Ukwazisa

Ingcamango yokuvuma isebenza njengenye yezigqibo ezihlala zihleli kwaye ziphikiswana ngentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Ibuza umbuzo olulula: kutheni sivuma ukulawulwa, kwaye yintoni eyenza eso sivumelwano sibe semthethweni? Ukusukela kwiindibano zamandulo zase-Athens ukuya kwi-demokhrasi yale mihla, imvume isebenza njengesizathu sokuthethelela igunya kunye nesixhobo sokusebenzisa kakubi kwalo. Kunokwenzeka ntoni, ukuvuma yonke imiphetho yobomi bezobupolitika (*) ukusuka ekunyulweni kweenkokeli zezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa zonke iingcamango zayo, ihlala ikho ngokungenakuphikiswa okungacacangako? Inokunikwa phantsi kweemeko zokungalingani okanye ukunyanzeleka? kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa kuvunyelwa ukuba kurhoxiwe okanye kunganikwa indawo yokuqala?

Imvelaphi Yembali

Ingcamango yokuvuma iye yaguquka kakhulu kwiinkulungwane. Imvelaphi yayo isekelwe kwizenzo zamandulo zokwenza izigqibo kunye, kodwa indlela yayo yavela ngokusuka kwingcamango yokukhanyiselwa.

Iziganeko Zamandulo Nezamandulo

KwiGrisi yamandulo, ingakumbi e-Athene, ingcamango yobumi yayibandakanya ukuba nenxaxheba ngqo ekulawuleni. Abami bahlanganisana kwi- eklexia ukuvota imithetho nemigaqo, ukuqulunqa uhlobo lwemvume ecacileyo ngokuqwalasela kweqela. Noko ke, oku kwakulinganiselwe kwimiqathango encinane yabemi, amakhoboka, nongeyo-i-anteni zangangeni zasuswa. I-Rome yamandulo yanikela ngobalo olusemthethweni i-omne i-tantit as as as bnib brobus applitet[ [iiii-"" zonke ezimele zivunywe ngumthetho womthetho waphakathi, kunye nomthetho we-ccracc.

IYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi yanika igunya kakhulu ekulandeleni ilungelo lobuthixo kunye nelifa. Ookumkani bathi bayalawula ngokokuthanda kukaThixo, besenza ukuvuma kungabi namsebenzi ekulawuleni. Kodwa kwanakweli xesha, imvume eluncedo yavela ngamaziko afana neMagna Carta (1215), apho uKumkani uJohn wavuma ukulinganisela igunya lakhe ukuze axhase i-baronal. Oku kwakungeyomvume ethandwayo, kodwa kwaqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli banokubotshwa ngezivumelwano kunye nabalawulwa.

Imvukelo Yokukhanya

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwaphawulwa ukuguquka kokuzamazama komhlaba. Abacingisisi baqalisa ukuphikisa ngelithi igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika kufuneka lifunyanwe ngokuvumelana nabo balawulwayo, kungekhona kumyalelo kaThixo okanye ngamandla angenalusini. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokuqonda. Amanani angundoqo aquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Thomas Hobbes (158-1679): Kwi Leviatan, Hobbes wachaza "isimo sendalo" apho ubomi babuyedwa, bungamahlwempu, budume, bufutshane, kwaye bufutshane. Ukuphepha le ngxaki, abantu bavuma ukudlulisela amalungelo abo kumlawuli/umlawuli opheleleyo==i-[FLT]. Imvume ye Hobbes, yayiyintengiselwano yexesha elinye ethethelela kufuphi negunya elipheleleyo.
  • uJohn Locke (1632-1704): Locke wanika umbono ophangaleleyo. Waphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, kwinkululeko, kunye nempahla. Urhulumente uphuma ngesivumelwano sentlalo, kodwa imvume ixhomekeke kwimibandela. Ukuba umlawuli uyawaphula la malungelo, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Iingcamango zomngxuma ziphembelela ngqo iZibhengezo ze-American Independence.
  • [[FLT: 0] Joan-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): i- Rousseau ye- iNkcubeko yeNtlalo yasungula ingcamango ye "uthanda""." iqumrhu labantu abafuna okulungileyo. Ulawulo lokwenyaniso, waphikisa, ulele kwimvume yabemi abahlanganiseneyo. Umsebenzi wakhe ophembelela idemokhrasi kunye nentlukwano zenguquko, nangona abagxeki beqaphela amandla alo olawulo-matoliki xa ulawulo ngokubanzi luzakwenziwa.

Ezi ngcinga zatshintsha isiseko sokugunyaziswa kwezobupolitika sasuka kwisithethe saso saya kwisivumelwano somntu ngamnye, zimisela iqonga ledemokhrasi yale mihla.

Iintsomi Ezingeyoyabulumko

Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sebutho labantu, kamva izithandi zobulumko zaphucula zaza zayiphikisa ingcamango yokuvuma.

Umculo KaDavid

David Hume (1711-1776) wanikela imbono yokuthandabuza. Kwi "EyoMbutho Woqobo," waphikisa ukuba uninzi loorhulumente lusekelwe ekoyiseni okanye ekuthambeni, akavumi. Waphawula ukuba bambalwa abantu abavumile urhulumente wabo; endaweni yoko, bayaye bahluka kumkhuba okanye uloyiko. Impumlo yahlulwa phakathi uccinezelo oluthe chatha [ [isivumelwano esingesiko) kunye kunye [FLT] imvume ecacileyo yemvume ecacileyo [ (ixandulwe ngokuqhubeka nokuhlala okanye ukusetyenziswa kweenkonzo zikawonke wonke), kodwa wabuza ukuba ngababotshele abantu.

Immanuel Kant noAutonomy

UImmanuel Kant (1724-1804) uvumelwano olusekelwe kwingcamango yokuzilawula. UKant, abameli bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha bayakwazi ukuzilawula ngesizathu. Urhulumente osemthethweni kuphela ophatha abemi njengamasiphelo kubo ngokwabo, hayi njengendlela nje. Oku kukhokelela kwingcamango yokuba imithetho imele ibe yeyokuba bonke abantu abanokuqonda bavume kubo.

UJohn Swlles Nesivumelwano SeHyppothetic

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, uJohn Rawls (1921-2002) wavuselela ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ngokujijwa kwencwadi. A Theory of Justice, wacebisa ukuba yimigaqo nje leyo abantu abakhululekileyo nabanengqondo banokuvumelana ngayo emva "kungazi" `ukungayazi indawo yabo yentlalo, iitalente, okanye iinkolelo. Oku kungu [ imvume yezobulungisa: ayiyonto elungileyo kodwa ingcinga ecetyiweyo ecetyiweyo ecetyiweyo ukuvavanya okusesikweni. Ukusondela kukaGabrock bekunempembelelo enkulu kwingxoxo emalunga ne-suku lwezobulungisa.

Imbono Ebalukileyo Ngeembono Zabafazi

Izithandi-bulumko zamabhinqa njengoCarole Pateman ( IContract yesobulili) ziye zaphikisa ngelithi ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yamandulo ifihla isivumelwano sesondo esingaphantsi kwamabhinqa. Isivumelwano, imbambano, isetyenziswa ngokwembali ekusebenziseni amandla agunyazisiweyo. Ngokufanayo, i-operatorss zichaza ukuba ukuvuma okusoloko kusebenza njengesixhobo sokukhulula, namaqela aphantsi akhanyelayo amandla okunika okanye okuvala imvume enenjongo. Ezi zikhomba ziphucule ukuqonda kwethu ngendlela esebenzayo kwiinkqubo zokungalingani.

Izicelo Zale Mihla Zokuvumelana Nezi zincwadi

Kwiziko langoku, ukuvuma kusengumgaqo ongundoqo wokulungiselela, nangona usetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ukhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Eyona nkcazelo ibonakalayo yemvume kumaphondo anamhlanje ngonyulo. Abami bavotelwa abamele basebenze kwiminqweno yabo. Noko ke, ukuthembeka kwale mvume kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokuthembeka konyulo, ukufikelela kwinkcazelo, noludwe lwezinto ezikhoyo. Umgangatho ophantsi wovoti, ukurhoxa kwemali, kunye nokungalingani kwemali yemali okungakusemgangathweni konke kungakuthobeli phantsi ukufaneleka kwemvume yabanyuli.

Iintsebenziswano nolawulo lweNtlalo

I-Grassroot idla ngokucel ’ umngeni amalungiselelo akhoyo entlalo. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho okhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nemibhiyozo yanamhlanje efana ne-Arabia Spring okanye i-Black Live Matter iquzelela ukuvunywa koorhulumente abakhoyo ngokwenene ngokuvumelana kwabo bachaphazelekayo. Le migaqo ixhasa ukuphinda kuvumelana kwesivumelwano sentlalo, ifuna ukuba imvume ibe nentsingiselo kwaye ingabi nanto.

Umthetho Neengcebiso Zehlabathi

Kumgangatho womhlaba wonke, uthetha ukuba izivumelwano, iindibano, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Umgaqo we i-susta sunt servanda ("izivumelwano mazigcinwe") uxhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba amazwe angoorhulumente anegunya aye azibopha ngokuzithandela. Okwangoku amacandelo olawulo ayazitshintsha ngeyona ndlela: amazwe amancinci okanye abuthathaka kakhulu angavuma phantsi koxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho okanye lwentsebenziswano, kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nemvume yalo mithetho.

Ubuncwane bangaphandle kwindima yale mihla yovumo buquka i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ungeno kwimvume kunye noshwankathelo lwemvume kwingcamango yezobupolitika[.

Ucelomngeni Lokuvumelana Nezimvo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo esisiseko, ingcamango yokuvuma ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olungokwengcamango nolusebenzisekayo.

Iintambo kunye nezakhiwo

Kufuneka kuvunyelwe ngokukhululekileyo ukuze kusebenze. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu baphantsi kwengxingotyelwano elula (iingozi zogonyamelo) okanye isakhiwo (imfuno yezoqoqosho, ukuswela ezinye iindlela). Umzekelo, umqeshwa othe "wavuma" ukusebenzisa iimeko zomsebenzi kuba okuphela kwento efunekayo kukulamba akunakutshiwo ukuba unikezele ngokunyanisekileyo. Le ngxaki ikwabelana nemvume yezopolitiko: ukuba ukushiya ilizwe kunzima, ukuqhubekeka kwendlu akubonisi sivumelwano sobunyani norhulumente.

Imvume Esemthethweni

Kufuneka ulwazi olwaneleyo. Abahlali kufuneka baqonde oko bakuvumayo ku-($iinkqubo, ukurhweba, kunye neziphumo zezigqibo zobupolitika. Kwixesha lokuxokwa, lomthetho ontsonkothileyo, nobuchule obukhethekileyo, intsingiselo yemvume yolwazi iyaba nzima ukufikelela. Ngokufuthi abaxhasi baxhomekeke kwii-heurist okanye kwiqela elinyanisekileyo, bethandabuza enoba imvume yabo iyaziwa ngokwenene kusini na.

Ukunganeliseki Nokucinywa

Ukwamkelwa kwesigqibo sokuba bonke abantu bachaphazele ithuba lokuvakalisa isivumelwano sabo okanye ukungavumelani. Kodwa ukudideka / nokuba kuvela kwimiqobo esemthethweni, ucinezelo lomvoti, okanye ukubekwa phantsi kwenkqubo (ukungadibanisi amaqela athile kwinkqubo yokuvumelana. Imibuzo ephathelele ilungelo loorhulumente abalawula abantu abangavunyelwanga (njengabemi bemimandla engavotiyo) ayikalungiswa.

Imposiso Yokhuphelo

Bambalwa abantu abakhe bavume ngokuphandle kurhulumente wabo. Abaninzi baxhomekeke kwimvume engafihlisiyo (*) esetyenziswa ngezenzo ezinjengokuvota, ukuhlawula irhafu, okanye ukuhlala nje ngaphakathi kwelizwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvuma ngelizwi linye kubuthathaka kakhulu ukubeka igunya elisemthethweni, njengokuba kubangela ukuvumelana. Olu xinezeleko lunzulu ngakumbi kubantu abazalelwe kwimeko ethile yaye abanakuyishiya lula.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqondeni

Imfundo inendima ebalulekileyo ekuhlakuleleni iimeko zokuvuma ngokunentsingiselo.

Imfundo Esetyenziswa Ngamaxwebhu

Ukufundisa abafundi ngendlela yolawulo .Imithetho yenziwe ngayo, indlela esebenza ngayo, nawaphi na amalungelo abanawo ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Imfundo yeKvic ikwakhuthaza ukuqonda imilo yembali yokufakwa, njengolwandiso lwe-suffice. Amazwe aneengingqi ezinamandla adla ngokubona ukubotshwa komvoti nokuthenjwa kakhulu kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Ukucinga Okubalulekileyo Nokufunda

Kwiminyaka ye-akhawunti, kufuneka ubuchule bokuhlola inkcazelo ngokucokisekileyo. Iinkqubo zokubhala nokubhala zinceda abantu baqonde ukuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba, abachaphazelekayo, kunye nabasebenzisa ii-projekthi.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngokukhutheleyo Nenkululeko

Ukuvuma asinto nje elula. Amanyathelo emfundo akhuthaza urhulumente wabafundi, iintlanga, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu anika amava asebenzisekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo ngamaqumrhu. Iiprojekthi zedemokhrasi ezizimeleyo, ezifana nee-jaji ze-avareji okanye uqingqo-mali olunika ingcebiso, avumela abantu baqhelisele ukuvuma ngokuqiqa. La mava angaguqulela ekubeni nenxaxheba equmrhu elingakumbi nokuqonda kwintlalo kamva ebomini.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya ngendlela imfundo exhasa ngayo imvume yedemokhrasi, bona umsebenzi weCarnegie Corporation kwimfundo yoluntu.

Ukungavumelani Namanani

Ubugcisa buye bavelisa imilinganiso emitsha yokuvumelana. Ii-operate, ubugcisa bokuhlola kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela evumelana ngayo nendlela ethethwa ngayo.

Imvume eHlaziyiweyo kwi Cyberspace

Abasebenzisi abaninzi "bamkelwe" kwinkonzo ngonqakrazo olunye, kodwa bambalwa abafunda ushicilelo oluhle. Oku maxa wambi kubizwa [[FLT: 0] ngokusemthethweni iholo yemidlalo yembutho esemthethweni, imbonakalo yokukhetha ngaphandle kokuqonda okunyanisekileyo. Uyilo lwefomu zemvume (ezisoloko zinde, ezisemthethweni, kwaye zifuneka kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo", zifihla oko abasebenzisi bavumelana khona. Uphando lwezenkcubeko lubonisa ukuba izigqibo ezimiselweyo nezinempembelelo enzima, ziphakamisa inkxalabo nge-ISGPGPG.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamanani Nemvume Yezobupolitika

Oorhulumente baqokelela intabalala yenkcazelo yobuqu, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo okanye ngemvume efunyanwa phantsi kwengcinezelo. Ukusetyenziswa kophawulo lobuso, ukujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lwamapolisa oluthe ngqo lungadala impembelelo ekhwankqisayo kwinxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ingingqi zingayeka ukuthetha okanye ukuhlanganisa ukuba zoyike ukujongwa, zicuthe ezona meko apho imvume yokwenyaniso inokunikelwa okanye ikhutshwe khona. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko nemvume kuhlala kuseyingxoxo engundoqo kumabutho e-demokhrasi.

Ukubonakala Kolawulo - melo Olungqalileyo Lwamanani

Kumacala alungileyo, izixhobo zamanani zinika iindlela ezintsha zokuvuma. Ukuxilonga ngekhompyutha, kunye namanyathelo amanani abami kunokwenza kube lula ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwaye kube lula ngokukhawulezileyo. Inkqubo ye-Estonia yokulawula nokunika inkxaso yendlela ubuxhakaxhaka bungawandisa ngayo amabinzana ogunyaziso. Noko ke, amanani ahlukeneyo, amatyala ekhompyutha, kwaye amathuba okusebenzisa akufuneka abhekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwamkelo lwamanani lufanelekile njengeqabane layo elisebenza ngaphandle komsebenzi.

Ufundo Lwetyala: Ukuvuma Ukusebenza

Imizekelo yembali neyexesha langoku ibonisa indlela evumelana ngayo nokungabikho kwayo, okanye itshintshe kwezobupolitika.

Imvukelo YaseMerika

Abenzi bobupolisa baseMerika baligatya ngokuphandle igunya laseBritani ngokuvakalisa inkululeko, bephikisa ngelithi abazange bavume ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngaphandle kokumelelwa. ISindululo senkululeko sicela imigaqo e-Lockean: oorhulumente bafumana "amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa." Oku kwakuyintetho yentandabulumko nesicelo esisebenzisekayo. Imvukelo eyalandelayo yabumba ukurhoxa okukhulu kwemvume, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekumisweni korhulumente omtsha osekelwe kulawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ukutshintshela Kulawulo - melo KoMzantsi Afrika

Isiphelo socalucalulo sasibandakanya ukuvunywa ngokuphawulekayo kwemvume. Phantsi kolawulo localucalulo, abantu abaninzi abaNsundu babengenalizwi kwezobupolitika(*) imvume yabo yayingafunwanga okanye inganikwanga. Ngokuthetha-thethwano, ngo-1994, unyulo lwavumela bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika ukuba bavakalise imvume okwesihlandlo sokuqala. INkqulu neKhomishini yokuHlazisa i-Conciliation yazama ngokubhekele ukuphinda ithembe ngokuvuma ukuphazanyiswa kwemvume. Le meko ingqina ukuba imvume ingenziwa emva kokupheliswa okugqithisileyo, nangona inkqubo ithe yaphela.

INtwasahlobo yama-Arabhu (2010-2012)

Ingxolo enkulu egqugqisileyo kuMbindi Mpuma naseMntla Afrika yanyanzelisa ukuba abalawuli abanyanzelisayo bathobe, bephikisa ukuba amashumi eminyaka olawulo abeyimigqalwano ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu. Kumazwe afana neTunisia, ukuvukelwa kwezivukelo kwakhokelela kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi. Kwamanye, njenge-Siriya, ukurhoxa kwemvume kwaphumela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. I-Arabhu Spring yabonisa ukuba imvume ingasuswa ngokulinganayo, kodwa oko kwenzeka kungaqondakali ngamaxesha amaninzi, kodwa kunokwenzeka xa amaziko aguqulela ekuguquleni imvume yokulawula azimele abuthathaka.

Uhlanga Nemida Yokuvumelana

Iingcamango zobufazi kunye neengcamango zohlanga ezigxekayo ziye zabhenca indlela eziye zasetyenziswa ngayo ngokukhetha. Kwimbali, amabhinqa aye ajongwa engakwazi ukuvuma kwezobupolitika; kwanasemva kokusetyenziswa, imvume yawo yayisoloko ibekwa phantsi kweentloko zekhaya eziyindoda. Ngokufanayo, iinguqu zeentlanga ezincinane ziye zakhatywa, zijongelwe phantsi kweemvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhutshwe kwinkqubo yokuvuma. Ingcamango ye-[FLT: 0] yesivumelwano secandementalmentation [[ iqonda ukuba ivunywa ngezanti ezininzi ze-actem namandla. Urhulumente ozinye isenokuthimba imvumela ukuba akunakwasemthethweni ukuba ikhutshwa ngaphandle okanye i-'ie-creastrist.

Ukuqonda le ngxelo kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe nayiphi na ingxelo ebanzi yemvume.

Isiphelo

Ukuvuma asiyongcamango emileyo kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo oqhubeka uguquka. Ukusukela kwiindibano zamandulo ukuya kwimigangatho, ukususela kwizivumelwano zentlalo ukuya kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, ingcamango yokuvuma ihlala ingundoqo kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukufaneleka, igunya, nokusesikweni. Inika zombini imigangatho yokuhlola oorhulumente kunye nesixhobo sokuzichaza ngokucacileyo xa bengakwazi ukufikelela. Kodwa akunanto ilula: kufuna inkululeko ekunyanzeleni, ekufikeleleni ulwazi, namandla okwenyaniso okungavumelani nolwamkhethelo. Kwixesha lokutshintsha okukhulayo kwezinto-----------nento enzima, ukuxhomekeka komhlaba, kunye nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kokucinga okucacileyo ngemvumeni nanini nanini na ngaphambili. Imfundo, ukuquququzelela, kunye nezo zonke ezipheleleyo zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kuhlala kunentsingiselo. Njengoko abemi bahlala bengena mbopheleleko ekuvumeleni kuphela kokulawula kwabo bonke oorhulumente kunye nokulawula.