INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States iye yasebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo wentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye izigqibo zayo kumalungelo abantu ziye zalungisa ngokusisiseko ibutho lamaMelika. Ukusuka ekuphelisweni ukuya kulingana emtshatweni, imigaqo yeNkundla iye yathintela yaza yaphuhlisa unobangela wokusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlola ezona zigwebo zinempembelelo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kumalungelo abantu, ukuhlolisisa umongo ongokwembali, ukuqiqa komthetho, kunye nempembelelo ehlala ihleliyo. Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ijajidicalulo echaza ngayo ukulingana, inkululeko, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko.

Isiseko Nezithintelo Zangaphambili

Phambi kwexesha lamalungelo abantu lanamhlanje, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yakhupha imithetho emininzi echazayo/ kwaye idla ngokulinganisela umlinganiselo we-(-) wamalungelo abantu. Amatyala amabini amiselwe ngokukhethekileyo asemthethweni anokuthatha phantse inkulungwane ukubhukuqa.

Sandford (1857)

UDred Scott v. Sandford ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimbali yaseMerika. IJaji eyintloko uRoger Taney wabhala ukuba ama-Afrika, nokuba angamakhoboka okanye akhululekileyo, akanakuthathwa njengabemi base-U.S. ngoko ke ayengenawo umqobo wokumangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo. INkundla yakwaphula umthetho wokungavumelani neMissouris, ilawula ukuba iBhunga loMbutho lalingenalo igunya lokuthintela ubukhoboka kwimimandla yesizwe. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuba amacandelo aqhutyekezekezeke kwaye sinyanzelise imfazwe yeNovili. Sathi yema isikhumbuzo esiqinileyo sokuba i-Rhulumente inokuba ngumqobo xa ingakwazi ukuphawula uluntu lonke. Kamva ityala lalawulwa ngokunempumelelo ngumthetho oldersantsamsspresedmistment, i-145, kunye nowelder-Dageddy (edition) eyale i-dec, eyahlula i-ediase i-ediyo, eyayalu

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Plesty v. Ferguson waxhasa ukuma komGaqo-siseko wokwahlukana kohlanga phantsi kwemfundiso "yokwahlukene kodwa elinganayo". UHomer Plessy, owayesixhenxe-sibhozo umhlophe nomnye-sibhozo Black, ngabom waphula umthetho weLouisiana owawufuna iinqwelo zikaloliwe zabakhweli abamnyama nabamhlophe. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu7-1, yalahla impikiswano yokuba umthetho waphula umthetho olinganayo u-Celacleaste. IJaji uHen Billings Brown wabhala ukuba i-lief ayizange ichaze umgangatho wodwa njengokuba izakhiwo zilingana. Kwisilwano esinamandla, uMahluleli kaJohn Marshall Harlan wavakalisa, "UmGastitu wombala-m, kwaye akasazi nokuba uyawamkela namaqela amaqela angoowabantu abahlala ehlala kumthetho ohlukeneyo kufutshane kufutshane, umgaqo onyanze umkhosi ongamashumi amathandathu eeshumi amathandathu.

IXesha Lokufumana Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini kwafika uthotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezaphelisa ucalulo olusemthethweni kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu. La matyala avela kwintsebenziswano yamalungelo abantu ekwabonisa ukutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo sentlalo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo imiswe njengesona sigqibo sidumileyo samalungelo abantu kwimbali yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Inkundla yavakalisa nganye ukuba ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula iSikhuseli Somgangatho olinganayo sika-145th Amendment. Imbono yeNtloko yeJaji eMkhulu u-Earl Warren yayigatya imfundiso eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo, ichaza ukuba "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo. Isigqibo sarhoxiswa iPlesty v. Ferguson kwaye sanikela isiseko esisemthethweni semigudu yokuphelisa intlalo.

Ityala laqala xa uOrriver Brown waququzelela iTopeka, Kansas, ibhodi yesikolo emva kokuba intombi yakhe uLinda ikhatyiwe ukuba ivulwe kwisikolo esisisiseko. INaACP Lw Legal Defense Fund, ekhokelwa nguThurfaill Marshall (eye kamva waba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Afrika) yoMkhosi Ophezulu), yaphikisa ukuba ukuchatshazelwa kwezengqondo yabantwana abantsundu. INku yakhankanya uphando lwengqondo ukuze ixhase isigqibo sayo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo II [FLT] , eyayayalelwa ukuba ide Convention Count iqhubeke ngokuthi "ngesantya esikhulu sangaphakathi" nangona inkcelo olukhulu kumazwe athile, uBrown wamanzi athe amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni akhuthaza umthetho oluntu nomthetho ongonyaka ka-196465665]

Intliziyo yaseAtlanta Motel n.

Intliziyo yase-Atlanta Motel v. eUnited States yaxhasa iSihloko II soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, esalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke. I-ofisi yezomthetho yala ukukhonza abathengi abantsundu yaza yavavanya umthetho njengegunya elingaphezulu leeBhungane phantsi kweChwebias Claus. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ubuhlanga kwizindlu zorhwebo ezichaphazeleke ngokugqithisileyo, inika iBhunga igunya lokungawuvumeli umthetho obhaliweyo wamalungelo abantu, iqinisekisa ukuba iihotele, iivenkile, iimidlalo, nezinye iindawo zikawonke azinakuwukhanyela inkonzo esekelwe kuhlanga.

Virginia (1967) enothando

U-Long Virginia wavala imithetho yesizwe ekwalela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo. URichard Lovel, indoda emhlophe, kunye noMildred Jeter, ibhinqa eliNsundu, batshata eWashington, D.C., kodwa xa babuyela eVirginia bamangalelwa ngokuphula umthetho we-Bradian we-Indefaual Perfective. Babekwa ityala lokwaphula umthetho we-Oldential Justice Act. Bagwetywa ityala lokuze bagwetyelwe unyaka entolongweni, bebekwe phantsi kwemeko eVejini. Emva kokuba igqwetha labo eliPhakamileyo licel inkundla epheleleyo ekwahluleni urhulumente. Imvume yokutshata inguMgaqo-o-o-omgaqo-mthetho iphele umthetho wokungalingani nowodwa. "Mgaqophi wokwa-mthetho wethu," u-Harren, okanye u-we-we-Overse-mon, u-mon, u-mon) akakwazi ukutshata ngoMgaqongqongqo-o-mthetho-wodwa.

Ukuba Wedwa, Inkululeko Nezinto Zobuqu

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yandisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukhuseleko lomgaqo - siseko kule mimandla, ngokufuthi imisela izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ezinelungelo lokuzimela nelokukhululeka phantsi kweSicwangciso Solawulo Senkqubo EsinguMbutho.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Roe Vade wamisela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa. Ityala lavela kwimithetho yaseTexas eyalwaphula umthetho ukuqhomfa okuninzi ngaphandle kokusindisa ubomi bukamama. "Jane Roe"/a i-peanym yeNorma McCorvey./ichallalleg umthetho ngenxa yabo bonke abafazi abakhulelweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo sesizwe sokukhupha isisu, ibambelele kwelokuba ilungelo lokuzimela i-mfihle phantsi kwe-Indawo yoLawulo lonyaka-14 ye-Occomputersme eququzelela isigqibo somrhu. IJary Blackmun i-Blackun yahlula uluvo lokukhulelwa ibe zii-mithathu.

Roe v. Wade waba sesinye sezigqibo ezidala impikiswano kwimbali yaseMelika. Yaphinde yaqinisekiswa ku uParents v. Casey (1992, eyathatha indawo yesakhiwo esilungeleleneyo kunye "nomthwalo ongawulwanga" umgangatho. I-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], iNkukomkhululo elawula uRoe noCasey, ibuyisela ummiselo wokuqhomfa kumazwe. Phezu kwako ukutshintsha, amafa ahlala embindini kwingxubuzo zokuqhama kunye ne-Ebhulo.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Lawrence v. Texas yawisa imithetho karhulumente ephazamisana nolwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo. Ityala laqala xa amapolisa angena kwikhaya likaJohn Lawrence ambamba kunye noTyron Garner ngenxa yokwaphula "ihambo yobufanasini" yeTexas. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu 6-3, yasilawula isigqibo sangaphambili [kuku-[FLT: 0] [umthetho we-ECD] Bhowers v. Hardwicky[ [1986] [1986] yaye yakholelwa ukuba uMbutho wobugqaliselo uClaus ukhusela ilungelo labantu abadala lokubanda kwihambo yangasese, enxulumene neentlobano zesiningokwase. Uluvo luka-OLycens Kennedy lwagxininisa uluthiso lwesimilo lokuziphatha okuhle lungathethelela ukuziphatha okusondeleleneyo.Lawn. V.V.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges wasemthethweni kumazwe onke. UJames Obergefell noJohn Arthur, isibini esitshatile ngokusemthethweni eMaryland, isutwe eOhio ngenxa yokungavumi ukuqaphela umtshato wabo emva kokufa kuka-Arthur. INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho 5-4 wokuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lokuHlaziyo luqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezifanayo ezingokwasegazini. Uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy olumanyeneyo lunxulumene nemigaqo yobuqu, isidima, kunye nolingana. "Bacela isidima esifanayo emehlweni omthetho," Kennedy wabhala. "Umthetho uvumela ukuba bavume ukuba batshate." Isigqibo esifunekayo sivume ukuba zonke iimvume zomtshato zinikezelwe izibini ezifanayo kwaye baqaphele izivumelwano zomtshato.

Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Ukufikelela kwivoti kubaluleke kakhulu kumalungelo abantu. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ngokuchongwa ngamatyala achaza iSindululo seshumi elinesihlanu soLawulo kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo we-1965.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Shelby County v. Umphethi-mgaqo wenza kwaphulwa inkqubo yokupapasha intlawulo eyayisetyenziswa ukugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amagunya afuna ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yoluntu phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. UMthetho weSindululo saMalungelo ka-1965 wawufuna amazwe kunye neendawo ezinembali yezenzo zokuvota ngokukhupha imvume esemthethweni kwiSebe leSizwe loBahluleli ngaphambi kokuba limisele naluphi na utshintsho. Iseko lokupapasha, elisekelwe kuwe 1964 nowe-1968, belingahlaziyiyo. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Roberts's's imbono yaba ngu-5-4 yoluvo lwamaninzi ikholelwa ekubeni imigaqo yokuvota ol ’ ulawulo olulinganayo lwesizwe kwaye ingamiselwangalawulwa.

Isigqibo sayenza yaphulwa ngokufezekileyo imfuneko yokuzimela kwangaphambili, njengeNgqungquthela yasilela ukuhlaziya le ndlela yokuvota. Ekuphenduleni, amazwana amaninzi amisela imiqathango yokuvota, kuquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukucutha ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokucocwa kwemivoti. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iShelby County v. UHorer uvule umcinezeli wayenza ingasebenzi kwaye ukhuseleko lwawo lwe-voti encinci. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi i-oyise igunya lorhulumente lorhulumente kunye nemithetho yokuqinisekisa amalungelo esemthethweni iyaqhubeka inguMthetho onyanzeleka.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon wathetha ngemida yamandla obumongameli ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate. Nangona ingengotyala lamalungelo abantu, yaqinisa umthetho kunye nokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komGaqo-siseko . uMongameli Richard Nixon wathi unelungelo eliphakamileyo lokuvimba iitepi ezirekhodiweyo kunye namaxwebhu ashicilelwe ngumtshutshisi okhethekileyo waseWatergate. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yala umlomo ithetha ukuba ityala lakhe, ibambe into yokuba imfuneko yobungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ingaphezu kwenzala yoMongameli jikelele kwimfihlo. Imfundiso yokwahlukana kwamandla, okanye imfuneko yokufihla imicimbi ephezulu yonxibelelwano, iPhondo uWaternart Burger ibhale, "isekela ilungelo elipheleleyo, elipheleleyo lomongameli wezokhuselo phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko zomthetho." Isigqibo sanyanzela ukuba kukhutshwe imbulwe imbutho kwityala lakhe, kwaye ityhile ukuqulukulwa kwetyala lakhe.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni aquka ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike umGaqo-siseko ifuna ukuba kuthethwe ngokusemthethweni, kuvavanywe ngokusesikweni, kukhuselwe ekukhethweni kwabachopheli-tyala.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

UGidiyon .Wainwright waqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa kumatyala karhulumente. UClarence Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuqhekeza kwigumbi lokugcina iphondo laseFlorida kwaye akakwazanga ukufikelela igqwetha. Inkundla yamatyala yala ukumisela enye, kwaye uGidiyon wagwetywa. Wazikhupha ityala entolongweni, uGidiyon wafaka isicelo esibhalwe ngesandla kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. INkundla yaqulunqe yavumelana ngamxhelo lisithi ilungelo leSithandathu lokucebisa ngecebo elisebenza kumazwe ngeMiciso ye-145th Amend Remplitementss Sclaces Scle. Ijajist Hugo Black yabhala ukuba amagqwethaweli bries "izinto ezintle, hayi ubunewund." Ityala likaGidiyo Gidiyoneyon yakhokelela kwisivumelwano sabakhuseli kummandla ophangazwe lonke ilizwe, kwaye uhlala ungumkhuseli.

Batson . . Kentucky (1986)

Batson v. Kentucky yakwalela ukulahlwa kwengcaciso yohlanga. INkundla yaseka inkqubo emithathu yokuvavanya ucalulo lobuhlanga ekukhethweni: okokuqala, ummangalelwa kufuneka enze iprima facie ebonisa ubuhlanga; okwesibini, ingtshutshiso kufuneka inike ugqatso-gqatso lohlanga-luhlanga; okwesithathu, inkundla evavanyayo igqiba ukuba ingcaciso ibhalwe kwangaphambili. i-Batson isebenza kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye inyuselwe kwityala lamakhaya nakwikhethe lobufana-mabhinqa. Ityala belikukukukukusabela ngqo ekuqheliseleni okuqhaqhaqhatha koMfisi-mhlophe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iingxube zomngxuma zabaNsundu kwiinkalo zabaBlastrist, iqhelisela ukusetyenziswa kokungaqinisekiswa komgaqo-siseko sokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Isiphelo

Uphawu lwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yamalungelo abantu lubonise kwaye lwaguqula ukuqonda kwesizwe ngokulingana, inkululeko, kunye nokusesikweni. Ukusuka ekukhanyeni kukaDred Scott ukuba ngummi wabemi ku-Obergefell, uhambo lweNkundla alulingani kodwa ekugqibeleni luye lwahambela phambili. Isigqibo ngasinye esisekelwe kwimpumelelo yangaphambili okanye ukulungisa izono zangaphambili. Amatyala axutyushwa apha/Bown, Long Roe, Lawrence, Obergefell, Shelby County, kunye nabanye sihlala sisembindi wengxoxo yanamhlanje malunga novota, inkululeko yokuzala, isigwebo sohlanga, kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ+.

Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo asikokwenza nje imfundo. Baphembelela ubomi bokwenene: ngubani onokutshata, onokuthi akhethe, afumane ityala elifanelekileyo, nokuba umthetho uphatha bonke abantu ngesidima esilinganayo. Njengokuba ikamva liqhubeka lichaza umGaqo-siseko, ilifa le ngqangi liya kukhokela/ kwaye licelw'ingxaki yi-$("nakanye isizukulwana esitsha.) Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abathenjiweyo, ukufundisisa amatyala aphezulu eNkuNkundlele, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuzama amalungelo abantu baseMerika kwigunya labo siqu nokulwela umanyano olugqibeleleyo.