Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sobungozi obuphindwe kabini

IReopardy Claus ephindwe kabini yeSihlaziyo sesihlanu inikela ukuba akukho mntu oya "kuba lityala elifanayo ukuba abekwe engozini yobomi okanye ilungu elinye" olu khuselo luphakathi komthetho omdala wama-Anglone namaMelika, onomzi osusela kwimigaqo engokwasemthethweni yamaRoma neyobuGreki. OoFata BokuDala babenalo kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuze bathintele urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukuze amangalele umntu, abathwale phantsi ngokwemali nangokweemvakalelo de afumane ityala.

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isalathisi somgwebi sifunyaniswe ukuba (okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe kwityala lebhentshi). Xa lithe lafakwa kwityala lejaji, urhulumente udla ngokuzincamanisa, akakwazi ukulisusa elo tyala aze azame kwakhona ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa unyanzelisa ukuba afumane ityala elibini. Ukhuseleko lungaphelelanga emva kokugwetywa: nokuba ubungqina obutsha betyala buvele kwiminyaka ethile kamva, urhulumente akanakuphinda azame ukuzama ukuzama ukuphelisa ityala eliphinda kabini. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwetyala kuba nzima ngakumbi xa isiqinisekiso sirhoxisiwe kwisibheno.

Oko Kuthethwa Kuko Xa Inkolelo Iguqukile

Ityala liyarhoxiswa xa inkundla egwebayo ihlola ingxelo yokuchophela ityala kwaye iqikelela ukuba impazamo engokwasemthethweni yenzeke ngokunzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ivumela ukubuyiselwa. Ityala lingabuyiselwa kwinkundla yokuvavanya ukuqhubekeka kwetyala, ngokufuthi ityala elitsha. Isiphumo esingundoqo sezomthetho kukuba ukugwetywa kwetyala kusoloko kufana nokuba akuzange kubekho. Noko ke, izityholo eziphambili zihlala ziphila ngaphandle kokuba umyalelo we-appelta ngokungqalileyo uyalela ukugxothwa.

Iziphumo ezintathu ezahlukileyo zingalandela isibheno: uvulo lucinywa, okanye uqikelelo lucinywa kwaye ityala libuyiselwa kuvavanyo olutsha), lunyenyeza kwaye lungaphunyelwa. Kwisibonelelo esiqhelekileyo i & ̬] (ukukholwa kuyacinywa, okanye [[FLT: 4]] ukuvuleka ngotshintsho ngotshintsho [ukukholelwa kuncitshiswa kulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane]. Kwimo eqhelekileyo i & &812; ukungajijikiyo ngomntu obuyiselweyo kwi-encwadi ye-&82; umbuzo obalulekileyo uba yi-ebrodibini ephinda-phinda-phinda-phindayo kusini kudala ixesha lesibini.

Umthetho Jikelele: Ityala Elitsha Lisoloko Livunyelwa

Phantsi kwemizekelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo emiselweyo, iingozi eziphindwe kabini aziyi kugwetywa xa ityala lipheliswa ngenxa yemposiso yokuvavanya. Ingcaciso icacile: Ummangalelwa akakhululwanga. Ukugwetywa kumela ukuzimisela okuyinyaniso kokuba umtshutshisi akasileli ukungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuguqulwa kwesicelo, kuthetha nje ukuba ityala liphoxekile ngokuphandle. Ummangalelwa wafumana ityala, kodwa elo lityala linesiphene ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvumela ukubekwa kwetyala kwakhona akumgwebi ummangalelwa ukuba asohlwayelwe okwesibini ngenxa yetyala elinye elifanelekileyo.

Ityala lesibini elimisela lo mgaqo lingu . United States v. Ball [1896]. EBall, abamangalelwa abathathu batyholwa ngokubulala. Bagwetywa, kwaye omnye wagwetywa ityala. Abamangalelwayo babhetyelwa ityala, yaye omnye wabo wagwetywa. Abamangalelwayo babhenela, yaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabhenela ekumangalelweni kwabo ngenxa yetyala elinesiphene. Babhenela kwakhona bamangalelwa okwesibini, bephikisa ukuba ityala liphinde laphindwa kabini. Inkundla ephakamileyo yalandula loo mpikiswano, ibambe ukuba "umgwebo uphenduliwe, abamangalelwayo abamangalelwanga ngenxa yoko kuqhutyelwana." Inkundla yaqiqamba ukuba iphinde yafumana ityala eliphinda-phinde liphindelwe."

Oku kubanjwa kwaqinisekiswa kwakhona ku . United States v. Wilson[FLT] [7] [7] [7] [7] [07]. NgoWilson, ummangalelwa wabanjwa kodwa inkundla yezicelo yabhencwa emhlabeni ukuba ubungqina banele ukungqina ityala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uzakuzama ukuvavanya ummangalelwa kuba ukurhoxiswa akusekelwanga kubuchule bobungqina kodwa kwimpazamo yomthetho. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba ingu Jeopardy Claus ayiqinisekisi ukuba ummangalelwa uzakufumana ityala elinye kuphela; iqinisekisa ukuba umShumi uzakungabekwa phantsi kwetyala emva kobutyala besibini emva kokugqibelela kobumsulwa.

Ukuvavanya Iimpazamo Nokungabi Nabungqina

Umahluko phakathi kotshintsho olusekelwe kwimposiso yokuvavanya kunye nokuguqulwa okusekelwe kubungqina obunganele buqatha. Imposiso yokuvavanya iquka iimpazamo ezinjengokuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala ephosakeleyo, ingxengxezo engafanelekanga ayicetyelwanga ukuxhokonxa ityala, okanye ukwaphula umthetho okufana nokukhanyelwa kwecebiso. Kule meko, ukuqulunqa kwakhona kusoloko kuvunyelwa kuba inkundla yetyala ayithi ummangalelwa umsulwa; ithi ityala lichanile kwaye kufuneka liphinde livulwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Noko ke, ukuba inkundla egwebayo iyasiphikisa ityala ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obunikelwa ekumangalelweni babungakwanelanga ukuxhasa ukuqinisekiswa, ingozi ephindiweyo iyaqulunqwa kwakhona. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkundla yetyala elibucala igqibelele ukuba akukho nkundla ifanelekileyo egwetyiweyo etyholweyo i̬ ityala elijongene netyala eligwetyiweyo. Ityala elikhokelayo liyi Burks v. United States[FLT][FLT][3] [718]. [788], ummangalelwa wagwetywa ngokugwetywa kokupha kokuphanga kodwa wabhenela, ukuphikisa ukuba ubungqina buye banele. Inkundla yokubhenela nokujika kwetyala. Urhulumente wafuna ukuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ityala ngenxa yomnye wale. Inkundla yetyala yafumana umbangomnye enyanze yangqinwa i-mali eqinile ukuba i-kane.

Izahlulo Neemeko Ezikhethekileyo Apho Izixhobo Ezibini Eziyingozi Ziphinda Zihlolwe

Ngoxa umthetho jikelele uvumela ukuphinda ulwenze utshintsho emva kokuzama impazamo, iindidi eziliqela ezibalulekileyo zingabangela ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini kwanaxa ukunyanzeleka kokholo lurhoxisiwe.

Ukungaphumeleli Kobungqina

Njengoko kuchaziwe, ukuguqulwa okusekelwe kubungqina obunganelanga kuthathwa njengokugwetywa nokugwetywa kwakhona kwemivalo. Oku kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye kusebenza nanokuba inkundla yamatyala yangena kumgwebo wokugwetywa kwetyala okanye inkundla yetyala yawuguqula umva ngenxa yokungagqibeki kwayo. Urhulumente akanako ukulungisa iintsilelo zayo ezicacileyo kwityala lesibini; inethuba layo.

Ukugweba Ngenkohlakalo Okucetyelwe Ukuvelisa Ulwaphulo - mthetho Oluphosakeleyo

Ukuba urhulumente ubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okubi okuthe ngqo okujoliswe ekuqhubeni ummangalelwa ekushukumiseni ityala eliphosakeleyo, ingozi ephindwe kabini ingaqulunqwa kwakhona. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibhekisa oku [[FLT]] Oregon v.Kennedy[[[FLT]] [1982] [[1982]]. Inkundla ibambe ukuba ukuqulunqanda kokungalungisi komtshutshisi kunqatyelwe kuphela xa umtshutshisi enenjongo yokucela ummangalelwa ukuba acengeniswa. I-ehayibhile okanye ihambo engakhathalekiyo ayinelenga; urhulumente kufuneka enze ngenjongo ekhethekileyo yokunyanzeleka ukugwetywa kwetyala okanye ukufumana okulungileyo ngenxa ye-um. Oku kunciphileyo nokungqinwayo, kodwa kumele kuthintelwe ukuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ukutshutshiswa emva kokubhenela ngempumelelo

Ngeli xesha i-'Act Proce Claus' inganyanzelisi ukuba abatshutshisi bazise izityholo ezinzulu emva kwesibheno esinempumelelo esisuka kwimpindezelo. North Carolina v. Paarce[ [[FLT]] [[1969]] [1969], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwisigqibo esinempumelelo sokubhenela ityala kwaye ayifumani sigwebo esiqatha ngaphandle kokuba inkundla yesigwebo inika izizathu eziqinileyo ezisekelwe kwihambo eyenzeka emva kogwebo lokuqala. Lo mgaqo uthintela urhulumente ekugwebeni abamangali ngenxa yokuqhelisela izicelo zabo ekuphumezeni isibheno.

Ukugwetywa Ngokucel ’ Ityala

Ngamanye amaxesha ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala elincinane eliquka ukusophula okuncinane kungasebenza njengokugwetywa kwetyala elikhulu. Umzekelo, ukuba umgwebi ubamba ummangalelwa wokubulala kwesibini kodwa uthe cwaka ekubulaleni kokuqala, ukunyanzeleka kwetyala elincinci kuthathwa njengokungagunyaziswayo kwenkulu. Ukuba olo tyala luye lwenziwa ngokubhenela kwisicelo, urhulumente akanakumcinezela ummangalelwa ngenxa yokubulala kokuqala ngenxa yokuba ijaji sele ifumene izibakala zingakuxhasi oko kutyholo. Lo mgaqo wamiselwa [[FLT: 0][FLD][2].[FLT] [12] [12] [12] [12] [197] kunye nezimeko zamva.

Imicimbi yeNkqutyana: Indima yesigqibo seNkundla ePhosayo

Ulwimi olukhethekileyo olusetyenziswa yinkundla enika imvume yokutshintsha lubalulekile ukufumanisa ukuba ingozi ephindiweyo iyasebenza kusini na. IiAttorney nabamangalelwa kufuneka bahlolisise uluvo lwenkundla ngocoselelo ukuze baqonde isiseko sokutshintsha.

Ukuba inkundla yetyala iphinde iguqule umva "ngokuba ubungqina abuzange bunele ukuxhasa ukugwetywa," ukuqulwa kwakhona kuvaliwe. Ukuba ibuyisela umva ngemiyalelo "ngenxa yempazamo kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-mthetho" okanye "ngenxa yokuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina," ityala livumelekile ngaphandle kokuba impazamo ibingavumelani nokokuba ifake ukukhanyelwa kwetyala elilungileyo elilinganayo nokugwetywa. Inkundla ingaphinda iguqule ngemiyalelo yokukhupha ityala, elithi liphinde licineze. Ngokuchasene noko, inkundla ingabuyisela umva kwaye iphinde iphinde ivume "ukuvavanywa okutsha okungaguquguqukiyo kunye nolu qikelelo," okudla ngokuvumela ukuqulungela kwakhona.

Imeko ecacileyo ivela xa inkundla yetyala ijika iphinde ijongene nesiphene somthetho esikhusela ukulingwa kususela ekuqaleni ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba inkundla yamatyala yayingenalo igunya lomgangatho okanye ummiselo wemiqathango ophelileyo, ityala lokuqala lingathathwa njengelingagqibekanga. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ummangalelwa akazange abekwe sengozini, kwaye uwiso lwetyala luvunyelwe jikelele. Noko ke, ukuba isiphene sisemcimbini oya kufanelwe yimfanelo yetyala, njengomthetho oyingozi phakathi kommangalelo kunye nobungqina bokumangalelwa, ukugwetywa kwakhona kungathintelwa ukuba ityala lithetha ukuba ityala ligwetywe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ityala Eliyintloko Lenkundla Ephakamileyo Omele Ulazi

Ukuqonda iingozi ezimbini emva kokurhoxa kwetyala kufuneka uqhelane nezigwebo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. La matyala asisiseko somthetho yaye asoloko ekhankanywa ziinkundla ezisezantsi.

  • United States v. Ibhola[FLT: 1] (1996) ̵ imisele ukuba ummangalelwa obhenela ngempumelelo ekubheneleni ukukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini kwengozi ye projekti.
  • [[NTL: 0] Burks v. United States [1988]) ̫ Wayithi jijela oko kusekelwe ekungalungini kwemiqobo yobungqina kuba ilingana nokukhulula.
  • United States v. Wilson (1975) ̵ Iqinisekisiwe ukuba urhulumente angaphinda azame ummangalelwa emva kokubuyiselwa emva kwemposiso yokuzama, nokuba impazamo ibinzima.
  • [[FLT: 0] Orogon v. Kennedy (1982) ̵ yalinganisela umahluko kwihambo engalunganga yomtshutshisi kumatyala apho umtshutshisi wayefuna ukuvusa ityala eliphosakeleyo.
  • United States v. Scott[FLT: 1] (1978) ̵ Ijikelele ukuba ummangalelwa oye waphumelela ukurhoxa utyholo ngezizathu ezingahambelaniyo netyala lobuxoki angaphinde afakwe kuba ukugxothwa akusosigwebo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Lockhart v. Nelson (1988) ̫ I Hetyelwe ukuba ulwahlulelo luvumelekile kwakhona xa uqinisekiso luguquliwe kuba ubungqina buvunywe ngokuphosakeleyo, nokuba ngaphandle kobo bungqina obushiyekileyo bunganele.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokukhusela Nezikhanyiso Zawo

Kummangalelwa okholose ngetyala lakhe lirhoxisiwe, ukuqonda enoba imivalo ephindwe kabini eyingozi ibalulekile kusini na ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingolwazi ngesi sibheno neziganeko ezilandelayo.

Izigqibo Ezifanelekileyo Ngexesha Lesibheno

Ukuba ukuthembeka kommangalelwa kutshintshiwe ekubhenceni, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka sicombulule ngokukhawuleza isiseko sokuguqulwa. Ukuba ukubuyiselwa kusekelwe kubungqina obunganele, urhulumente akanakuyilungisa kwakhona ityala, kwaye ummangalelwa ukhululekile. Ukuba ukuguqulwa kusekelwe kwimposiso yokuvavanya, urhulumente uzakufuna ukuqulunqwa kwakhona, kwaye ummangalelwa kufuneka alungiselele ukumangalelwa okwesibini. Kwimeko yokugqibela, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka siqwalasele ukuba ufanele ushukumise ukurhoxa ukumangalelwa kwimingcikitya ephindwe kabini ukuba kukho na impikiswano yokuba inkundla yenkundla ifumene ubungqina obunganele.

Iingxubusho Emva Kokuvuselelwa

Ukunyanzeliswa okuguquliweyo kudala isixhaso esibalulekileyo kummangalelwa ekuthetheni ngezicelo. Urhulumente kufuneka agqibe ukuba uza kuzirhola na izibonelelo kwityala lesibini, kwaye ummangalelwa angakwazi ukunxibelelana ngesibongozo esilungileyo kwityala elincinane okanye ade awiswe ngokupheleleyo. Ixesha elidluleyo ukususela ekumangalelweni kokuqala lisenokusebenza kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa, njengoko amangqina esenokungafumaneki okanye iinkumbulo zisenokungafumaneki.

Ingozi Yesohlwayo Esiqatha

Enye inkxalabo abamangalelwa abajongene nesibheno esinempumelelo kukwamkela isigwebo esiqatha ngakumbi ekuqulunqweni kwakhona. Ngelixesha i-Act Procession Claus ilela ukugwetywa ngokugqibeleleyo, abamangalelwa basenokubona izigwebo ezinde ukuba ulwazi olutsha luye luvele okanye ukuba imigaqo yokugweba isebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Icebiso lokhuselo kufuneka libhale ngononophelo isivakalisi sokuqala kwakunye naziphi na izinto ezinokuthethelela isigwebo esilinganayo okanye esincinane ekugwetyweni kwakhona.

Umahluko Karhulumente Kumthetho Ophindwe kabini Wengozi

Ngeli xesha iPice Reopardy Claus karhulumente isebenza ekumangaleleni urhulumente ngeMpahla-siseko weshumi elinesine, amazwana ngamanye anganikela ukhuseleko olubanzi phantsi komgaqo-siseko wawo okanye imimiselo. Amanye amazwe aye awatolika amalungiselelo awo engozi ephindwe kabini ukuba alungise kwakhona kwiimeko apho umthetho karhulumente ubungayi kukuvumela. Umzekelo, amazwe ambalwa awavumeli ukumiswa kwakhona kwempazamo yokuvavanywa ngaphandle kokuba impazamo ibingekho ngozi. Amanye asebenzisa uvavanyo olungqongqo lwehambo engafanelekanga yabatshutshisi kunokuba umgangatho womthetho okhutshelisiweyo obhengezwe ku- u-Orgon v. Kennedy .

Abaxhasi kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko umthetho wesizwe osebenzayo nakweyiphi na imeko ebandakanya ukuvalwa ngokuguqukileyo. Umgangatho wesizwe unika umgangatho, hayi uphahla: umgaqo-siseko ukhululekile ukunikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunemfuno yomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Lo mmandla womthetho ubaluleke ngakumbi kwiimeko zokugwetywa, apho ngamanye amaxesha amazwe azama ukuphinda azame ukuvavanya abamangalelwa emva kokutshintsha kwaxa ubungqina buthe bancinana.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ngeenkolelo Eziphindwe Kabini Nezitshintshileyo

Iintsomi eziliqela ezizingisileyo zingqonge umthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabini, yaye ngokufuthi zikhokelela abamangalelwa nabantu ngokubanzi ekungawaqondi kakuhle amalungelo abo.

[[FLT: 0] Myth: Ukuba ukhutshelo lurhoxisiwe, ityala liphelile. Oku kuxoka kwiimeko ezininzi. Ukuguquka okuqhelekileyo kuphumela ekubuyiselweni kwetyala elitsha ngaphandle kokuba inkundla yesicelo ikhupha imvume ecacileyo. Umtshutshisi akakhululekanga ngokuzenzekelayo.

Imyuziyam: Ingozi ephindwe kabini ikhusela uvavanyo emva kotshintsho. Oku kukwabubuxoki. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, utshintsho oluninzi lwemposiso yokuzama luvumela ukuqulunqwa kwakhona. Kuphela utshintsho olusekelwe kubungqina obaneleyo okanye kumgca othile wendlela engalunganga ephinda waqulunqwa.

Myth: Ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa kwityala elikhulu emva kokuba ulwelo lwetyala elincinci lurhoxisiwe. Le nto iyinyaniso ngokwenxalenye. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho bathetha ukuba bamgweba ummangalelwa ngetyala elikhulu ngokumgweba elingaphantsi, uqulunqe kwakhona omkhulu uvalelwe. Noko ke, ukuba abachobi babethulile kwityala elikhulu, ityala lingavunyelwa kwakhona ngokuxhomekeke kumthetho.

Myth: urhulumente akanakubhena ukugwetywa. Le nto iyinyaniso: urhulumente akanakubhena umgwebi ogwebayo, kwaye uthintela iingozi eziphindwe kabini ukuphinda afumane ityala. Noko ke, urhulumente angabhenela kwintengiso ezithile zangaphambi koshicilelo kunye nemithetho yasemva kwetyala engeyokulahlwa.

Isiphelo

Ukunxibelelana phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunye nokurhoxa kweenkolelo zenye yezona ndawo zichanekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthetho oqhelekileyo ucacile: ummangalelwa oye wafaka isiqinisekiso ngempumelelo unokubuyiselwa kwityala elifanayo kuba ukubuyiselwa akukokuthethelela yaye ummangalelwa akakhange ekugqibeleni agwetywe emsulwa. Noko ke, ngaphandle kobungqina obunganelanga, ukuziphatha okubi kweqhinga, kunye neziphene ezithile zomthetho ezizinzileyo zinikela ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo nxamnye nesiphambeko sikarhulumente.

Isitshixo esithathelwe abamangalelwa, amagqwetha, kunye naye nabani na onomdla kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho sisithi i-Jeopardy Claus eBini ayiqinisekisi ukuba ityala elinye; inika urhulumente ithuba elinye lokungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Xa elo thuba liphosakele ngenxa yokuvavanywa kwempazamo, ummangalelwa angaphinde avavanywe kwakhona. Xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ukunikela ubungqina obaneleyo okokuqala, lo mba uyagqitywa. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile ekuqhubeni inkqubo yobulungisa kunye nokukhusela amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo ujongene netyala emva kokuba ityala lirhoxisiwe, ukudibana negqwetha elinamava elikhusela ityala kugxekwa. Igqwetha lingasihlalutya isigqibo senkundla yetyala, liqwalasele ukuba zikhona na iimpikiswano eziphindiweyo eziyingozi, lize licebise ngelona cebo lilungileyo lokufumana isiphumo esihle. Izibonda ziphezulu, kwaye umthetho untsonkothile, kodwa ukhuseleko olungundoqo ekuthinteleni ukubekwa engozini kabini luhlala luhleli lunye lwezona zikhuseli zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMelika.