Ulawulo lwe-corporatiation lusisisongelo esinzulu nesikhulayo esithoba ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, sibeka engozini ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kwaye sibiza amashishini amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. Xa abameli bomthetho bephanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka basebenzise phakathi kwesakhiwo esiqinileyo esilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa urhulumente ukuqokelela ubungqina obuchasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabantu kunye nemibutho. Kwintliziyo efuna ukhuseleko lwesiseko, ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwiSine seSinyuko. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ezifunekayo ngayo iimfuno-mfaneleko ezisebenza ngokungqalileyo kwi-empempempe-mfa zenkampani, imilinganiselo esemthethweni emele ihlanganiswe, kunye neengxaki ezisebenzayo ezijongeneemfihlelo zezobugcisa kunye nezakhiwo zezemfundo.

Umhlaba Wendawo Ephakamileyo

Ukungalingani kwe-corpoion ebizwa ngokuba yi-schion erhwaphilizo okanye ii-ocession zezoqoqosho, kubandakanya ukufunyanwa okungekho mthethweni kweemfihlo zorhwebo, ulwazi oluziimfihlelo, okanye ugcino-lwazi lwezoshishino oluyimfihlo ngomkhuphisi, urhulumente wangaphandle, okanye umxhasi. Ngokungafaniyo nobusela obungokwesithethe, i-ascipion, uludwe lwabathengi, uludwe lwe-software-algamethis---al-algority , ukufumanisa nokumangalelwa okungekho mthethweni okunzima. UMthetho we-Escome Ex Empionagement (EA) kunye noMthetho we-Crest TrealCredies Act ka-2016 (DTSA) yimimiselo yesizwe ephambili esetyenziswayokulwa ukulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States, kunye nezigwebo ezinokuquka izigwebo ezindelwayo ezindeleyo.

Uphando oluya kuma-eskompyutha eenkampani lusoloko lukhokelwa yiFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), iSebe leMigangatho (DOJ), okanye iiyunithi ezikhethekileyo ezingaphakathi komthetho womthetho wesizwe. Le meko isoloko ibandakanya ukuqukunjelwa kogcino-lwazi olunqamlezileyo, unxibelelwano olufihliweyo, kunye nohlalutyo olusemngciphekweni lwezixhobo zamanani. Ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obufunwayo busoloko buchaphazeleka kakhulu qhaqhazeleleka kakhulu, kwaye bungachatshazelwa yinkampani yexhoba kunye nendlela yokumangalelwa apho abenzi bobungqina bafumana ngayo ubungqina buphantsi kophando olunzulu. Le miyalelo yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, iqinisekisa ukupheka nokuxhuzula, ingeyiyo, ingakumbi.

Isiseko SoMthetho Wesine Wokulungiswa

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nokohlukanisayo

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela "ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo." Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye kufuneka sichaze ngokufanelekileyo indawo ekufuneka iphendwe kwaye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Kuphando lwenkampani, mhlawumbi kusoloko kufuneka kuboniswa ukuba kukho inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba iimfihlelo ezithile zorhwebo zibiwe kwaye ubungqina bokuba olo beba bukho kwindawo ethile, "ezifana nekhompyutha yasekhaya, inkampani erhanelwayo, okanye i-akhawunti yengxelo yelifu.

Imfuneko ethile inzima kakhulu kumanani. Umphandi akanakucela nje isiqinisekiso sokuphendla "zonke izixhobo ze-elektroniki" zomkroti; isiqinisekiso kufuneka simisele uphendlo kwiifayile okanye kugcino-lwazi olunokwenzeka ukuqulatha ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla ziphelelwe zisiqinisekiso esibe sibanzi, njengazo zigunyazisa ukuphazanyiswa kweqela lonke labasebenzi bezoshishino ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa komda kugcino-lwazi olunxulumeneyo. Lo mgaqo unwebela kwimingeniselo yanamhlanje efana nokuxhuzula ugcino-lwazi olukude kunye "nethiss zekhompyutha" phantsi kobumninikazi bomntu omnye.

Inkqubo Ephawulekayo

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, amagosa asebenza ngomthetho kufuneka anikezele isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa kumagwebi okanye ijaji engondilele. I-affidavitt ichaza iinkcukacha zezibakala ezimisela unobangela ofanelekileyo kwaye ichaza isizathu sokuba ukuphendla kuyimfuneko. Kumatyala enkampani, le projekthi isoloko ixhomekeke kubungqina obusuka kwiingxelo ezingaphakathi, iingxelo zemali, iinyawo zekhompyutha, okanye uhlalutyo lwemilinganiso yogcino-lwazi olubiweyo. Umgwebi uhlola isicelo kwaye angakhupha isiqinisekiso esichaza indawo nezinto ezithi zibanjiswe kodwa nesakhefu sexesha kunye neendlela ezivunyelweyo. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sikhutshwe ngokungafanelekanga, umzekelo, ngokobungakanani obungaphezulu komthetho obekiweyo.

Iintlobo Zombutho Kuphando

Izixhobo Zokufuna Iintsholongwane Zomzimba Namanani

Kusoloko kukho imfuneko yokungena nokukhangela ii-ofisi zenkampani, ukwenza izityalo, ii-labbre, okanye amakhaya abantu apho ubungqina be-eschaliage bunokufunyanwa khona. Noko ke, ngexesha lamanani, iinkqubo ezininzi zekhompyutha ezijoliswe kuzo, amaqonga amnyama, kunye nezinye izixhobo zezixhobo zokugcina ze-elektroniki. Ukunyuka kwe "uphendlo lwe-operactic widi" okanye "uphendlo" kuvumela abaphengululi ukuba bafumane iinqwelo-moya ezinzima, iiseva, kwaneemisonto epheleleyo, kodwa kufuneka benze njalo ngokuchanekileyo. Isebe leMithetho yeJaji [[FLT:]] I-Cribal'''''''inikeza ukhokelo ngendlela yokufaka isiqinisekiso sobungqina be-elektronicki, ukugxininisa imfuneko yokucuntssss adiat'ieant.

Iintlawulo zeMali

Kwezinye iimeko, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafuneka ukubamba izinto ezibonakalayo .ezifana nezixhobo zokulinganisa, amaxwebhu, okanye imithombo yezixhobo zokugcina izinto . eziyimveliso ye-oficity okanye equlethe ubungqina. Imvume yokuphangwa igunya lokuthatha izinto ezinjalo, ngokufuthi njengenxalenye yokuphengulula okubanzi. UMthetho weSine ufuna ukuba uchaze ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezimele ziphathwe, uthintele ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ekusebenzeni "ukuxhuzula kwendlela" kuzo zonke iingxelo zeshishini. Oku kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwii-onkishini, apho umqhathi usenokuthisela amaxwebhu angenazimfihlelo anxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izixhobo zokulinganisa nokuhlola kombane

Uphando lokufumana ii-operations lungabandakanya ukuchopha nge-electronic, kuquka ukuphosa ingcinga, ukuqwalasela i-imeyili, kunye nokulandelela unxibelelwano lwamanani. Le misebenzi ilawulwa nguMthetho we-Pinetap (Isihloko III) kunye nobuchule bonxibelelwano lombane lwe-Profektations Comment Act (ECPA). Ukuqhuba ixesha lokwenene lokuthintela unxibelelwano, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esigunyazisiweyo esithe ngqo esidibana nomgangatho ophezulu: mhlawumbi unobangela wokukholelwa ukuba ukunqanda kuya kufumana unxibelelwano olunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa ze-Accofa zanele. Ngokufanayo, ukufumana ii-imeyili ezigciniweyo okanye amafu asoloko kufuna uxwebhu phantsi koMthetho wonxibelelwano (SC), ingakumbi ukuba ugcino-data lukho ngeentsuku ezili-180 okanye lubanjwe ngumnikezeli.

Iileta zokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye neFISA yaBameli

Xa i-onki ibandakanya igunya okanye uthunywashe wangaphandle, uphando lungaphela phantsi kokuqwalaselwa koMthetho wobuNgqila baManywili uSurveildance (FISA). I-FISA imvume yahlukeneyo ineemfuno zemithetho ebhaliweyo kuneemfuno eziqhelekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo, kuquka imiqobo esezantsi ngenxa yesizathu esinokwenzeka kunye nemimiselo yezenzo ezifihlakeleyo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-FISA isiqinisekiso sobuntlola kuphikisana, kwaye iinkundla ziye zafuna ngakumbi ukuba kwanophando olunxulumene nokhuseleko lweSine soLawulo-Mpandeko. [[FLT.0]] I-Exrectronic Foundation Foundation Foundation [FLD:1] ibalaselvedmentstion [iiiigential:1] ibalase umcimbiso kulo mmandla, ngoxa inkundla zesizwe ziqhubeka ukuconga ulungele ukhuseleko lwesizwe phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe ne-zwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwe.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Nakukuphumeza Izabelo

Iziphumo ezibonisa ukuba ikho

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kuphando lwenkampani esebenzelayo lungamiswa ngesizathu esinokwenzeka xa ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholiweyo lusenzeka kakhulu kwikhompyutha. Ubungqina bamanani busoloko busithi i-ephemeral: ii-imeyili zingacinywa, iifayile ezifihliweyo zingafihlwa, kwaye i-data ingathunyelwa ngaphaya kwemida ngemizuzwana. Ii-paligcator kufuneka zixhomekeke kumanani e-asensics, ii-IP, ii-metalog, kunye nobungqina obuvela kumangqina okwakha isiqinisekiso. Kodwa, iinkundla bezilumkile ngokunika isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwimiqathango zamanani, ingakumbi xa uqhagamshelwano kwindawo ethile ephathekayo luhamba-10. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ikhompyutha erhanelwayo, isenokugwetyelwa ngobungqina bokuba inkampani ekholisiweyo ekhahliswayo kwidilesi ye-IP, kodwa kufuneka idityaniswe kwi-edine.

Ukusonga Umlinganiselo Wokuphepha Itovu Elingaphezu Kwewotshi

Imfuneko ekhethekileyo ifuna inkcazo engakumbi kwingqikelelo ekhoyo. Umncedisi omnye wenkampani angasebenzisa ii-terabytes zogcino-lwazi, kuphela iqhekeza elincinane elinxulumene nomsebenzi we-oficiation. Ukuba imvume ivumela ukuphanga komncedisi wonke, ingacetyiswa njengengenagunya. Ukuthetha oku, abaphengululi basoloko besebenzisa ubuchule obufana "lord search," "umhla wezihluzo," okanye "imifanekiso eqingqiweyo" evumela ukuchola ubungqina obufanelekileyo xa kushiywa komnye ugcino-data. Sekunjalo, iinkundla zinokungaqiniseki nelungelo lokufumana imvume yokufuna iingxelo ezithile, iifayile, iindidi, okanye ii-freyitime zexesha. Iimeko zendalo ezikhoyo zifumana imvume ezilandeleyo. [FLD: 0] .[FTS][FPL][1][3]

Imfihlo yokhuselo lorhwebo kunye nendawo yesithathu yobuqu

Uphando lweziko lekhompyutha lusoloko lubandakanya ulwazi lwezoshishino oluchukumis ’ umbilini inkampani efuna ukulugcina luyimfihlo kwanakurhulumente. Xa abanyanzeli bomthetho befumana iikhompyutha okanye amaxwebhu, bangangena ngempazamo kwezinye iimfihlo zorhwebo kumaqela amathathu . "abaxhasi, abathengisi, okanye amaqabane. Iinkundla ziphuhlise iinkqubo zokukhusela ulwazi olunjalo, kuquka "imiyalelo ekhuselekileyo" ethintela indlela yokusetyenziswa nokuhlulwa kwe-data. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba uphando lubandakanya ukuphengululwa kwezakhiwo zenkampani, ugcino-lwazi lobuqu lwabasebenzi lungabanjwa ngenethinti. Ulungiso lwesine lukhusela izilangazelelo zobuqu zabasebenzi kwiziphumo zabo zobuqu, kwanakumsebenzi, kunye nesiqinisekiso esingaphumeleli ukuphendla izinto ezinxulumene nezixhobo ezinxulumene ne-active.

Ubungqina bezizwe ngezizwe bemilinganiselo kunye nolungelelwano lomnqamlezo

Umthetho ogunyazisa ukugunyaziswa komthetho ukuphengulula izivumelwano ezisemthethweni (izivumelwano zoNxibelelwano kunye noncedo olusemthethweni zinika imiqathango yokucela idata kumaziko angaphandle, kodwa ezi nkqubo zinokuba luncedo oluthe kratya. Ngaphezu koko, amanye amazwe anemithetho ethintela intsebenziswano ne-U.S. i-U. uphengululo, i-U.S. i-Cread Comforences wind Act. Inguqumrhu lomthetho osemthethweni (Ii-MLLAT) inika imiqathango yokucela idata evela kwamanye amazwe, kodwa i-Corsoft inokuba i-conezekile. [[FLLD:1] [kunye ngoku,] i-U.S'i-U. i-U.S. i-U.S. i-201818618 iyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-data okugcinwa ngumthetho womthetho oqhelekileyo we-U. kodwa i-U.U.S. kodwa ihlala ihleli kumba-U.U.U.U.S.U.U.S

Ukulungelelaniswa konyanzelo namalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Indima yegosa lezeejaji

Abagwebi nabejaji basebenza njengabagcini-sango, beqinisekisa ukuba imvume ayikhutshwanga ngaphandle kobulungisa obaneleyo. Kwimeko zeshishini, lo msebenzi unzima kuba izibonda ziphezulu: isiqinisekiso esiphumezelwe ngokuphosakeleyo singatshabalalisa iminyaka yophando oluyimfihlo okanye sibhence yonke icebo lenkampani. Iinkundla ngoko zivelise umgangatho "wokuhlola okukhawulezileyo" wokunika ulwazi olunochuku. Umzekelo, ugunyazisa ukunyanzelwa kokuphangwa kwazo zonke iinkqubo zekhompyutha kufuneka ziquke amalungiselelo e "iqela lenkampani yonyuselo" okanye "inkosi ekhethekileyo" ukuqukumbela ekufumaneni ilungelo okanye izinto ezingeyo phambi kwabahloli abahlolayo.

Inzala eqokelela imicimbi: Izakhono zobuqu nokhuseleko

Imfuneko yogunyaziso ibonisa ukuxinana okusisiseko kumthetho. Kwesinye isandla, urhulumente unomdla onyanzelekileyo ekulweni nokhuseleko lwenkampani ukukhusela uqoqosho nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kwelinye icala, ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni kusenokubanda, kungxengxenge iimfihlelo zorhwebo, kwaye kwaphule imfihlo yamaqela amsulwa. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba uMphengululo weSinethili usebenza ngamandla apheleleyo ekuphengululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezoqoqosho, kuquka i-ssorioncan. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku- Lange v. California iqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba mhlawumbi imfuneko yokulala, kwaneetyala elincinane azenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba ubugcisa buguquka, zinjalo iindlela zogcino-lwazi kunye neempendulo ezisemthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bokwenziwa, ii-apps ezifihliweyo, kunye nobugcisa bokuvala imiyalezo kunika imiqobo emitsha abaphandi abafuna ukuseka unobangela olindelekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, abaxhasi bemfihlo baye batyhalela phambili iimfuno ezingqongqo, ingakumbi ukwenzela ukulandelela indawo kunye nokwenza imigodi yogcino-lwazi. Umanyano lwamangini lwabemi bombutho we-Union[[ luye lwaphakamisa imiqobo efuna ukuqinisekisa "iindawo zobucala ezikhoyo" kwaye baphikisa ukuba imfuneko yemfuneko yemfuneko eyimfuneko imele ikwazi ukukhusela ukuphandwa ngoondwano oluninzi logcino-data lwezinkampani.

Umthetho ofana ne "ISivumelwano se-Electronic Evidence Act" ecetyiweyo kwamanye amazwe ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba unikezele naluphi na unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ludala kangakanani na ugcino-lwazi. Okwangoku, iinkundla zesebe ziyaqhubeka zicombulula "imfundiso yesithathu" apho abantu baphulukana namalungelo abo obuqu kulwazi abanalo kumaqela amathathu asabelana ngokuzithandela nabameli be-imeyili. Ukukhukulibala kwesi mfundiso kungandisa umlinganiselo wokuphengulula okungenagunyazi kwi-ekhomyuziyam, inkqubela ejongelwe ngamacala omabini.

Amatyala Anokuphawulwa Nempembelelo Yawo

United States v. Gorshkov (2001)

Enye yeemeko zamanani zakudala, United States v. Gorshkov (9th Cir. 2001), ibandakanya abachweli baseRashiya ababayo idata yekhadi letyala. IFBI yakhupha isiqinisekiso sokuthabatha iikhompyutha kunye nogcino-lwazi kwigumbi le-hotele elikhokelwayo, kodwa kamva yabucima ubungqina obuthile ngenxa yokuba imvume ayizange ivume ngokucacileyo ukuphengululwa kweminxeka enzima yeekhompyutha. Le meko yabalase imfuneko yokufuna ubungqina bamakhadi okusebenzisa amanani kwaye yaba yimizekelo yokukhangela okuthile kwekhompyutha.

United States v. Hathaway (2021)

Kule meko, ummangalelwa wabekwa ityala phantsi kwe-EEA ngenxa yokuba iimfihlelo zorhwebo kumqeshi wakhe wangaphambili. Isiqinisekiso sagunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwekhaya lakhe, kuquka zonke izixhobo zamanani. Inkundla yabucinezela ubungqina obusuka kwizixhobo ezimbini zangaphandle ezingadweliswanga kwisicelo sogunyaziso, ilawula ukuba uphendlo lungaphaya komlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso. Ityala libonakalisa ukubaluleka kobungcaciso: abanyanzeli bomthetho abanakuthatha "kufumana nantoni na eluncedo", kwanaxa ulwaphulo-mthetho lunzulu.

Impembelelo yoMthetho we-CLOUD (2018)

Umthetho onika ingqwalaselo yomthetho othe ngqo wokufumana imvume yogcino-lwazi olubambekayo lwaphesheya kolwandle lwe U.S., unikezelo lwezikhuseli ezithile zihlangatyezwana. Isenzo sikwadala imigaqo emitsha yentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, iquka "izivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo" noorhulumente bangaphandle. Ngexesha iCLOUD Act ijolise ekuqukumbeleni i-oyileni ugcino-lwazi olubambeneyo nolawulo, inyuse inkxalabo ngolawulo lwemithetho ye-gqeba elichasene nezinye izizwe. Isebe lezobulungisa likwayila izivumelwano zezizwe. [FL:]

Isiphelo

Imfuno eziqinileyo zezophando olusemthethweni kumatyala ee-onkishi. Zikhusela amalungelo abo bakrokrelekileyo nabasebenzi abamsulwa kwanabecandelo lesithathu ngeli xesha ziqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bufunyanwa ngokuthembekileyo nangendlela efanelekileyo. Umthetho weSine Solawulo-Mthambeko ongoonobangela abalindelekileyo nobuchule bokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ucacise ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba kufuneka baphengulule kwaye bafune ntoni, ukuthintela ukuhambelana nokuloba okunokungonakalisa iinkampani okanye abasebenzi. Njengoko utshintsho lwamanani luqhubeka, umthetho uza kujamelana neemvavanyo ezintsha, ngokusetyenziswa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo kunye nowenyani kwimibutho yabucala yokusebenza kwelifu elichaza intsingiselo nedata yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukugcina ingqibelelo yemigaqo yomthetho kubalulekile ukuze zombini zibe zezo ndawo kunye nokhuseleko. Kwixesha apho ulwazi lunokuhlala lunexabiso, imithetho yokufumana imali ebanzi, nokuzimela imigaqo elungele ukubonakala ngokuzimela, kunye nokulawula.