno zabo. Umzekelo, uphando lubonise ukuba abafazi abamisela imithetho-mthetho basengozini yokuxhasa amatyala anxulumene nezempilo kunye nenkqubo yentsapho. Ukukhutshelwa kombhalo kusoloko kujongwa njengendlela yokufumana ukudityaniswa nokwakha intembelo kuluntu oluphantsi kwembali.

Umelo olusezantsi

Oku kujolisa kwizenzo nemigaqo abameli abayixhasayo, kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zabo zobuqu. Ummisi-mthetho omhlophe omhlophe angamela ngokuphandle izilangazelelo zoluntu lwabaNsundu ngokuphakamisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kanye njengokuba usopolitiko osisityebi enokuthi amele udidi olusebenzayo ngokuxhasa irhafu eqhubekayo. Inkcazo esezantsi ilinganiswa ngeziphumo zenkqubo neengxelo zokuvota. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kokuchaza umelo, umelo olusezantsi lungadibaniseka okanye lungaphelelanga, kodwa luhlala lungumlinganiselo onamandla wokusabela.

Umelo lomfuziselo

Oku kubandakanya umelo lwemigangatho, ii-Ofisi, kunye neenjongo. Iinkokeli eziquka iinjongo ezithile . "ezifana nomntu oselula, othe tye okanye oligqala lemfazwe" zinokunxibelelana nabavoti kumgangatho wemvakalelo. Ukufuzisela okufuziselayo kungakhuthaza intembelo nekratshi, kodwa kusenokusetyenziswa ngemifanekiso yezopolitiko kunye nentelekelelo. Umzekelo, umlawuli wezobupolitika okwisigaba esisebenzayo angasebenzisa ibali labo lobuqu ukufuzisela iMelika Drems, kwanokuba iimfuno zabo zenkqubo zisuka kwimilo yeqela elisebenzayo.

Uthumelo vs. Iimodeli zokuthembeka

Umahluko obhekele phaya kwingcamango yomelo nguwo phakathi kwemodeli yokuthunyelelwa kunye nemodeli yokuthembeka. Abameli benza ngokungqongqo ngokweemfuno zabo, nokuba abavumelani nabo. Abathembileyo basebenzisa umgwebo wabo ukwenza oko bakholelwa ukuba kunguwo mdla ongcono woothunywa kunye nohlanga. Abameli abaninzi basebenza phakathi, imodeli eyaziwa njenge polita, apho batshintsha phakathi kwemisebenzi exhomekeke kwinkupho. Ukuqonda ezimodeli zinceda ukucacisa isizathu sokuba abameli ngamanye amaxesha bevotelela ngokuchasene noninzi kwisithilithi zabo.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukufuzisela

Ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo imbonakalo yabantu kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela izilangazelelo zomntu ngamnye ezinokuyichaphazela ngayo impembelelo yorhulumente. Nazi izinto ezingundoqo ezidibanisa abemi norhulumente wabo:

UKhetho

Kumgangatho osisiseko, abemi bavota abameli abavumelana nezilangazelelo zabo namaxabiso abo. Unyulo lusebenza njengesixhobo esiyintloko sokuphendula.(-"Oomeli) abangaphumeleliyo ukuhlangabezana nolindelo olukhoyo bangavotelwa. Noko ke, uyilo lwesixokelelwano sokhetho luchaphazela kakhulu ukumela. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zentsika yokuqala ezidlulileyo zidla ngokuphumela kwinkqubo yecandelo ezimbini ezinokushiya abavoti abaninzi ngaphandle kommeli owabelana ngeembono zabo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zokulinganisa imilinganiselo zivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba afumane izihlalo, abonise umlinganiselo obubanzi bezimvo.

Amaqela obugcisa kunye nokubolekisa

Imibutho isebenzela ukwandisa izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nempembelelo ngomkhwa wokukhuthaza, amaphulo kawonke-wonke, kunye nezenzo zomthetho. Amaqela okusingqongileyo, amaqumrhu okusebenza, amashishini, nemibutho yamalungelo abantu konke okuzama ukuphembelela abamisi-mthetho. Ngoxa ukubhenela kudla ngokugxekwa ngokunika izilangazelelo ezityebileyo amandla angenakuthelekiswa nanto, kwakhona kuvumela amaqela alungelelanisiweyo abemi ukuba avakalise amazwi awo phakathi konyulo. Isitshixo kukubonakala nokwenziwa korhwebedube, nemithetho ethintela ukonakala.

Uphando lukawonke-wonke kunye neeNtloko eziBonelelayo

Oorhulumente badla ngokuba namava, iiholo zedolophu, amaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, okanye uhlolisiso olusemgangathweni lwe-intanethi ukuze kuqokelelwe igalelo kubemi ngemithetho nemigaqo ecetyiweyo. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa imigaqo yokuvota ekwakungaqinisekwa ngayo, apho kudityaniswa isampuli yabemi ukuze ifunde ngembambano ethile ize ixubushe ngayo ngaphambi kokunikela izicelo. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukudibanisa imbonakalo ecacileyo yoluvo lukawonke wonke.

Iinkonzo ezi-Ofisi

Abameli ngabanye kunye nabasebenzi babo bachitha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yexesha labo benceda abasebenzi boburhulumente ukuba bahambe ngenqanawa.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Impembelelo yesithethe neyothungelwano lwezentlalo nezentlalo ebandakanya abameli abaphambili. Abenzi bomthetho basoloko beqwalasela uhlolisiso, iileta, kunye nenkqubo yezentlalo yamajelo eendaba ukuze babonise indlela abavakalelwa ngayo. Kwixesha lokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kolwazi, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungaguqula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye abameli kufuneka baphendule okanye balahle inkxaso yabo. Oku kudala amathuba kunye nezinto ezingekho mthethweni: imbali isenokugqwetha uluvo lwabantu, kwaye iinkokeli zingaphembelela ukuthandwa kancinane ngexesha elide.

Imeko yembali yomelo

Ingcamango yokumela iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. KwiAthene yamandulo, idemokhrasi engqalileyo yayithetha ukuba bonke abemi bamadoda babebolekwa ngokwabo ngemithetho. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yazisa iindibano zabameli, kodwa inkqubano yahlala ikwizikhundla zecawa. IPalamente yaseNgilani neNkokeli yase-United States zayinweba le ngcamango ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokufuthi emva kweengxaki ezinkulu , iMagna Carta, iMvukelo yoMveli yaseMerika, kunye neNguquko yeMicimbiso eBritani zonke eziqulukileyo zabhebhebhethelela ukusetyenziswa.

Iziganeko eziphambili eziquka ukunyuswa kwamalungelo okuvota kumabhinqa, amaqela amancinane, kunye neeklasi ezisezantsi zezoqoqosho. EUnited States, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wawuyindawo ephawulayo eyasusa imiqobo emininzi kubavoti baseMerika. Ehlabathini lonke, ukunyanzeliswa komelo kumazwe afana neJamani neNew Zealand kunenjongo yokuyila izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokuchanekileyo iprojekthi. Le mfazwe yembali ibonisa ukuba ukumela asiyonto ekhoyo kodwa yiprojekthi eqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokumela Umfanekiso Onempumelelo

Nangona kukho iindlela zokulungisa, iingxaki ezininzi ezinzulu zinokuthintela ukuma komntu oza kuvela.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ukwahlulwa-hlulana kweengcamango ezinzulu kungakhokelela kwiqhina eliphambili, ukunyaniseka kweqela elilawula iminqweno, nokungalalani. Xa abameli bephendula ngokuyintloko kwinkokeli zeqela okanye kwivoti ephambili kunokuba bakhethe nje bonke, amazwi aphakathi ayathulwa. Oku kubangela ingxaki enkulu ekungeneni kwazo zonke iinkqubo apho abameli abasuka kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo abanaso intshukumisa incinane yokufikelela ngaphaya kwepasejini.

Ukungakhathali Nokunganeliseki

Urhoxiso olusezantsi lwevoti-----likhulu phakathi kwabantu abaselula, abancinane, kunye nabemi abafumana imali ephantsi, luthetha ukuba inxalenye encinane yabemi igqiba ukuba ngubani ngokwenene omele wonke umntu. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho ethintela ukufumaneka kovota (njengemfuno ze-ID, ukuhlanjululwa kwemivoti, kunye nokuhlaziywa) ichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqela aphantsi, icutha umgaqo wokumela okulingana.

Izithintelo Zenkqubo Nokungalingani

Ukungalingani okusekelwe kuhlanga, udidi, ubufanasini, kunye nejoni kungathintela imimandla ethile ukuba ivakaliswe. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zephulo lezemali zixhasa abanikeli bezityebi, zibanika impembelelo ekhutshelweyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Umthetho uvumela abezobupolitika ukuba bakhethe abavoti babo kunokuba bakhethe indlela ekhoyo, ngokunempumelelo, bacinge iziphumo zonyulo baze bathintele ukukhuphisana.

Ubuntsonkothile Beembambano

Imigaqo emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo ngezantsi njengeenguqu zemozulu, unyango lwezempilo, okanye umthetho wobuchule bokuyila. (ngowona mgaqo) ungowona buchule. Kwanabemi abanolwazi oluninzi bangazama ukuvavanya iindawo zabahlolo. Oku kuntsonkotha kungakhokelela kubameli abasebenzisa ulwazi olungafezekiyo okanye ababhekisa kwiingcali ezingavumelaniyo nezilangazelelo zabo.

Umsantsa womelo wezizukulwana ezingezizo

Kulo lonke ihlabathi, abantu abaninzi bachatshazelwa zisigqibo sikarhulumente ngaphandle kokuvota abaphambukeli, abasebenzi bokwexeshana, kwanabantwana. Izizukulwana ezizayo, eziya kudla ilifa iziphumo zemigaqo yanamhlanje (ingakumbi kwimicimbi yemeko-bume neyopolitiki), azinalizwi elingqalileyo. Ukuquka la maqela kungucelomngeni olukhulayo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nezobupolitika.

Iindlela Zokwandisa Umelo

Ukuphucula umelo kurhulumente kufuna utshintsho lwamaqumrhu kunye nokuthembisana kwabantu ngabanye. Ngeli ngezantsi ziingcebiso ezisekelwe kubungqina ezinokwenza umahluko.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwisithuthi Esikhuthazayo

Inyathelo elifana nokubhaliswa kovota ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, iibhanki zeposi, kunye nokwenza uSuku loKhetho lube yiholide yesizwe lunganyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe afana ne-Australia, anemithetho yokuvota, afumana amaqondo okujika ngaphezulu kwe-90%. Nangona kungeyiyo yonke idemokhrasi eyamkela ukuvota okunyanzelekileyo, ukususa imiqobo kunye nokwenza lula inkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba umgama obanzi wamazwi uviweva.

Ukuxhasa abaDityani abaNqamlezayo

Imigudu yokufumana, uloliwe, kunye nabathathi-mali abaza kufumana imali abangaphantsi koluntu abakhokelele kumelo oluquka okuninzi. Iintlangano ezinjenge Uluhlu kunye nokuyeka into ethile [[FLT:]] incede ukwandisa inani lamabhinqa kunye nolutsha oluseofisini. Imida ingavula amathuba ngokuthi ithintele ukudityaniswa ixesha elide.

Ukuphumeza umelo lweprotimenti okanye ugcino-lwazi olunemibhobho ejikelezayo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ezibonisa umahluko wolwahluko lokhetho zinganyusa umelo. I-RCILED-choice (RCV) ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo abangenisi, bacuthe iziphumo zokuphanga kunye nokukhuthaza iziphumo ezithe vetshe, amaphulo okwakha ulwakhiwo. Iinkqubo zomelo, ezisetyenziswa kwimigangatho emininzi yaseYurophu, ziqinisekisa ukuba ukuba ukuba iqela lifumana 30% yevoti, lifumana malunga nama-30% ezithuba. Zombini iindlela zinciphisa ukungqubana phakathi kokuthanda nokufumana izindululo.

Ukomeleza Imfundo Yesicombululo

Unyulo olunolwazi luxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze lugcine abameli benobutyala. Izikolo, imibutho yoluntu, kunye namajelo eendaba zinendima ekufundiseni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, indlela yokuvavanya abo batshayo, nendlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngaphaya kokuvota . Ngokufana nokuya kwiintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo okanye ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo. Iziko le-CVIG Education linikela izibonelelo kubafundisi nakubemi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Bolawulo - melo

Amaqonga amanani anokwenza ukuba abemi bafumane igalelo elingqalileyo kwimibandela ethile. Ngokomzekelo, e-Estonia, usebenzisa ubuchule bokuvumela abemi ukuba bavote kwi-intanethi baze bathathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Ezinye izixeko ziye zasebenzisa uqingqo-mali olunokwabelana, apho abahlali bagqiba ngqo ngendlela yokwabelana ngenxalenye yemali karhulumente. Ezi zixhobo zinokuxhasa idemokhrasi emela i-demokhrasi kwaye zinokunyusa ukuganana, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana eziselula.

Imali Yokulungisa Iphulo

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweminikelo yezopolitiko, ukuxhasa unyulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nemiqathango yemiqathango yengeniso yequmrhu engoorhulumente inciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika. Xa abameli bengaxhomekekanga kakhulu kubanikeli abazizityebi, bakhululekile ukumela iimfuno zabo. Iprojekthi ye-opensets inika ugcino-lwazi lwemali kwi-politiko ye-U.S, ukubalaselthi yeendawo zotshintsho.

Isiphelo

Umelo lisekomkhulu ledemokhrasi, livumela abantu ukuba bavakalise izilangazelelo zabo kurhulumente . Kodwa akuyiyo into enikiweyo. Kufuna ukuhlala bephaphile, bethabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, kunye noyilo lweziko olubeka imilinganiselo esesikweni. Ngokuqonda iindlela zokumela, ukuqonda iingxaki ezijongene nazo, kunye nokuxhasa iinguqu ezenza urhulumente aphendule ngakumbi, abemi banokuba ngabandakanyeke ngakumbi kwaye basebenzise izilangazelelo zabo zezobupolitika. Enoba ngokuvota, ngokudibanisa amaqela ee-advocacy, okanye ngokusebenza eofisini, yonke imigudu yokomeleza umelo oluselungeni, lungamele ulawulo oluselulungeleyo, olunamandla.