Ukuqonda i-header ephindwe kabini njengokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezikhuselekileyo kumthetho wamaMelika wolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifakwe ngaphakathi koMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu. Oku kukhusela kuthetha ukuba akukho mntu uya "kubekwa"phantsi kweso tyala sinye ukuze abekwe engozini ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba." Enyanzelweni yayo, le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ukuba angamvavanyi umntu ogqithileyo kanye ngenxa yesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuxolelwa okanye ukuthembeka. Isizathu esisemva kwesi sizathu sokhuseleko sisekelwe ngokunzulu ekukhuseleni abemi belizwe elinamandla, uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo oluphindaphindiweyo, kunye nomngcipheko wokuchana kwetyala okuphosakeleyo ngokutshutshiswa ngokungapheliyo.

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini usebenza iinjongo ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Okokuqala, uqinisekisa ukuba ugqibelo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, uvumela abamangalelwa ukuba baqhubeke behamba nobomi babo xa sele kunikelwe isigqibo. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko, abantu bangajongana nemijikelo engapheliyo yokumangalelwa, bekhupha ubuncwane bemali kwaye bebangela unxunguphalo olungapheliyo lweemvakalelo. Okwesibini, bathintela umtshutshisi ukuba aphenjelelwe ngokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba anikele ityala lakhe elingcono kwityala lakhe elilungileyo, eliqhubekayo. Okwesithathu, igcina ingqibelelo yesigwebo sabacholi kwimiqathango ngokuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuphinda-phinda amathuba emva kokulahleka kwendlela efunekayo. Ezi ziqalelo ziseziqaleni lokuphatha okufanelekileyo nokuphatha okulungileyo phantsi komthetho.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko Yengozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini ilandela imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kwiinkqubo zomthetho zamandulo, kuquka umthetho wamaRoma kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Lo mgaqo wavela njengempendulo ekuxhatshazweni kookumkani abaza kuzama ukuphinda bafumaneke abantu abathile. Umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani wakuqonda ukucelelwa [ ukhuseleko [ (ukungahoxiswa kwangaphambili) kunye netyala elinobugqeba ityala) [[[FLT] njengeminqingo yokurhoxisa ngokulandelayo. Ootawo Abaseki abaququququzelela oku kukhuseleko kuBhityiso lwamaLungelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente osandul' ukusekwa urhulumente akanakungenelela kwizenzo ezinjalo zocinelo olucinezelayo.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. itolike yaze yacombulula umlinganiselo wokhuseleko oluphindiweyo. Kwimeko zephawu olufana [FLT] Benton v. Maryland[FLT]] [1] [19699]], iNkundla ibambe ukuba igalelo eliphindiweyo lengozi lisebenza kurhulumente ngokusetyenziswa kwe-145 Dementementmentmentmentation Clause, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko kuwo onke amaqondo engxhulumano. Eminye imithetho ebalulekileyo icacisa oko kungu "yeyodwa," xa idibanisa ngexesha leziphumo, kwaye into ebalulekileyo njenge "moni" ngokweenjongo yomthetho. Ezi zilungise ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemiqatha yeemeko kwiinkundla zale mihla.

Ukhuseleko lwekhori oluvela ngokuphindiweyo

Le ngxelo iphindwe kabini inikela ukhuseleko olucacileyo kubamangalelwa abagwebi abathathu. Okokuqala, iyalela ukutshutshiswa okwesibini ngetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa. Nokuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha obubonisa ngokunamandla ukuba umntu unetyala, urhulumente akanakuzama umntu ofunyaniswe engenatyala. Olu khuselo lugqibelele kwaye lusebenza njengesona sikhuselo sinamandla kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Okwesibini, luthintela ukumangalelwa kwetyala elinye emva kwetyala, luqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ujongene nesohlwayo kanye ngesenzo ngasinye solwaphulo-mthetho. Okwesithathu, luyalwalela isohlwayo esiphindaphindo somthetho esinye, luthintela abagwebi ekubekeni ityala elinye eligqithisileyo okanye ekufakeni isigwebo esigqithisileyo.

Le migaqo isebenza xa iyingozi ikhe "incanyathiselwe" kwintlanganiso. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi incanyathiselwa xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ibekwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye ifungqwe. Kwityala lebhentshi, imposiso idityaniswa xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe. Ukuqonda xa imposiso ibalulekile ukugqiba ukuba iziphumo ezilandelayo ziyangqubana na nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ukuba ityala liyagxothwa phambi kokubotshelelwa, abatshutshisi bangaphinda bafake izityholo zefayili ngaphandle kokuqhuba imiqathango ephindiweyo.

Umda wohlalutyo lwe "Icala"

Umbuzo ongundoqo kumatyala omngcipheko ophindiweyo ubandakanya ukumisa ukuba ityala elibini liyi "lokusohlwaya" kwinjongo zomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-' lwe-stickburger [, oluthathwe kwi [[FLT]]] i-'hitburger v. iUnited States[FLT][4] [FLT] [1932], ukuvavanya ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina besiqalelo esingenziwangasichaziyo. Ukuba ityala ngalinye line sinelungu lelungu lelungu lelungu, zithathwa njengezisohlwayo zohlukene, kwaye izityholo ezibini ziyavunyelwa. Ukuba isisono esiphakathi siphakathi setyala, siso sokwahlulwaneyo setyala, sisohlulwanelo siso siso siso sokuvavanyane.

Olu hlalutyo lunokuba ntsonkothe kakhulu kumatyala abandakanya imimiselo ehamba-hambanayo okanye ihambo emalunga nomthetho ophicotheneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ummangalelwa obandakanyekileyo ekuphangeni ibhanki elinye angajamelana netyala lokuphanga ngezixhobo, ukuhlasela ngesixhobo esibulalayo, kunye nokuphatha izixhobo, ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bezingalinganiyo. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bacwangcise ngenyameko ukuze baphephe ukuchasa iingcinga zengozi eziphindiweyo ngoxa besaba netyala ngazo zonke izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingxaki Phakathi Kobungozi Obuphindwe Kabini Nobungqina Obutsha

Enye yezona nkalo zilucelomngeni kumthetho ophindwe kabini ivela xa ubungqina obutsha obucacileyo emva kokuba ityala ligqitywe. Kwinkqubo elungileyo yokusesikweni, inyaniso nocoselelo isoloko ikhona, kwaye ubungqina obuthembekileyo buzakuqwalaselwa nokuba kuvela nini. Noko ke, ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini ludala umqobo onzima wokuphinda ubuye ujonge amatyala kwiimeko ezininzi, naxa ubungqina obuvunyiweyo bubonisa ukuba ummangalelwa omsulwa unecala. Olu xinzelelene phakathi kokuphela nokuchana kwento lumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwentandabulumko nolusebenzayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Qwalasela isiganeko apho ubungqina beDNA bubonisa ukuba umntu ogwetyiweyo ubotshwe okanye, ngokuchasene noko, ufaka umntu ongenatyala. Kwimeko yommangalelwa ogwetyiweyo, iinkqubo zoncedo zasemva kokufumana iziphumo ezifana ne-habeas corpus okanye ukupheliswa kwezicelo ezintsha zisenokunika amathuba okunikela ubungqina obutsha. Inkqubo yobulungisa isoloko ivuma ubungqina obungachananga obungalungisa iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Noko ke, kubamangalelwa, iingozi eziphindwe kabini zinokucingisiswa ngokutsha ngetyala kungakhathaliseki oko kuvelayo. Le nkqubo i-asymmetry ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yangaphambili yokukhusela abamangalelwa kurhulumente imele ubuchule obugqibeleleyo ekuphumeleni kobu bungqina obuchaphazekileyo.

Ityala Eliphawulekayo Elibalaselisa Ingxaki Entsha Yobungqina

Amatyala amaninzi e-profile ephezulu aye azisa ingqwalasela kucelomngeni oluphakanyiswa bubungqina obutsha kunye nokhuseleko oluphindiweyo. Kwimeko ye George Zimmerman, owakhululwa ekudutyuleni ukufa kwe-Traevon Martin, abatshutshisi abanako ukuzisa izityholo ezintsha nasemva kobungqina obungakumbi okanye iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni eziveleyo. Ngokufanayo, kwimeko ye-O. J. Simpson, isigebenga sigwetyi sokuvala ukubulawa kolwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo oluthintelwe ukubulawa kwabanga ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo, nangona kamva umgwebi wemi wemi wafumanisa engoyiyo engafanelekanga.

La matyala abonisa umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezoburhulumente kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya akugqalwa njengokwaphula umthetho okungathatyathwa "ukufaka ityala lobomi okanye ilungu" phantsi koMphetho-mbo wesihlanu, ngoko abamangalelwa banokujongwa ngetyala loluntu nasemva kokuba isigebengu sigwetyiwe. Lo mahluko unika umlinganiselo othile wokufumana uncedo kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zabo ngoxa ulondoloza ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukwabalaselisa umlinganiselo wokuba akukho bungqina butsha bungaphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olumsulwa.

Iinketho Ezisemthethweni Nezahlukileyo Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

Ngoxa ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwengozi lunamandla, umahluko omninzi kunye nemiqathango ivumela ukutshutshiswa phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukuqonda oku kungafaniyo kubalulekile kubatshutshisi, amagqwetha okukhusela, kunye naye nabani na oqhuba inkqubo yokugweba.

Amatyala Neehong Juries

Enye yezona zinxaxhi ziqhelekileyo ibandakanya iimvavanyo ezingalunganga. Ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa yetyala elixhotyisiweyo, impazamo ye-procedment, okanye ezinye iimeko ezingaphaya kolawulo lwamaqela, ingozi ayivali uvavanyo olutsha. Ifekta engundoqo kukuba ityala elingalunganga lavakaliswa nge imfuneko efunekayo [ okanye ngemvume yommangalelwa. Ukuba inkundla igqiba ukuba ityala eliphosakeleyo laliyimfuneko ngenxa yeziganeko ezinjengokufa kwejaji, i-jaji egrafi, okanye i-egglevation engenakunyangwa ngemiyalelo, ukuququlwa kwetyala livumelekile.

Noko ke, ukuba umtshutshisi ngabom ubangela ukuba ityala liphathwe kakubi ukuze lifumane inzuzo yobuchule okanye lihlasele ummangalelwa, iingozi eziphindwe kabini zingaphinda zibekwe esichengeni. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko iimeko ezikufutshane neenkundla eziphosakeleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abatshutshisi abasebenzisi amaqhinga okuphepha iingozi eziphindwe kabini.

Imfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo uvela kwimfundiso yezolawulo ehlukeneyo [[FLT: 0], evumela amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo karhulumente ukuba atshutshise ihambo efanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Phantsi kwale mfundiso, urhulumente noorhulumente bathathwa njengoongangamsha abahlukeneyo, ngamnye onegunya elizimeleyo lokunyanzelisa imithetho yakhe yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yoko, ummangalelwa okhululweyo ogwetyweyo kwityala likarhulumente angajongana netyala lokuziphatha okufanayo, kwaye i-U.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo ijoliswe kwakhona lo mgaqo kwi- .[FLT]. [FFL:] [20]]

Le mfundiso inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe kwinkundla yephondo ngenxa yokubulala, abatshutshisi bephondo basenokuzisa izityholo phantsi kwemimiselo yentiyo yomthetho okanye eminye imithetho esebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa ogwetywe ngezityholo zokurhwebelana kweziyobisi zikarhulumente usenokufumana izityholo ezongezelelekileyo zikarhulumente ngenxa yehambo enxulumeneyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba imfundiso eyahlukeneyo inciphisa ukukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini ngokuvumela oorhulumente ukuba baphinde baphikise abamangalelwa ngokunelisa ngokufanelekileyo ngokungxenga ngokulandelelana. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ithetha ukuba ihlonela izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo nolongamo zoorhulumente abahlukeneyo.

Izibheno Zikarhulumente

Kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo, urhulumente angabhenela kwizigwebo ezithile zenkundla yamatyala ngaphandle kokwaphula imigaqo ephindwe kabini. Umzekelo, ukuba inkundla yamatyala ikhupha ityala elisekelwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho phambi kokuba ikhohlakele, urhulumente angabhena ukuba agxothwe. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente angabhenela kwizigqibo zokugwetywa okanye kwimimiselo ecacileyo engaphumelanga ekuxolelweni. Noko ke, ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywe yijaji okanye ijaji, iindlela zokubhenela urhulumente anokusilela kakhulu, njengoko iSinyuso seFind Remente sisithi sizama ukubhukuqa umgwebi.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise umgca othe ngqo phakathi kwezibheno zikarhulumente ezivumelekileyo kunye neziya kwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. [FLT] United States v. Scott [788], iNkundla ibambe ukuba xa ummangalelwa efuna ukugxothwa kwezityholo ngezizathu ezichaseneyo netyala elibunyani, urhulumente angabhenela ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo. Lo mahluko ugcina ukuphendula komtshutshisi ngexa kuxhomekeke kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Indima yobungqina obutsha kwinkqubela yotyando lwasemva

Ngelixesha iingozi eziphindiweyo ziphinda zibekwe emva kokugwetywa, imithetho eyahlukeneyo isebenza kwiimeko apho abamangalelwa bebotshelelwe. Iingxoxo zasemva zinika amathuba okuvelisa ubungqina obutsha obunokubhukuqa isiqinisekiso esiphosakeleyo. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukuthatha inyathelo lokuvavanya okutsha, i-habeas izicelo ezikhutshelwayo, kwaye kwamanye amazwe, intengiso yokwenene esekelwe kubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa.

Noko ke, imilinganiselo yokufumana isiqabu esisekelwe kubungqina obutsha ingumqondiso ongqongqo. Abameli kufuneka babonise ukuba ubungqina busandul' ukufunyanwa kwaye abunakufunyanwa ngaphambili ngokukhuthala ngobuchule, ukuba buphathekayo kwaye buluncedo kukhuselo, kwaye bungavelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ekucinyweni. Iinkundla ziyathandabuza ukuphinda zivule imigwebo yokugqibela engekhoyo kwiimeko ezinyanzelisayo, ziqonde ukubaluleka kokugqibela kwinkqubo yezobulungisa.

Inkqubela Yale Mihla Neengxaki Zokungabikho Kwento

Ukwanda kobungqina be-DNA kunye nezinye iteknoloji ze-fonsic ziye zaguqula iprojekthi yasemva kokuququzelelwa. Le mibutho injengeprojekthi yeInvocence isebenzise uvavanyo lwe-DNAS ukuveza amakhulu abantu abavalelwe ngokuphosakeleyo, abaninzi babo abachithe amashumi eminyaka entolongweni ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho abangazange balwenzile. Le meko ibonakalisa amandla obungqina obutsha bokulungisa ukushenxiswa kokusesikweni ngelixa kugxininiswa kwemiqathango ebekwe kwi-procedial nemigangatho ecacileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa kusenziwa ubungqina obukhoyo bezinto eziphilayo, ukuxilongwa kweDNA yanamhlanje kunokwenza ubungqina obuninzi bangabi natyala, kodwa busenokuba butshatyalalisiwe okanye bulahlekile, nto leyo ethintela ukuvavanywa nokubekwa kwetyala. Ubuchule obutsha bokuzikhusela buyaqhubeka busanda, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imibuzo ngendlela iinkundla ezifanele zilungelelanise ngayo izilangazelelo zokuphela nxamnye nokusukela inyaniso nokusesikweni.

Ukulungelelanisa Umlinganiselo Wokuphela Komsebenzi, Ubulungisa Nokusukela Okusesikweni

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokhuseleko oluphindiweyo kunye nokuvela kobungqina obutsha kuqupha imibuzo esisiseko malunga neenjongo zenkqubo yobulungisa. Kwelinye icala, ukugqibela kusebenza izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo: amangqina anokuqhubekeka, amaxhoba kunye nabantu banokuba nezixhobo ezivaliweyo, kwaye inkqubo esemthethweni ingabalula ubuncwane ngokulula ngaphandle kokuphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde ifumane amatyala amadala ngokungenasiphelo. Kwelinye icala, inkqubo kufuneka izabalazele ukuchanaba nokusesikweni, iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amsulwa abekelwe ityala kwaye amaqela amsulwa awasohlwaywa.

Abaxhasi botshintsho baye bacebisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa ucelomngeni olubangelwa bubungqina obutsha. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe umahluko olinganiselweyo kwiingozi eziphindiweyo zamatyala ezibandakanya ubungqina obutsha obunyanzelisayo bolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu njengobugebenga. Abanye baphikisa ngokwandisa amayeza abantu abagwetyiweyo emva kokugwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo ngelixa begcina imigaqo engqongqo ekunqandeni amatyala. Sekunjalo abanye bagxininisa imfuneko yokuphengululwa ngamandla nokumangalelwa kwinqanaba lokuvavanywa ukunciphisa ukuba ubungqina obubalulekileyo bungavela kuphela emva kokuba kufunyaniswe isigqibo.

Ingqikelelo-manani ethelekisayo: Ukufikelela kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho

Iinkqubo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwingxaki ephindwe kabini. KuManyano, uMthetho weJaji we-[FLT] wenziwa ngaphandle kumthetho ophindwe kabini wobungozi obuthiweyo betyala elinzulu xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha nobunamandla. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa ngokwenxenye lungqubano lukawonke-wonke ngenxa yamatyala apho abamangalelwa abagwetyiweyo kamva bavuma ukuba banetyala okanye apho ubungqina obunamandla obutsha buye bavela. Okungavumelani nokuchasana kumthetho obalulekileyo, njengokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphamba, nokuphanga, nokufuna ukuvunywa kwiNkundla yesibheno phambi kokuba ityala liphinde liqhutywe.

Amanye amazwe, kuquka iOstreliya, iKhanada, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, agcina ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini olunobungozi olungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuphela nocoselelo luxhomekeke kwizithethe ezisemthethweni, kwimiqathango yesiseko, nakumaxabiso entlalo. Uhlolisiso oluthelekisayo lungazisa iingxoxo malunga notshintsho olunokwenzeka eUnited States ngoxa lubhekiselele kumo-mgaqo-siseko okhethekileyo womthetho waseMerika oyingozi ngokuphindwe kabini.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zabatshutshisi kunye neeAttorney zokhuselo

Kubongiswa abasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwemiba yengozi ephindwe kabini kufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo nolwazi olucokisekileyo lomthetho osebenzayo. Abatshutshisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba bazisa zonke izityholo ezikhoyo ngexesha lokuvavanywa, njengokuba bengaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekucinyweni kwamva kwemigudu yokuba ummangalelwa aphendule. Oku kudla ngokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezicacileyo eziquka amanani amaninzi asekelwe kwihambo efanayo, ukuba nje banelise uvavanyo lweBlockburger.

Amagqwetha okhuselo, nawo, kufuneka alumke akhusele amalungelo abo aphindwe kabini. Xa izityholo ezintsha zibekwa emva komtshutshisi ongaphambili, isiluleko sokuzikhusela masinyuse ngokukhawuleza iimvavanyo eziphindiweyo ze sifune ukugxothwa apho kufanelekileyo. Ama-Attorney kufuneka abhale kwakhona iziphumo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ingozi idibene kakuhle, agcine ingxelo ukuze ahlolwe. Ukuqonda umahluko womthetho ophindwe kabini wengozi kungenza umahluko phakathi kokhuseleko oluphumelelayo kunye nengtshutshiso yesibini engekho ngqiqweqweni.

Isiphelo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buhlala busisiqinisekiso somgaqo-nkqubo wolwaphulo-mthetho waseMelika, ubonakalisa isibopho somGaqo-siseko sokukhusela abantu kumandla amakhulu karhulumente. Umgaqo uqinisekisa ukugqibelela, ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa ngezenzo eziphinda-phindiweyo, kwaye ugcina ingqibelelo yesigwebo sabachopheli-tyala. Noko ke, ukuvela kobungqina obutsha emva kokuba ityala ligqitywe kunika imingeni engapheliyo evavanya ukhuseleko.

Uxanduva phakathi kokugqibelela nokuchana, phakathi kokukhusela abamangalelwa nokulandela okusesikweni, luya kuqhubeka lubangela impikiswano kunye nohlalutyo lomthetho. Nangona ngaphandle kokwenziwa kwetyala, imfundiso engafanelekanga, iinkosi ezizimeleyo, kunye nezibongozo zikarhulumente ezisikelwe umda zinika ububhetyebhetye, ukhuseleko olungundoqo ekuchaneni emva kokugwetywa ngokutsha. Njengokuba inkqubela yenzululwazi yendalo kunye nolindelo lwezentlalo imele iqhubeke ixakeka ngemibuzo entsonkothile ephazanyiswayo kunye nocelomngeni lwamatyala amatsha.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqhuba le miba kufuneka ulungelelwaniso olululo lwemiqathango ekhuphisanayo: ukuhlonipha ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ukubophelelo kwiziphumo ezichanileyo, nokuqaphela iindleko zomntu zokugwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo kunye neenkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweenkundla, abenzi-mthetho, kunye nabagwebi abasemthethweni baza kubumba ikamva lomthetho ophindiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kumbandela ohlala uphindwa. Kubo bafuna ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo, [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FF]][FFF]]