Ukuqonda Imiqobo Esemthethweni EngokwaseMthethweni Iyawachasa Amazwe

Ukumangalela urhulumente wesizwe ngokuchasene nocalucalulo yenye yezona ndawo zilucelomngeni kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ngoxa inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika inika iindlela zokunyanga abantu abebehlelwe kakubi ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ubume obukhethekileyo boorhulumente njengezixhobo ezizimeleyo budala imiqobo ye-producation kunye nemiqobo encinci enokuthi abamangalelwa abaqhelekileyo bangayinandiswa. Abamangalelwa abafuna ukuba norhulumente obeke ityala ngenxa yocalucalulo kufuneka baqhube umkhosi, imilinganiselo echaphazelekayo, imigaqo engqinelanayo, kunye neemfuno zokudinisa ezinokuthi zikwazi ukuphelisa kwanelo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele ukuvavanywa. Eli nqaku lichaza imiqobo engomthetho, imingxube-ndlela encinane, kunye nokuqwalalw ’ ingqwalaselo elungeleleneyo elungele ukumila kwezi meko.

Amatyala achasene namazwana adla ngokuvela phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente enjengeSiHloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946, iMelika enoMthetho (ADA), iNkathi yeNkathi yokwahlulwa koMsebenzi (ADEA), kunye neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuHlaziywa, kwakunye naphantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo lweSibonelelo se-14 kweSinethi YoMphengululo osuka kuma-42 e-U.S.C. ngo19649. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ingcamango esemthethweni, i-APrempleteth Amendment ibeka isebenza kakhulu kuyo yonke ityala.

Imfundiso Yokungavisisani koMongami noMthetho weshumi elinesine

Isiseko sokhuseleko lukarhulumente kwisuti yimfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni, ebuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwaye yafakwa kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokusetyenziswa kweZimi ze-Aleminth Amendment. ISibonelelo seshumi Nenye sinikela:

"Amandla eMigaqo-mthetho eUnited States akazukuthathwa njengokwabela nayiphi na imfanelo yomthetho okanye ukugqibelela, eqaliswe okanye echaswe ngokuchasene nomnye we-United States nguMatizeli kaRhulumente, okanye yi-Proties okanye i-Anucityssss yeliphi na elinye ilizwe.[[FLT:] [12] imvume yokuba i-othe , i-FLT] i-octive ichaza ukuba ityala elingavumelani naliphi na.[3]

Umlinganiselo WoMthetho weshumi elinesine

Uvavanyo lweshumi elinesine lokuLawula uLawulo lwezibonelelo lusebenza kungekuphela nje kwimeko kodwa nakurhulumente woosebe, amasebe, kunye nezixhesho ezithathwa njengezixhobo zikarhulumente. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba into ekhoyo iyafaneleka njengengalo yesizwe ibandakanya uvavanyo oluntlu-ninzi oluhlola iqondo lolawulo lukarhulumente, umthombo wemali, kwaye nokuba ngaba umgwebo uza kuhlawulwa ukusuka kwimali yemali yengingqi karhulumente. Olu khuselo lunyuswa ngokomonakalo wemali, ukukhulula okukhoyo, kwaye kwanokukhululeka kokuhlaziywa kwemiqathango kwiimeko ezininzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba ukuthintelwa akuphelelanga, ngoko, noko, kwaye ikrolwe ngaphandle kwento ezintathu: (1) xa i-Congressbeanssstion i-fractivessss kwicandelo 5 loMfunxeba we-Mfunxe, (2) xa imeko yokuzinziswa kwayo ithelela, (3) xa ithe yazisa isicwangciso soburhulumente sokuzinziswa kwe-mthetho se-ethotho-yo.[Foctive:[10]

Ukuhlaziywa kweNkcubeko ngaphantsi kweCandelo 5

IBhunga elingundoqo lingawuyeka umthetho wokuzikhusela ngokwamandla xa lidlula kwiCandelo 5 loMphetho-weshumi elinesine, onika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwendlela efanelekileyo. Imfuno engundoqo kukuba umthetho kufuneka ube yi "[FFF:][FF].[FFLT][4][FFF] [4] [FFFFF]] [5] .[10] [iiiimeko eninzi yekhefu] ngenxa yokuba ucagoso lwemeko olukhoyo.[10]

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Neenjubaqa: Indlela Amazwe Avuma Ngayo Ukudutyulwa

Kwanaxa iBhunga lingakhange linyanzelelwe, urhulumente angavuma ngokuzithandela ukuvumelana. Izenzo zokumangalela kufuneka zichazwe ngokucacileyo ``iinkundla aziyi kuvuma. Ama-odonga angaphazamisa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukuma ngokwemithetho karhulumente, imimiselo, okanye ngokususa ityala kwinkundla karhulumente. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye agqithisa izityholo eziye zavumela iindidi ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba ziqhubeke, kodwa ezi zenzo zisoloko zibeka imida engqongqo kwizonomonakalo, isaziso, kunye nentlobo zezityholo ezivumelekileyo.

IMithetho yeSizwe Nemibutho Yolawulo

Kumaphondo amaninzi, ukumangalela umbutho wocalucalulo kuqala kufuna ukuqokelela isaziso solawulo ngebhodi okanye ugunyaziso lukarhulumente . Ngokufuthi ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane (umz. 90 okanye 180). Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela ezi mfuneko zesaziso kungaphumela ekugxothweni ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, phantsi kwe-Fortical Tort Peances Act, i-Platff kufuneka ifake ifayile yempiliso yequmrhu lorhulumente kunye neBhunga loRhulumente ngaphambi kokufaka ityala. Le mfuneko isebenza kwananomthetho-mgaqo-siseko oziswe phantsi kwecandelo 1983, nangona imfuneko yokudinwa ingasebenzi kwizenzo zomthetho nxamnye noomasipala. Iyimfuneko kulawulo lwezomthetho-omatilotimenti ukuqonda i-osipala phakathi kwenkundla yolawulo nolawulo lwenkundla yezorhulumente nolawulo.

Imfundiso Ethi Epheleleyo Engumntwana

Mhlawumbi eyona mfundiso enamandla kukhuseleko olulawulayo lulawulo oluphezulu [[FLT: 0] [FLT]] Ex e Young imfundiso, evumela amagosa esizwe ukuba asebenzise ubuchule bawo obusemthethweni obusemthethweni ukulungiselela ukupheliswa okuqhubekayo kokuchatshazelwa komthetho karhulumente. Ngaphantsi kwale mfundiso, umchasi-mthetho angafuna umyalelo wenkundla ofuna igosa elifuna umgaqo wobugqeba, [[F] [F] ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda iziphumo, umyalelo wokuyeka ukusebenzisa ubuchule obungaveli bobuhlanga bomsebenzi wokuqeqeshwa ngokusemthethweni. [FFF] umele unikezele igalelo oluphezulu lweNto.[FF] [egov] [egov] [egov] [enye i-off]

Imilinganiselo Yasemthethweni Nemithwalo Enzima Engqina Ukuba Ucalucalulo Luya Kuvela

Kwanaxa umkhuseli we-acthati ekwaziyo ukukhusela umgangatho ophezulu, kufuneka ahlangabezane nemilinganiselo efunayo yocalulo. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yeyokulungisa umthwalo omiselwe kwi-[FLT][FLT]] Mcnell Doglas Corp. v. [FLT][12] [1973] [ii-[FLT] [iiiiikhululo], elisebenza kwi-Stit VII, i-ADEA, kunye ne-ADA. Ngaphantsi kwale paradigm, i-parttiaff kufuneka iqale ivelise i-frimacie ngokubonisa ukuba: (1) ziludidi olukhuselweyo; (2) zisebenzise kwaye zifanele ukungenelwa kwesikhundla sazo; zifumana iimfanele (4) nokunyuswa kweemfanelekelelwa kwazo; kunye nokunyuswa kweemeko zokunyuswa kwe-ADCAlue.

Ukungqina Ukuba Umkhethe

Kumatyala phantsi kwe-Linganisa Ukhuseleko luka-Claus, i-activeff kufuneka ibonise ukuba urhulumente wasebenzisana nenjongo yocalucalulo, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-.[FLT][FLT][[FLT]][1966] [196] [1966] [inkqubo] yabambelela ekubeni umthetho okanye inkqubo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto iqela elingawuchaphazeli umGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba umenzi wesigqibo ubonise ukuba umenzi wesigqibo usebenza ngenjongo yokucalula. Oku kufuna ubungqina bezibakalathiso, umo lwembali, ukushiya iintshukumisa kwiinjongo eziqhelekileyo, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonisa imposiso. Isiphumo somthetho esithe ngqo singenamvotiso somthetho, nangona sinokuthi sixhase umGatho-o-othe phantsi kwe-Stimenti ye-IT.

Ukukhutshwa Konyango Lolawulo

Phambi kokuvala ityala phantsi kweSihloko VII, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqale afake isityholo socalulo ngeKhomishoni ye-Auncili Yomsebenzi Elinganayo (EOC) okanye i-reance elinganayo ye-octive Opportation Commission (EOC) okanye umbutho wobulungisa womsebenzi osebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ityala mali maliniswe kwientsuku ezili-180 zocalucalulo oluthiweyo (ientsuku ezingama-300 kwisebe lokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo). I-EEOC kufuneka ihlole kwaye icebise ileta yasekunene okanye i-ethenti yetyala. Ukungaphumeleli kokusebenza kwemithetho ye-ofisi kungumthetho kumele kufake ityala. Ngokufanayo, phantsi kweSihlomelo I-I-I-egcudificwe phambi kokuba kuthenjiswe izicwangciso ze-A (inkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-

Amatyala akutshanje nophuhliso olusemthethweni

Umhlaba wetyala lokugweba uyaqhubeka uguquka. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkundla ziye zaxabana nokudibana kwe-geomsfera, i-IT, kunye ne-ADEA, zisoloko zifikelela iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo ezisekelwe kumanqaku athile. Umzekelo, [[FLT]][1] [MFLT]]. Inkundla yephondo [[FLT] v v.[FLT] V.[12] [iimeko ekhoyo i-Exproject] (i-ethemati], [2][12]] [12]] [iiiindawo ekhoyo ye-FOff:[5], ithelela ityala eliphantsi kwemeko ephezulu, kodwa i-Expont, iphethe i-IHHTYP][5] i-FT] i-ethofutlect, ingunxa-ethe i-ethe i-ekhohlo-ethe : [F] kufutshane.[5]

Iziphumo Ngaphantsi koMthetho we-ADA nowokuhlaziywa

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yokuzidibanisela ibandakanya iADA kunye neCandelo 504 loMthetho wokubuyisela uNgqongqozeleko. [FLT][FLT]][2004] [2004], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba iSihlomelo II se-ADA sigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni njengoko sisetyenziswa ekufikeleleni kwiinkundla zenkundla, [[FT] i-FLT] engundoqo ekhuselweyo yi-Clausce. Kodwa iNkundla [FLT]] [2] [iiiindlela ekhethekileyo isebenzisa i-United States] v[FFFFLT]. [ev:6] [iiiiiiiiindlela ekhoyo yemali ekhoyo, i-AV:[FLT] [FM][5] [5] [iiiindlela engaphezulu] i-AFt. i-AFM, i-endla yamkelekileyo yoncedo ye-onke, i-ondleko yoncedo lwamandla,

Indima yeAttorney jikelele kunye nokhuselo lwelizwe

Xa irejista igwetyelwa ucalucalulo, amagqwetha ayo adla ngokuphakamisa ukhuseleko olunamandla lokukhusela ulawulo, amalache, ukusilela ukukhupha umbane, nokusetyenziswa kweqhinga. Abamangalelwa baseburhulumenteni basoloko bephikisa ngelithi ummangalelwa akanako ukuchaza ikhompathimenti efanayo ukuseka ityala le-prima facie. Ukongeza, amagqwetha angaphikisa ukuba umthetho wemiqathango ephelile; kuba iCandelo lowe 1983 liboleka, iinkundla ziboleka ixesha lomonakalo wobuqu, elinokusuka kwenye ukuya kwenye iminyaka emithandathu. Ubuntlola bezi ndlela zokuzikhusela buthetha ukuba [[FLT: 0] idla ngokukhangela nokuzibamba kwimiqobo ephambili kwi-liccconed procracture [FFF:1]. [ilk], ukuphendla okunganonongwa okunelisayo, ukugwetyelwa okuneyo okuneyo, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obuphambili, nokusetyenziswa kwakuqala, nakuphindwa nakuphindwayo.

Izindululo Ezisebenzisekayo Kwabameli

Ibonele imiqobo emide, amatyala ajonge ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokuchasene norhulumente kufuneka athathe inyathelo elifanelekileyo. Okokuqala, gqiba ukuba ityala limele livele phantsi komthetho ofanelekileyo owenzelwe ukukhusela ipropati. ISihlomelo VII, Icandelo 504 (ngemeko yemali karhulumente), kunye ne-Liyeni Pay Pace Act zonke zinikezela iindlela ezicacileyo. Izimvo ezithenjiswa phantsi kwe-ADA, zihlola ukuba ngaba iNkulwano encotsheni inxulumene nelungelo elikhoyo eliyiyo (umz., ukufikelela kwiinkundla, imfundo), i-votimenti, i-e, i-e, i-active i-sssss, ithetha ukukhampaniza igosa igosa ngalinye lamagosa emo yombuso ekwimeko ephantsi kwegunya elikhoyo, idityaniswe nakumazwe azimeleyo. [[FL.3] Uninzi lwamanycelele ulawulo olukhoyo, uninzi lwamandukufumana urhulumente, uninzi luye lwamandukudibana nolu , luye lwamany

Isiphelo

Ukusebenzisa urhulumente wephondo ojongene nocalucalulo kusengumsebenzi omkhulu kumthetho wamalungelo abantu eMelika. Ukudityaniswa kweA15th Amendment development, imfuno engqongqo yokuphelisa ukulawulwa kweSimi seSimi sokuzimela, ifuna ubungqina bokungacalucalulwa ngengozi, kunye nokudinwa kwe-procedrodrodment ebangela ukuphumelela kwe-librinth enokuthi ikwazi ukoyisa naninina ekufanelekileyo. Kodwa ingxelo ibonisa ukuba ezi zingxele iinguqu eziye zabangela utshintsho oludala, "ukususa ukurhoxaba) ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yempatho kawonke, ukufuna ukuphelisa imisebenzi yokuqeshwa. [[FLT.] Zonke iimfuno eziphumelelayo ekuphumeleni inyathelo lomthetho omele ukusetyenziswa kwemvume yokulawula i-transte, ukuqinisekisa isithembiso sokhuseleko lomthetho kwaye umbangoso olulinganayo. Kulo lweemeko oluqhelekileyo, kodwa kungenxa yobulungisa, ukulwa ityala lokugwebo lwezo lomthetho oluqhelekileyo, ukulwa kwemeko oluqhelekileyo,