Table of Contents
Ukuqonda umthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze abe ngummi okhutheleyo nokuze kubekho inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo lunika inkcazelo eninzi ukuze luncede abantu baqonde indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, esetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela abanyanzelekileyo ngayo, kwanendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuxhasa izilangazelelo nemilinganiselo yabo.
Yintoni Umthetho?
Umthetho ubhekisela kwimithetho edluliselwe liqumrhu elilawulayo (njengePalamente okanye iNkqutyana) echaza iimfanelo zamalungelo okhuseleko ezibanzi. Le mithetho imisela imithetho elawula ibutho labantu kwaye yenzelwe ukucombulula imibandela enjengeyokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impilo, amalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, irhafu, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Umthetho owiswa kumgangatho wesizwe okanye worhulumente ngumthombo oyintloko womthetho kunye nenkqubo, enoba lo mba ungamalungelo abantu, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, ukukhusela ukutya, irhafuthelo, intengiso, ityala okanye ezinye iindawo ezingenakubalwa.
Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintshela kumthetho okhoyo. Xa ukhe wamiselwa kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, amatyala aba yimimiselo okanye izenzo ezithwala amandla apheleleyo omthetho kwaye zinyanzeleka kwinkqubo yenkundla kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente.
Iintlobo zoMthetho
Umthetho oyintloko uqulethwe yimithetho emiswe ngqo ngamaqumrhu emithetho anjengeBhunga lowiso-mthetho, iPalamente, okanye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Le mithetho imisela isiseko somthetho nemigaqo elawula imimandla ethile yenkqubo karhulumente.
Umthetho wesibini, owaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho ogunyazisiweyo okanye ongaphantsi, uquka imimiselo nemithetho esungulwe ngabasemagunyeni abalawulayo phantsi kwegunya elinikwe ngumthetho oyintloko. Nangona ezo zixhobo zolawulo zinegunya elisemthethweni kwaye ziyimfuneko ekuzalisekiseni imigaqo ebanzi emiselwe yimimiselo.
Ukuqonda umahluko okhoyo phakathi kwezi ntlobo zomthetho kunceda abemi baqonde imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo apho imithetho isebenza khona kunye neequmrhu ezahlukahlukeneyo zikarhulumente ezijongene nokuyila nokuyinyanzela.
Indlela Isimilo Esahluke Ngayo Kumthetho
Nangona imithetho ibophelelekile ngokusemthethweni kwimithetho emiselwe ngamagunya karhulumente, imigaqo-nkqubo lukhokelo okanye imigaqo ethatyathwa yimibutho okanye amaziko okufikelela usukelo oluthile. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo ekuqondeni indlela oorhulumente noombutho abasebenza ngayo.
Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo nomthetho ngowokuba umthetho unganyanzelisa okanye uthintele isimilo, ngeli xesha inkqubo ikhokelela kuphela kwizenzo ezinokufikelela kwisiphumo esinqwenelekayo. Imithetho isebenza njengesiseko sokwenza izigqibo kwaye inokuphembelela ukudalwa kwemithetho nemimiselo, kodwa ayithwali ubunzima obusemthethweni obufanayo okanye iindlela zokugcinwa kwemithetho.
Indima Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke
Inkqubo karhulumente imela imigaqo ephangaleleyo neenjongo oorhulumente abafuna ukufikelela kuzo ngenxa yabemi babo. Le migaqo ithetha ngeenkxalabo eziqhelekileyo zentlalo, zokuziphatha, nezezoqoqosho kwaye ibonelela ngesiseko somthetho owiswayo. Nangona iinkqubo ngokwazo zingenakubotshwa ngokusemthethweni, zibumba imimiselo yemithetho nempembelelo emiselwe, impikiswano, kwaye ekugqibeleni imiselwe.
Imibutho kunye namasebe karhulumente aphuhlisa iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhokela imisebenzi yawo, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekwenzeni izigqibo, nokufikelela iinjongo ezithile. Ngokungafaniyo nemithetho, le nkqubo ingatshintshwa lula kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukusabela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo okanye ulwazi olutsha.
Ukuqonda Imithetho
Yimithetho entsonkothileyo evezwe ngabameli ukunyanzelisa loo mithetho ngokwezimo ezithile emsebenzini. Imithetho iyimithetho eneenkcukacha esungulwe ngabameli borhulumente phantsi kwegunya lomthetho. Le mithetho inika imiyalelo engqalileyo efunekayo ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokunempumelelo.
Umthetho sisakhiwo esibanzi, ngoxa imimiselo inika iinkcukacha ezingqalileyo ngendlela yokuthobela umthetho. Olu nxulumano phakathi komthetho nomthetho ludala inkqubo ebanzi yomthetho apho imigaqo ebanzi iguqulelwe kwiimfuno ezinokwenziwa.
Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Umsebenzi Wemithetho
Xa kumiselwe umthetho, amasebe karhulumente avelisa umthetho ngemigaqo kunye nolunye ukhokelo aze anyanzelise umthetho ngokucalula nangokusebenzisa igunya lokuzimela. Le nkqubo ivumela abameli abakhethekileyo abanobuchule bobugcisa ukuba bayile imigangatho nemigaqo ezalisekisa imiyalelo yomthetho ebanzi.
Ngokomzekelo, nangona umthetho unokuthi umisele ukuba iindawo zomsebenzi mazikhuseleke, imimiselo ichaza ngokuthe ngqo izixhobo zokhuseleko abasebenzi abamele bazifumane, ukuba ziziphi iingcebiso abamele bazifumane, kunye nezimele zilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Lo mgaqo wenkcukacha awuyi kubalulekanga ukuquka kumthetho ophambili, yiyo le nto inkqubo yokulawula ibalulekile ekuphunyezweni komthetho ngempumelelo.
Ngoxa umthetho umisela imigaqo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke, imimiselo izalisekisa le migaqo, imisela umthetho. Eli cala lemisebenzi livumela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zijolise kwiinjongo ezibanzi zenkqubo ngelixa abameli besingatha iinkcukacha zobugcisa zokuzalisekisa.
Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho
Inkqubo yokuyila umthetho intsonkothile yaye ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo, igalelo likawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile kwaye isenokuhluka kakhulu ngokwemali-mali. Enyanisweni, iindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayiyi kulandela ukulandelana kwamanqanaba adla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yomthetho.
Inyathelo 1: Ukwazisa kunye nokugqithisa
Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga – elisuka kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu okanye abameli – abanoluvo lomthetho bangayila ityala. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eKhonkxa okanye kubemi bemihla le nakumaqela okungalawuleki. Ilungu eliphambili leBhunga elixhasa lomthetho libizwa ngokuba yi "somfolondi". Amanye amalungu axhasa eli tyala abizwa ngokuba yi-"co-sponsers".
Ukuba umelwe ngumxhasi, ityala liveliswa eNdlu. Ukuba iSenator ngumxhasi, ityala liyaziswa kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Imali nganye ifumana inombolo yokwahlula eyodwa evumela ukuba ifunyanwe kuyo yonke inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Isabelo nempinda yeKomiti
Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ityala lisiwe, libhekiswa kwikomiti. Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zineekomiti ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela amaqela eeKhonkcotha anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo enjengemicimbi yempilo okanye yezizwe ngezizwe. Le nkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukuba ubuchule obukhethekileyo busetyenziswe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezomgaqo-nkqubo.
Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba ayo okudlula yiBhunga lonke agqitywa. Ikomiti isenokude ikhethe ukuba iphendule ityala ukuze iqonde iziphumo zelo tyala. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye amagosa karhulumente nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phantsi.
Iikomiti zisoloko zithumela amatyala kumatyala angaphantsi ukuze kufundwe iinkcukacha ezingakumbi kunye nokuchongwa okukhethekileyo. Olu xwebhu lokwenza uhlolo luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ontsonkothileyo ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwamalungu anobuchule obuthile kumbandela onxulumene nalo.
Inyathelo lesi-3: IKomiti yokuphawula nokunika ingxelo
Xa ukuchongwa nokuhlolisiswa kwetyala kugqityiwe, ikomiti iza kudibana ukuze "iphawule" ityala. Benza iinguqu kunye nezilungisi ngaphambi kokuncomela ityala "umthetho". Le nkqubo yokunyusa ityala ivumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba aphucule umthetho, anike idilesi ephakanyisiweyo ngexesha lokuchongwa, aze aphucule ulwimi kunye namalungiselelo omthetho.
Ukuba ikomiti ivota ayiwuxeli umthetho kwigumbi elipheleleyo leBhunga, ityala liyafa. Ukuba ikomiti ivotela ityala, libekwa phantsi. Isigqibo sekomiti kweli qonga sibalulekile, njengoko ityala elininzi elingaqhubekiyo kwikomiti lingenakuze libe ngumthetho.
Inyathelo 4: Ingxoxo Yendawo ebanzi Nolwimi
Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho, kukho impikiswano eyongezelelekileyo kunye namalungu egumbi elipheleleyo lokuvota ukuvuma nakuphi na ukuguquka. Lo mthetho udluliswa okanye ukoyiswa ngamalungu okuvota. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo (218 of 435), ityala lisiwa kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi.
Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanga nenkqubo, kwelinye icala, zixhasa ukuqwalaselwa kwenyathelo elikhawulezayo, njengoko zinika abaPhathi-mthetho ababalulekileyo abasebenzi. Olu mahluko wenkqubo ubonisa iindima ezahlukeneyo zegumbi ngalinye lomgaqo-siseko.
Inyathelo 5: Ukuqwalaselwa Licandelo Lesibini
Xa iNdlu okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi idlulisa ityala, ibhekiswa kwelinye igumbi, apho idla ngokulandela indlela enye ukutyhubela iikomiti ekugqibeleni ukuya kumgangatho. Eli gumbi lingayamkela imali njengoko ifunyenwe, ingayikhathaleli, ingayihoyi okanye iyitshintshe.
Ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna omabini amagumbi avumelana ngokwahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano semali esifanayo phambi kokuba sisiwe kuMongameli. Le mfuneko ye-bimeral iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana ulwazelelelo olupheleleyo ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-constituences.
Inyathelo 6: IKomiti Yengqungquthela Noxolelwano
Xa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zeMandla ezimbini zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, ezi Candelo zimbini zingaqalisa ukucombulula nakuphi na ukungavisisani kwemithetho phakathi kwezi nguqulelo zombini ngendlela yekomiti yengqungquthela. Xa amagumbi eya kwingqungquthela, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu ethumela abanikeli okanye abameli ukuba bathethele kunye nabo.
Ulalaniso lokugqibela luqukelwe kwiNgxelo yeNgqungquthela emele ivunywe ngamagumbi omabini ngaphambi kokuba kucaciswe ukuqwalaselwa komongameli. Le nkqubo yoxolelwaniso iqinisekisa ukuba omabini amagumbi axhasa uhlobo lokugqibela lomthetho.
Inyathelo lesi-7: Isenzo sobuMongameli
Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iNgqungquthela isekhompyutheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuchasa umthetho, basenokuwuphembelela.
Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingazama ukuwugqitha umlomo we-veto. Ukuba iBhunga neNdlu yeNdlu yeMali zidlulisa loo mthetho ngobuninzi ababini aba-3, i-veto inikwe igunya eliphezulu, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Eli lungiselelo ligqithileyo liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga ligcine igunya elipheleleyo lomthetho logama lihlonela indima yoMongameli kwinkqubo.
Ukuba umongameli akasayisayi kutyikitya ityala kwaye akasayi kutyikitywa xa iKhomishini ingekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liza kupheliswa ngokungagqibekanga. Eli nyathelo libizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni, kwaye ayinakungaphathwa yiBhunga.
Inkqubo Yokwenza Ulawulo: Indlela Idalwe Ngayo Imithetho
Nangona inkqubo yowiso-mthetho imisela imithetho, inkqubo yokumiselwa kwemithetho idala imimiselo ezalisekisa loo mithetho. Le nkqubo yolawulo ibalulekile ngokufanayo ukuba abemi bayiqonde, njengoko imithetho isoloko inempembelelo engqalileyo nekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwimisebenzi yezoshishino.
Igunya le-Arhente kunye nogunyaziso
Xa iNkqutyana ikhupha umthetho, idla ngokuthumela igunya kumaqumrhu aphetheyo ukuba enze imimiselo enkcubeko.
Ingxamiseko kufuneka isebenze kumgangatho wegunya elinikwe ngumthetho owenzayo. Ayinakwenza imimiselo engaphaya kogunyazo lwazo okanye ephikisana nenjongo yomthetho abawusebenzisayo.
Ingcebiso yeQhinga neyoLwazi
Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho iquka amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zoorhulumente zipapasha imimiselo ecetyisiweyo zize zimeme amagqabaza avela kuluntu, kumashishini, kumaqela olawulo, nakwamanye amaqela anomdla. Eli xesha lesaziso kunye namagqabaza livumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza umbhalo wokugqibela wolawulo.
Emva kokuhlolisisa amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, amaqumrhu anokuyihlaziya imithetho ecetyiweyo ngaphambi kokupapasha imithetho yokugqibela. Le nkqubo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyasebenza, iyaphumelela, kwaye iyasabela kwinkxalabo esemthethweni ebangelwa ngexesha lokugqabaza.
Uhlolo lolawulo nolawulo
Imigaqo ecetyiswayo idla ngokuhlolisiswa ngamaqumrhu ajonge impembelelo yezoqoqosho, igunya elingokwasemthethweni, nokungaguquguquki kweenjongo ezibanzi. Le nkqubo yokuhlola inika uhlolisiso olongezelelekileyo ekumiseleni imithetho yemibutho kwaye inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo iyimfuneko, iyasebenza, kwaye iyangqinelana neengxaki ezizithethayo.
Xa igqitywe, imigaqo iyapapashwa kwiincwadi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni ize inyanzelwe ngokusemthethweni. Njengomthetho, imimiselo inokucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni ukuba ingaphaya kwegunya lombutho okanye iyayityeshela imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko.
Indlela Abahlali Abanokusebenzisa Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho
Ukuba ngummi okhutheleyo kufuna okungaphezulu nje kokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, oku kufuna ukuba kuhlanganwe ngokunentsingiselo nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Abameli Ababeboniswa
Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela umthetho kukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo. Amalungu eBhunga, abamisi-mthetho besizwe, namagosa asekuhlaleni axhomekeke kwigalelo elingunozala ukuze aqonde inkxalabo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala zoluntu. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo nabameli luquka ukuchaza ngokucacileyo imbono yakho ngomthetho othile, ukuchaza indlela imithetho ecetyiweyo eya kukuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye abantu bakho, nokunikela izibakala okanye amava obuqu abonisa inkxalabo yakho.
Ubhalo, umnxeba, ii-imeyili, kunye neentlanganiso ze-person kwii-ofisi zesithili zonke zinika amathuba okwabelana ngeembono zakho. Ngelixesha uqhakamshelwano ngalunye lusenokubonakala luncinane, abameli benza uthungelwano oludibeneyo lwengoma kwaye bayaziqwalasela xa besenza izigqibo malunga nendlela yokuvota kumthetho.
Ukuthetha Nexesha Lokuva Nezimvo
Iikomiti zomthetho kunye namaziko owiso-mthetho asoloko esingatha iinkundla zikawonke-wonke apho abemi banokunikela ubungqina ngemithetho nemigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Ezi ntetho zinika amathuba okunikela iinkcukacha, ubuchule bokwabelana, kunye nengxelo ezingokwesiko eziba yinxalenye yengxelo esemthethweni.
Ukulungiselela imicimbi yolawulo, amaxesha okuphendula abantu avumela abemi ukuba bakhuphe ingxelo ebhaliweyo ngemithetho ecetyiweyo. Kufuneka ukuba oorhulumente baqwalasele la magqabaza kwaye bangalungisa imimiselo ekuphenduleni kwizinto ezixhalabisayo eziphakanyiswe nguluntu.
Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba
Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela isisiseko yokubophana kwequmrhu kukuvota. Ngokukhetha abameli abanemilinganiselo nezinto eziza kuqala ezifanayo, abemi babumba ukuqanjwa kweequmrhu zowiso-mthetho baze baphembelele ucwangciso lwenkqubo. Ukuvota ngolwazi kufuna ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqonde iimfuno zabo kwimibandela engundoqo, iingxelo zabo zowiso-mthetho ukuba ngaba abameli, kunye nokuzimisela kwabo ukumela izilangazelelo ze-propati.
Inxaxheba ekwandiseni iquka abo banokuxhasa ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ngeminikelo nangokuphatha imigaqo-siseko. Izakhamuzi zinokuzifunela izikhundla, zibe nenxaxheba ngqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho njengabameli abanyuliweyo.
Ukuthelekisa Imibutho Yobuchule
Imibutho yolawulo lwamashishini yandisa amazwi abantu ngabanye ngokumisela inyathelo elingumbutho kwimicimbi yowiso-mthetho. La maqela aqhuba uphando, afundisa uwonke-wonke, abaququzeleli bemithetho, kunye nokukhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba baxhase imigaqo ethile. Ngokudibanisa imibutho evumelana nemilinganiselo yawo, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba kwimigudu exhasekileyo neyobuchule.
Imibutho esebenzayo yokukhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho inika amalungu ulwazi malunga nomthetho ohleli uhleli, izixhobo zokunxibelelana nabameli, namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kumaphulo alungelelanisiweyo. Kwakhona ayakha ulwalamano nabalawuli bemithetho kunye nabasebenzi babo, idala imijelo yokuqhubeka kwengxoxo ngemibandela yenkqubo.
Ukuhlala Ndiyazi Ngemithetho Emiselwe
Ukuganana ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kufuna ukuba uhlale wazi ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo kunye neengxoxo zemigaqo. Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezifana ne- Conreff.gov zinika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngomthetho wesizwe, kuquka umbhalo wephepha, uhlaziyo lobume, izabelo zeekomiti, neerekhodi zokuvota.
Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina oovimba abafanayo ukuze kulandelwe umthetho kuloo migangatho.
Ukulandela uphuhliso lowiso-mthetho kuvumela abemi balapho baqonde imibandela ebaluleke kubo baze bathabathe inxaxheba kwizihlandlo ezifanelekileyo xa igalelo labo linokuba nempembelelo enkulu. Ukuganana kwangethuba, ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe izikhundla eziqinileyo yaye kusenziwa izibopho zezobupolitika, kudla ngokuba nempumelelo.
Ukuqonda Izikhundla Ezahlukileyo Zorhulumente
Umthetho nemigaqo isebenza kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo karhulumente, ngamnye oneembopheleleko neegunya ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda la manqanaba ahlukeneyo kunceda abemi baloo mazwe balawule imigudu yabo yokulawula ngokufanelekileyo kwaye baqonde indlela imithetho eyahlukeneyo esebenza ngayo.
Umthetho womanyano
Kumgangatho karhulumente, iBhunga liseka imithetho esebenza kwilizwe lonke. Imigaqo yomthetho kaManyano esingatha iingxoxo ezinqamleza imida yorhulumente, ezibandakanya urhwebo oluphakathi kwemida, ezinxulumene nemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe neyolunye uhlanga, okanye ezixhalabisa ngamalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Imithetho yoManyano ithatha indawo yokuqala kunemithetho engqubanayo yesizwe kwiindawo apho umGaqo-siseko unika igunya kwiBhunga.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente ibandakanya iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, negumbi ngalinye elinemithetho neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda oku kungafani kunceda abemi balapho basebenze ngokunempumelelo nabenzi bomthetho borhulumente.
UMthetho weRhulumente
Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zimisela imithetho elawula imicimbi kwimida yazo, kuquka imfundo, umgwebo wolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wempahla, umthetho weentsapho, neenkalo ezininzi zomthetho weshishini. Amazwe anegunya elibanzi lokumisela imithetho ngemibandela engaxhomekekanga kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela ngoMgaqo-siseko.
Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyahluka kodwa zilandela imigaqo efanayo kwinkqubo yorhulumente, kunye neendleko ezihamba ngeekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye namavoti kumagumbi omabini owiso-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba aye kwirhuluneli ukuze avunywe. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente wakho kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ekulawuleni imigaqo-mthetho kumgangatho karhulumente.
IMimiselo yasekuhlaleni
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (5) baquka ubalo, izixeko, needolophu — ukusungulwa kwemithetho kunye nemimiselo ethetha ngemibandela ecacileyo yoluntu enjengendawo, inkcubeko yezoshishino, imimiselo yengxolo, neenkonzo zikamasipala. Nangona imithetho yasekuhlaleni kufuneka ihambelane nomthetho karhulumente norhulumente, isoloko inempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.
Iintlanganiso zebhunga lesiXeko, ukucwangciswa kwetyala, nezinye iintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni zinika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba ngqo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
Indima YeziVumi Ekutolikeni Umthetho
Nangona izindlu zowiso-mthetho zimisela imithetho kwaye imibutho iyisebenzisa ngemigaqo, iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umthetho nokugqiba indlela osebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile. Ukuqonda indima yokugweba kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba imithetho isebenza njani.
Inkcazelo yesiseko
Xa kuvela iimpikiswano malunga noko kuthethwa ngumthetho okanye indlela omele usetyenziswe ngayo, iinkundla zitolika ulwimi olungokwasemthethweni ukusombulula iintetho ezingafanelekanga. Abagwebi baqwalasela umbhalo womthetho, imbali yowiso-mthetho, injongo yabenzi bomthetho ababewumisile, kunye nemigaqo ebanzi engomthetho yokufumana intsingiselo yomthetho.
Ukuchazwa kwemithetho kungumzekelo obonisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo.
Ingqwalaselo ephambili yomthetho
Iinkundla zikwanamandla okuhlola umthetho wokuqinisekisa ukuba uyavisisana na neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umthetho uphule imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, unokuthi umthetho ungabi namsebenzi okanye ungabi nagunya. Eli gunya lokuhlola linika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho kwaye likhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye neziphangi zikarhulumente.
Abemi bangayicel ’ umngeni imithetho abakholelwa ukuba ayivumelani nasemthethweni ngokuzisa amatyala enkundleni. Ngoxa ukubekwa kwetyala kudla ngokubiza imali eninzi kwaye kunika ixesha elininzi, kunika indlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuba lo mthetho uhambelana nemigaqo yesiseko.
Uhlolo lwemithetho ye-arhente
Iinkundla ziphinda zihlole imimiselo yamasebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana nomthetho ogunyazisayo kwaye abagqithi kwigunya lomthetho lombutho. Olu hlolo lunceda ukulondoloza ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamandla owiso-mthetho kunye negunya elilawulayo kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba abameli baphumeza imithetho njengenjongo yeBhunga.
Ucelomngeni kwimigaqo lunokuphumela ekulungisweni okanye ekuphelisweni kwemithetho ukuba iinkundla zifumanisa ukuba zinegunya elingekho ngqiqweni, lingaphaya kwegunya lesebe, okanye lichasene neemfuno zesithethe zokwenza ulawulo.
Imigaqo Engundoqo Yomthetho Ophumelelayo
Ukuqonda oko kwenza umthetho uphumelele kuyanceda abemi bahlole imithetho ecetyiweyo baze bakhuthaze imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo. Imigaqo emininzi engundoqo ibonisa umthetho olungileyo.
Ukukhanya nokuziphatha
Umthetho osebenzayo usebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo olucacileyo oludalela ukuqondwa koko kufunekayo okanye okungavumelekanga. Imithetho e-Vague okanye engafanelekanga ibangela ukudideka, yenza kube nzima ukuthobela, kwaye inokwenza ukuba kungabi lula ukuthobela imithetho. Ukucacisa intetho yowiso-mthetho kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumeze iinjongo zayo kwaye abemi bayayiqonda imisebenzi yabo.
Ukwandiswa nokunyanzeleka
Umthetho olungileyo ulungisa iingxaki zokwenene ngemilinganiselo ehambelana nemibandela exutyushwayo. Imithetho ayifanele ibeke imithwalo emikhulu kunemfuneko ukuze ifezekise iinjongo zayo, kwaye kufuneka isekelwe kubungqina bokuba indlela ecetyiweyo iya kuba luncedo.
Abahlali banokuhlolisisa umthetho ocetyiswayo ngokubuza enoba uthetha ngengxaki yokwenene, enoba isicombululo esicetyiweyo sinokuba luncedo kusini na, nokuba izinto ezinokusetyenziswa lula zinokuphumelela.
Ukunyanzeliswa nokusetyenziswa
Umthetho osebenzayo uquka iindlela ezicacileyo zokunyanzelisa nokunika oovimba abafanelekileyo bokuzalisekisa. Imithetho engenakunyanzeliswa okanye ukunqongophala kwemali esetyenziswayo kusoloko kusilela ukufikelela iinjongo zayo, kudala ukungathembi inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Xa kuqwalaselwa umthetho ocetyiswayo, abemi bafanele baqwalasele enoba uquke amalungiselelo afanelekileyo omthetho nokuba ngaba kukho oovimba abafanelekileyo abaza kusetyenziswa.
Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula
Umthetho olungileyo ukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukubonakala kwimisebenzi karhulumente kwaye ubangela ukuba abemi bafumane ingqwalaselo evumela ukulawulwa nokugcinwa komthetho. Imithetho equka ukuchaza iimfuno, amalungiselelo okutyhilwa kwabantu, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo iqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente ahlala ephendula kuluntu.
Ucelomngeni Lomthetho Oqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokuwucombulula
Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi balapho bakhuthaze utshintsho baze balwenze ngokunempumelelo.
Name
Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kwamacandelo kunokwenza kube nzima ngabamisi-mthetho ukufumana isizathu esifanayo baze badlulise umthetho othetha ngeengxaki ezicinezelayo. Xa amaqela ezobupolitika ebeka phambili uncedo oluyintlukwano ngokucombulula ingxaki, imicimbi ebalulekileyo ingangabi nazintlawulo.
Abahlali banganceda ekuthetheni ngokuxhasa abo bakwimida yeqela, babonise ukukulungela ukusebenza ngaphaya kweqela, banikezele kwaye bagxininise ukulawulwa kwemithetho ephantsi kunokuba babonise ukuma kweqela.
Impembelelo Ekhethekileyo Yomdla
Iminqweno elungileyo ekhethekileyo ephakanyisiweyo ingasebenzisa impembelelo engathethekiyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokubhenela, ngemirhumo, ngemirhumo, nezinye iintlobo zolawulo. Ngoxa iqela labanomdla liyinxalenye esemthethweni yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, impembelelo egqithisileyo ngomngcipheko ingaphumela kumthetho onceda iingenelo zabucala kunokuba uncede uwonke wonke.
Abemi banokulwa nomdla okhethekileyo ngokulungiselela ukuba kubekho iintlawulo ezintle, baxhase iphulo lezemali, baze baphendule abamisi - mthetho ngenxa yeminqweno yabo.
Ubuntsonkothile Nofikelelo
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inokuba nzima kwaye kunzima kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa indlela. Ulwimi lobugcisa, imithetho ebhaliweyo, kunye nobuninzi bomthetho bungabangela imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba enentsingiselo.
Ukuphucula imfundo yoluntu, ukwenza izibonelelo zobuhlobo zomntu osebenzisa iziyobisi zokulandelela umthetho, nokuwenza lula iinkqubo zomthetho apho kunokwenzeka khona, zinokunceda ekuncedeni inkqubo yophuhliso. IMisebenzi ingaxhasa imibutho eguqulela imiba yenkqubo entsonkothileyo kwimibandela eqondakalayo ize inikezele izixhobo zokulawula ngokunempumelelo.
Ukugxila Kwi-Term
Imijikelo ye-Elector ingenza izikhuthazo zokuba abamisi-mthetho banikele ingqalelo kwingeniso yexeshana elifutshane kwezobupolitika kunokuba banikele ingqalelo kwizisombululo zenkqubo yexesha elide. Imibandela ebalulekileyo kodwa enzima kwezobupolitika ingaphetshwa ixhasa imiqathango enika iingenelo ezikhawulezileyo kwezobupolitika.
Abemi banokukhuthaza ukucinga ixesha elide ngokuxhasa abalawuli bemithetho abasingatha imicimbi enzima kwanaxa ibiza imali eninzi ngokwezobupolitika, ngokugxininisa kwimiphumo ephantsi yenkqubo kunokuba idlalwe yimidlalo yezopolitiko, nangokuhlala bethembisene kwimibandela ebalulekileyo kwiimeko zonyulo ezininzi.
Izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo zokufumana umgaqo-siseko
Izixhobo ezininzi kunye nobuncwane zinceda abemi ukuba balandele umthetho baze bahlale benolwazi ngenkqubela-phambili yomthetho.
IiWebhsayithi zikarhulumente osemthethweni
Iiwebhusayithi zikarhulumente zinika ulwazi olunegunya malunga nomthetho kuwo onke amanqanaba. Kumgangatho wesizwe, .gov inikela ulwazi olubanzi malunga neendleko, izigqibo, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye neenkqubo zomgangatho. Abasebenzisi bangaphengulula umthetho ngesihloko, ngenkxaso, okanye ngenombolo yemali, kwaye bangasijonga isimo setyala njengoko behamba kwinkqubo yemithetho-mthetho.
Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zigcina ii-website ezifanayo ezinenkcazelo emalunga nomthetho karhulumente. La majelo aquka umbhalo wezomthetho, uhlaziyo lobume, ucwangciso lweekomiti, kunye neerekhodi zokuvota.
Iinkonzo zokufumana irekhodi yomthetho
Imibutho neenkampani ezahlukahlukeneyo zinikela iinkonzo zokulandelela ulwazi lowiso-mthetho oluvela kwimithombo emininzi nokunika uhlalutyo nezilumkiso. Ezi nkonzo zinokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekulandeleni umthetho kwiimithetho emininzi okanye kwimixholo ethile yenkqubo.
Ezinye iinkonzo zifumaneka simahla, ngoxa ezinye zifuna izirhumo, ukhetho lwenkonzo luxhomekeke kwiimfuno, kuqingqo - mali nakwinqanaba lenkcukacha ezifunekayo.
Imibutho yohlalutyo lwenkqubo yamajelo eendaba kunye neyokuhlalutyo
Imibutho yamajelo eendaba namaqela ohlalutyo lwenkqubo anikela ingxelo kunye nohlalutyo olunceda abemi balapho baqonde umongo kunye nentsingiselo yomthetho ocetyiswayo. Ubujongo obufanelekileyo kunye nohlalutyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo lungakhanyisa izilangazelelo, iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zemithetho ecetyiweyo, kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika ezikhuthaza iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho.
Ukujonga imithombo emininzi ngembono eyahlukeneyo kunceda abemi bafunde kakuhle kwimibandela yowiso-mthetho baze baphephe ukuthembela kulwazi olunekhethe okanye olungaphelelanga.
Iqumrhu loMasipala
Imibutho ejolise kwimimandla ethile yezomthetho idla ngokunikela iinkcukacha ezingomthetho onxulumene nayo, kuquka ukuhlalutyiswa kwendlela imithetho ecetyiweyo eya kuyichaphazela ngayo imicimbi yabo. Le mibutho inokuba yimithombo exabisekileyo yolwazi olukhethekileyo kwaye inokubanceda abemi baqonde iinkalo zobuchule bomthetho.
Nangona imibutho elawulayo ineembono neengcebiso ezikhethekileyo, isoloko inikela inkcazelo eluncedo nezixhobo zokusebenzisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwimibandela eqwalaselweyo.
Ukwakha Ubuchule Obuphumelelayo Bokusebenzisa Iziyobisi
Ukuphumelela kokuphatha kakuhle kufuna okungaphezulu kunokuyiqonda nje inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, qha, kufuneka uphuhliso lobuchule bokunxibelelana ngokunyanzelayo, ukwakha imibutho kunye nokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo.
Imiyalezo Ehlekisayo
Imiyalezo esebenzayo icacile, ishwankathekile, kwaye ijolise kwimibuzo engqalileyo. Xa kuthethwa nabalawuli bemithetho, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuma kwakho, ukuchaza isizathu sokuba le ngxaki ibalulekile, ukunikezela izibakala ezinxulumeneyo okanye amava obuqu, kwaye ukwenza isicelo esingqalileyo sesenzo.
Amabali obuqu anokuba namandla ngokukhethekileyo ekusebenziseni imigaqo-nkqubo, njengoko ebonisa indlela echaphazela ngayo abantu bokwenene. Ukudibanisa ingxelo yobuqu nenkcazelo eyinyaniso kubangela imiyalezo echukumisayo evakalayo kubenzi benkqubo.
Ukwakha Iimali
Ukwakha izivumelwano kudibanisa imigudu yokusebenza ngokudibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo aneenjongo ezihlukeneyo. Imibutho esebenzayo ichaza imimandla efanayo phakathi kwabagcini-mathiriyeli abahlukeneyo, ukulungelelanisa imiyalezo nobuchule, kwaye ibonakalisa inkxaso ebanzi yezikhundla zenkqubo.
Ukwakha imibutho elungelelanisiweyo kufuna ubuchule bokwakha ulwalamano, ukuvuma ukulalanisa kwimibandela yesibini, ngoxa usoloko unikel ’ ingqalelo kwiinjongo ezingundoqo, kunye namandla okudibanisa inyathelo phakathi kwamaqela anezithethe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala.
Ukulondoloza Ulwalamano Oluqinileyo
Ukuzimela kakuhle impumelelo kudla ngokufuna ukuganana ngokuqhubekayo kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka. Ukutshintsha komthetho akufane kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukulondoloza amandla xa kuvela imiqobo kunye nenkqubela ethe chu kubalulekile ukuze kufikelelwe usukelo lwenkqubo.
Ukuganana okuqinileyo kufuna ukulindela okusengqiqweni ngesantya sokuguquka, iindlela zokulondoloza intshukumisa yokuxhasa, kunye nobuchule bokutshintsha iindlela njengoko iimeko ziguquka. Ukubhiyozela iimpumelelo ezincinane endleleni kuyanceda ukugcina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwaye kubonisa inkqubela kusukelo olude.
Ukuqonda Ixesha Lomthetho
Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kudinga ukuqonda iikhalenda zowiso-mthetho kunye nokungenelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ukuqalisa ukuqhuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, phambi kokuba iindawo ziqaqanjiswe, kusoloko kusebenza kakhulu. Ukuqonda xa amatyala ecwangciselwe ukuviwa yikomiti okanye amavoti omgangatho kwenza abaxhasi bafumane inkxaso ngexesha lobunzima.
Iikhalenda zomthetho ziyahluka ngokwamandla, kodwa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zineentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo ezineenkqubo ezithe ngqo. Ukufunda ezi ntlobo kunceda abameli bacebise imisebenzi yabo baze bakhulise ifuthe labo.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesityalo
Ukuqonda umthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo kuyinxalenye esisiseko yemfundo yoluntu. Ukuba nolwazi ngommi kubalulekile ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, njengoko kunceda abantu babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zobupolitika, bagcine amagosa enziwe abeke ityala, baze benze izigqibo ezithe ngqo ngomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke.
Imfundo Yesiko Ezikolweni
Imfundo entle yezentlalo kwizikolo inika abantu abaselula ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zikarhulumente, iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, namalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo njengabemi. Imfundo yezentlalo ephumelelayo iquka ukucingela izinto ezibalulekileyo ngemibandela yezomgaqo-nkqubo, ubuchule bokuthabatha inxaxheba kwibutho labantu, nokuqonda indlela yokuzibandakanya ngokwakhayo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.
Ukuxhasa imfundo entle yezentlalo kwizikolo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zinolwazi nobuchule obufunekayo ukuze zibe ngabemi abakhutheleyo. Abahlali banokuxhasa imfundo yezentlalo ngokuxhasa imigaqo yokufundisa egxininisa kwibutho labantu, ukunikela ngobuchule ezikolweni ukuze kwabelwe ulwazi ngorhulumente nangenkqubo, nokukhuthaza abantu abaselula ukuba babendakanyeke kwimicimbi ekhoyo.
Ukufunda Ngobomi Bonke
Imfundo ye-COPG ayipheleli ngokufundiswa okuqhelekileyo. Imithetho, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika ziguquka, zifuna ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zihlale zifundile kwaye zibandakanyekile. Abantu abadala bangaqhubeka nemfundo yabo yoluntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukulandela uhlalutyo lweendaba nemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuya kumaziko oluntu nezemfundo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, nokubandakanyeka ngqo kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho.
Amathala, iikholeji, imibutho yezentlalo, nezinto zekhompyutha zinikela amathuba okuqhubeka kufundiswa ngabantu.
Ukufunda Nokucinga Okubalulekileyo
Kwixesha lolwazi oluninzi nelokungachananga, ukufunda izinto ezibhalwe kumajelo eendaba kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo karhulumente.
Ukuphuhlisa obu buchule kufuna ukuqhelisa nokuququzelela. Ukukhangela imithombo emininzi, ukukhangela izibakala ezichasene neembekiselo ezigunyazisiweyo, ukuqwalasela ukuthembeka kunye nokungaqiniseki okunokwenzeka kwemithombo, nokuhlala uthandabuza okufanelekileyo ngeli xesha uhlala uvulekele bonke abanegalelo ekubeni ngummi onolwazi.
Isiphelo: Indima yommi kuLawulo lweDemocratic
Ukuqonda umthetho nemigaqo akuyomfuneko nje yemfundo, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuze abe ngummi abakhutheleyo nokuze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona intsonkothileyo, yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke kubemi abanqwenela ukudibana nayo. Ngokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela enokwenziwa ngayo, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwezi nkqubo, abantu banokuqhelisela amalungelo abo olawulo-demokhrasi neembopheleleko zabo ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi.
Ukuba ngummi ophumelelayo kufuna ukuba umanyano oluqhubekayo, kungekuphela nje ngexesha lonyulo kodwa nakulo lonke umjikelo wemithetho. Kufuna ukuba uhlale wazi ngenkqubela-phambili yenkqubo, unxibelelane nabameli abanyuliweyo, ube nenxaxheba kwii-protom zikawonke wonke, kwaye usebenze nabanye ukuxhasa imigaqo ebonakalisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kwaye usebenzele okulungileyo okufanayo.
Imingeni ejongene nolawulo lwedemokhrasi ."partisan demokhrasi, impembelelo ekhethekileyo, ukuntsonkotha kunye nemiqobo yokufikelela, -- kodwa ayingonqikelelo. Abahlali abayiqondayo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nabaphuhlisa ubuchule bolawulo olunentsingiselo kwinkqubo karhulumente kwaye baqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno nakumaxabiso abantu abakhonzayo.
Idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba esebenzayo. Ngokuqonda umthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bokusebenza kwesizwe, nokuzibandakanya ngokuqhubekayo neenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, abemi baphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo zedemokhrasi kwaye banceda ekuveliseni urhulumente onceda abantu abanomdla onyanisekileyo. Izixhobo, ubuncwane, namathuba okuganana akhona, kwaye oko kushiyeka kungokusetyenziswa kwabemi.
Enoba uxhalabele inkqubo yemfundo, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, impilo, amathuba ezoqoqosho, amalungelo oluntu, okanye nawuphi na omnye umba, ukuqonda indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ukuze wenze umahluko. Qala ngokuchaza imibandela engombandela, ngokufunda ngemithetho nemigaqo enxulumene neengxaki zakho, ngokunxibelelana nabanye abanolwazi ngemibandela yakho, kwaye wenze amanyathelo okwenza ilizwi lakho livakalwe. Imicimbi yakho, kunye nokuganana kwakho kunganceda ekulungiseni imithetho nemigaqo elawula ibutho lethu.