Isiseko Sezomthetho: Uhlaziyo Lwesine noNkxaso Logonyamelo Lwasekhaya

Amatyala ogonyamelo asekhaya abangela imingeni engaqhelekanga yokugcinwa komthetho kuba ngokufuthi abandakanya ulwalamano olusondeleyo, iindawo zokuhlala zobuqu, kunye neemeko ezimaxongo eziya zisanda ngokukhawuleza. Izenzo zomthetho zokulawula amapolisa kwezi meko zisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesine, okhusela abemi ekuphandeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Ukuqonda iimfuno ezifunekayo kwiimeko zogonyamelo lwasekhaya kufuna ukuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo indlela iinkundla ezisinge ngayo imfuneko yokukhuselwa ngokukhawuleza kwexhoba kwimigaqo-siseko.

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: " Ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aluyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho nanye imikhosi yemfazwe ezakupapashwa, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esinokwenzeka, ixhaswe ngu-Oath okanye ingqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi ukuchaza indawo ekufuneka iphendulwe, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Olu lwimi lubonisa ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula nokuxhuzula akunangqiqo, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukungalingani nokuchasana okuninzi okuyimfuneko kugonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Kwiimeko zogonyamelo zasekhaya, uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luqatha kakhulu. Amagosa asoloko efika kwindawo apho ixhoba linganzakala khona, umxhaphazi asenokuba usekho, kwaye ubungqina obunjengezixhobo okanye imiqondiso yokuhlasela bungatshabalala ukuba amapolisa alibazise ukwenza isenzo. Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yemvume yokunceda amapolisa ifumanise xa kufuneka afumane imvume phambi kokungena ekhaya, efuna ubungqina, okanye ebamba, kwaye xa enokwenza oko akwenzayo phantsi kweemeko ezixengakaliyo.

Indima Yesizathu Esifanelekileyo Kwizicelo Ezinamandla

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osisiseko ofunekayo ukuze ijaji inikezele isiqinisekiso. Ikho xa izibakala kunye neemeko ngaphakathi komphathi-mikhosi i̱ ulwazi lungakhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ethile. Kwiimeko ezithile zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, abaphathi-mikhosi badla ngokumisela unobangela olindelekileyo wokungena:

  • [[UMTL: 0] iingxelo zeVictim [ ezichaza ukuhlasela ngokoqobo, izisongelo, okanye ukurhangqela.
  • Iingozi ezibonakalayo ezifana nemityuba, ukusika, okanye iimpawu zokugquma.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ityala lamangqina [ elivela kubamelwane, abantwana, okanye amanye amalungu entsapho.
  • 911 ufowna ushicilelo [ ubamba izandi zomlo, ukungxola, okanye izisongelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ubungqina obuthe ngqo njengefanitshala eyophukileyo, izinto ezibhukuqekileyo, okanye izixhobo kwimbonakalo ecacileyo.

Xa umphathi efuna isiqinisekiso, bafaka isifungo sokuchaza iinkcukacha ezi kwijaji okanye kwijaji. I-affidavit mayibe yeyona icacileyo ukuvumela imajisi ukuba agqibe ngokuzimeleyo isizathu esilindelekileyo. Umzekelo, umphathi ochaza "umphathi ujongile ixhoba ngeliso elimnyama kwaye okrokrelekayo ovunyiweyo umphakathi ovunyiweyo" unikela izibakala zekonkcazo zekonkcazo, kanti amazwi amfiliba afana "umqeshi wakholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luyenzeka" akanele.

Ukuba imvume ifunyenwe, kufuneka ichaze indawo yokuphengululwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Imfuneko ethile ikhusela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo jikelele. Kwimeko zogonyamelo zasekhaya, imvume yokuphengulula ingagunyazisa amapolisa ukuba akhangele izixhobo, iiselula zeselula ezinemiyalezo esongelayo, okanye izinto ezisetyenziswa ekuhlaseleni, njengebhanti okanye iintambo. Iinkundla zinyanzelisa ngokungqongqo oku kufunekayo; ubungqina obubanjiweyo ngaphandle kwemvume ̱ umlinganiselo ungacinywa.

Iimeko Ezimaxongo: Ingxaki Enzima Ekhethekileyo Kugonyamelo Lwasekhaya

Iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zezinye zezinye zezinye izinto ezisoloko zibheniswa ukuze kungenelwe ugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Oku kukhetha kuvumela amapolisa ukuba angene kwikhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso xa enokuthi akholelwe ukuba isenzo esikhawulezileyo siyimfuneko ukukhusela umonakalo ongokwasemzimbeni, ukukhusela umntu osengozini, okanye ukunqanda utshabalaliso lobungqina. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba imfuneko yokukhusela ubomi nokhuseleko luncedo oluphambili lukarhulumente olunokunceda ekuthetheleleni imfuneko yomthetho.

Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398 (2006), iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba amapolisa angangena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso xa enesiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba umgcini-ndlu wonzakala kakhulu okanye usongelwa ngomonakalo onjalo. Kulo mzekelo, abaphathi beva ingxolo evakalayo ngaphakathi kwindlu, babona umntwana ebethelelwa ebhodloza emhlabeni ngefestile, kwaye wangena ukuze aphule umlo. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba izenzo zabaphathi zigwetyelwe ngemfuneko yokukhusela ugonyamelo nokukhusela abantu ngabanye.

Iinkundla eziphambili zivavanya iimeko ezizizo ezikhoyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwasekhaya oluquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isisongelo somonakalo ̵ ngaba ixhoba likwingozi eqhubekayo? Ingaba umkrokreli uyakwazi ukufumana izixhobo okanye imbali yogonyamelo olunyukayo?
  • [[UMTL: 0] Usukelo olukhoyo ̵ Ngaba ukrokrela wabaleka emva kohlaselo, ufuna usukelo olukhawulezileyo ukukhusela ukuphuma?
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Risk yomonakalo wobungqina ̵ ngaba kukho inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umkrokreli uza kutshabalalisa ubungqina obufana nemiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, ingozi ephilisayo, okanye amasalela ezixhobo?
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungakwazi ukuvuma ̵ Ukuba ixhoba alikwazi ukwenza nto, aliboni, okanye lisoyika kakhulu ukuthetha, amapolisa asenokufuna ukungena ukuze anikezele uncedo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isoyikiso esiphezulu okanye imiyalelo ekhuselayo ̵ ubukho bomyalelo wokuthintela okanye iziganeko zangaphambili zogonyamelo zinganyusa ungxamiseko.

Iimeko ezicacileyo zivavanywa ngokufanelekileyo: inkundla ijonga oko umphathi osengqiqweni angakukholelwayo ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezaziwayo ngelo xesha, hayi injongo yomphathi-mikhosi. Ukuba umphathi ungena ekhaya ngaphandle kwemvume kodwa iimeko azihlangabezene nomgangatho olungileyo, nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinezelwa, kwaye umphathi angajongana netyala lomntu ngenxa yokungena okungekho mthethweni.

Ukuphanda Okungakuvumeliyo: Xa Amaxhoba Okanye Abasebenzi Bevumelana

Enye into echasene nemfuneko yemvume kukuvumela. Ukuba umntu onegunya kwizakhiwo uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuphengululwa, amagosa asenokuqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Kwimeko yogonyamelo lwasekhaya, imvume idla ngokuba nengxaki ngenxa yokuba ixhoba lisenokuba liqabane lomtshato, okanye lowo urhanelwayo usenokuba negunya phezu kwekhaya.

Kufuneka kuvunyelwe ngokukhululekileyo nangokuzithandela, hayi ngenxa yokunyanzelwa okanye ukunyanzelwa. Amagosa akanako ukusongela, ukoyikisa, okanye abonise ukuba ukungavumi kuya kuphumela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo wemvume usenokuba nomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo; ixhoba lingavuma ukuphengululwa kwegumbi lokuhlala kodwa hayi igumbi lokulala. Amapolisa kufuneka azibeke ezihlangwini.

Imbambano enzima ivela xa ixhoba kunye norhano lwabelana ngegunya phezu kwekhaya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe kwi-United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164), ukuba nabani na kwilungu lexhoba elikwixhoba uyavuma ukuphengululwa logama elinye ixhoba lingekho kwaye lichasa. Kodwa, Jecholia v. Rwandolph, 547 U.S. 103, iNkubonakalisa ukuba ukuba bonke abanini-ndlu abahlala kulo bakhona kunye nento ekhoyo, amapolisa akanakuxhomekeka kukuvumela ezinye izinto. Oku kuyimfuneko kakhulu apho ugonyamelo lunokufowubiza khona, kwaye lungakhangeli, xa kufunwa ixhoba (2006) eli cebo lokuzithethelela, ngaphandle kokuba limele libonise ukuthembeka kwemeko olunjalo.

Xa ixhoba likuphela kwexhoba elihlala kulo okanye linegunya elicacileyo, imvume inokuba yindlela ecacileyo yokuba amapolisa aqhube uphando. Kodwa ke, amagosa kufuneka abhale imvume ngobuchule, ingakumbi ngokubhala okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwekhamera, ukuphepha iimpikiswano zamva ezimalunga nokuphethuka kombane.

Imfundiso Yoncedo Lwexesha Lengozi: Ukukhusela Amaxhoba Ngaphandle Kokulibazisa

Ngokunxulumene nokusebenza komthetho onyanzelekileyo kwimeko ezixeliweyo yimfundiso yoncedo longxamiseko, evumela amapolisa ukuba angene kwikhaya elingenasiqinisekiso xa enesiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba umntu othile ngaphakathi ufuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo. Le mfundiso isekelwe ekusebenzeni komthetho okukhawulezileyo kwaye ayipheleli ekuphandiseni kolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwiimeko zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, imfundiso yoncedo longxamiseko isetyenziswa rhoqo xa amagosa efumana umnxeba we-911 wokuxela iingxolo zokulwa, ukungxola, okanye amazwi abonisa ukuba umntu uyakala.

-Michigan v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45 (2009), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa angangena ngaphandle kwemvume yokunika uncedo longxamiseko. Kulo mzekelo, abaphathi baphendula kuphazamiseko baza bafumana indoda enesandla esisikwe ngesandla negazi kwimpahla yayo, yenza ngokungenangqondo. Bangena endlwini emva kokubona ifestile eyaphukileyo nempahla ejijekileyo, beqinisekisa ukuba kukho umntu onokuthi wonzakala. Inkundla yabonisa ukuba ukungena kwabaphathi kusengqiqweni phantsi koMlungiso wesi-5 kuba babenenkolelo enyanisekileyo yokuba uncedo longxamiseko lwalufuneka.

Kubaphengululi abanogonyamelo basekhaya, imfundiso yoncedo olungxamisekileyo ibalulekile, ivumela abantu bokuqala abaphendulayo:

  • Ngena kwindawo yokuhlala ukuze ukhangele ukhuseleko lwexhoba elingasabeliyo kunxulumano okanye ekunkqongweni.
  • Nika uncedo lokuqala kwixhoba elilinxeleyo nokuba akukho gunya.
  • Khusela indawo ukunqanda ugonyamelo olungakumbi xa ulindele isiqinisekiso.
  • Amangqina odliwano - ndlebe namaxhoba asenokuba sengozini ngokukhawuleza.

Ngoko, imfundiso yoncedo longxamiseko ayigunyazi ukuphengulula jikelele. Xa amagosa eqinisekise ukuba akukho ngxamiseko, kufuneka ayeke ukuphengulula kwaye mhlawumbi afumane isiqinisekiso okanye axhomekeke komnye umahluko. Ukuba bayaqhubeka bephengulula ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwaye bafumane ubungqina, ubungqina bungacinywa ngaphandle kokuba bukwimbonakalo ecacileyo ngexesha lokuphendula okufanelekileyo.

Ababanjiweyo bavingce amaphulo.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwemvume yokubanjwa nokuphendla. Imvume yokubanjwa igunyazisa ukuphangwa komntu ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Igunya lokuphengulula ligunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwendawo ethile ukwenzela ubungqina obukhethekileyo. Kwimeko zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, zombini iindidi zesiqinisekiso zingasetyenziswa, kodwa imithetho iyahluka.

Xa umphathi-mikhosi enokuba nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ukrokrelwa wenza ugonyamelo lwasekhaya kwaye ukrokreleko lukwindawo yabucala, igosa lidla ngokungena ekubambeni ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe imvume. INkundla ePhakamileyo iLaveton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokungena kwikhaya elirhanelwayo ukuze enze ukubanjwa okuqhelekileyo. Kodwa, ukuba iimeko ezingekho mthethweni zivumelekile ukubamba. Oku kusoloko kuvumelekile kwiimeko zasekhaya apho ukrokreqo kwaye uqhubekeka usongelo okanye ubeka ixhoba.

Inkxaso-mali ekhoyo eCwangcisiweyo eCwangcisiweyo

  • Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ekuhlaseleni (umz., iimela, imipu, amalulwane ebaseball).
  • Izinto zombane ezinokuthumela imiyalezo esongelayo, iifoto zomonakalo okanye ubungqina obungachananga.
  • I-DNA ingqina njengegazi, izinwele okanye ulusu phantsi kweminwe yexhoba.
  • Iziyobisi okanye utywala obusenokuba buye banegalelo kolo gonyamelo.

Kwimimandla emininzi, amapolisa angafumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela esisekelwe kwi-affidavit equka ingxelo yexhoba, uhlalutyo, kunye noxwebhu lwezamayeza. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sisetyenziswe ngexesha elilinganiselweyo (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezilishumi) kwaye kuphela ngexesha elichaziweyo ngaphandle kokuba imajista igunyazise inkonzo yasebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle esiboniswe.

Ukubanjwa Ezindaweni Eziqhelekileyo Ngaphandle Kwemfazwe

Ngeli xesha ukungena ekhaya kudla ngokufuna imvume okanye umahluko, ukubanjwa okwenziwa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kwahlukile. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe kwi- United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411 [19976], loo mapolisa angenza ukubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwindawo kawonke-wonke ukuba anokuba nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba umntu owenziwe ityala. Oku kusebenza kwiziganeko zasekhaya zogonyamelo ezenzeka kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengezitrato, ipaki, okanye iindawo zokupaka izithuba.

Ugonyamelo oluninzi lwasekhaya luyenzeka emva kokuba ukrokrelekile eshiye indawo. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangadibana nabarhanelwayo behamba bemka kwindlu okanye kwindawo ekufutshane. Kwezo meko, akukho mqathango ufunekayo, kwaye umphathi-mikhosi angabanjwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo sengxelo yexhoba obunye ubungqina. Kodwa ukuba ukrokrela uhlehliselwe kwikhaya, umphathi-mikhosi makaqwalasele umthetho wePayton aze agqibe enoba iimeko ezizinzileyo ziyaluthethelela ungenelo.

Ukucinywa Kobungqina Nesiqhamo Semfundiso Yomthi Onetyhefu

Xa amapolisa ephula umthetho oyimfuneko, unyango lokuqala ngumthetho wokuzikhulula, othintela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuphangwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mthetho ukwayandisa ubungqina obusuka kwisenzo esingekho mthethweni sokwenziwa phantsi "kwesiqhamo somthi onetyhefu" imfundiso. Kwimeko zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukucinezelwa kusenokutshabalalisa abatshutshisi ukuba ubungqina obungundoqo obunje ngezixhobo, iifoto zomonakalo, okanye izisongelo ezirekhodiweyo ziyasuswa.

Ukuze aphephe ukucinezelwa, abaphathi kufuneka basebenzise ubuchule ekubhaleni nasiphi na isenzo esingagunyaziswanga. Umzekelo, ukuba baxhomekeke kwiimeko ezingalunganga, kufuneka baphawule:

  • Uhlolo olucacileyo olubonisa isisongelo esikhawulezileyo (umz. "kuva ukungxola nokungquzula isandi ngaphakathi").
  • Nayiphi na imizamo yokufumana imvume okanye yokuqhagamshelana nexhoba.
  • Imbali yogonyamelo okanye ukufumaneka kwezixhobo ezaziwayo.
  • Ixesha lokufika kwabo, libonisa ukuba bathabatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza.

Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko ecela ucelomngeni olungafanelekanga ngokuphikisa ngelithi imvume yenziwa ngamapolisa okanye igosa lalinokufumana isiqinisekiso ngomnxeba okanye ngezixhobo ze-elektroniki (amazwe amaninzi avumela izicelo zesicelo okanye zamanani). Amagosa-mikhosi kufuneka aqaphele ukuba iinkundla zinokufumana isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokulibazisa impendulo ukuba imeko ibingangxamisekanga.

Uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo: Imiyalelo yokukhusela kunye nezixhobo zokudubula

Olunye umaleko ontsonkothileyo uquka imiyalelo yokukhusela, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimiyalelo yokuthintela. Xa ixhoba lifumana umyalelo wokukhusela, inkundla isenokuquka amalungiselelo afuna umxhaphazi ukuba anikezele ngemipu okanye athintele ukudibana. Amapolisa asenokugunyaziswa ukuba athabathe imipu ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba anokuthi mhlawumbi akholelwe ukuba umyalelo uphulwe okanye ukuba umyalelo ngokwawo uyanyanzeleka ukuba athathe irhintyela.

Amanye amaphondo "anokuxhuzula ngokungenatyala" imimiselo evumela amapolisa ukuba athabathe izixhobo kwisiganeko sogonyamelo lwasekhaya ukuba anokuba nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba izixhobo zisetyenziswe okanye zisongelwa ukuba zizakusetyenziswa. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukunciphisa ubungozi bogonyamelo olubulalayo kodwa ifanele ihambisane noMbetho weSine. IiNkundla ziye zaxhasa ukuxhuzula okunjalo xa zisekelwe kwiingxelo ezingqalileyo nezinokusetyenziswa.

Ku Caniglia v. Strom, 593 U.S. 194 (2021), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacacisa ukuba ukukhathalela uluntu akuyi kuthethelela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphengulula okanye ukuxhuzula kwemipu ekhaya. Inkundla yayalela ingcamango yokuququzelela okubanzi "ukukhathalela i-commoniny" ukunqanda ukukhangela, igxininisa ukuba amabinzana angenagunya kufuneka angene kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokungalawuleki okanye imvume. Oku kuthetha ukuba amapolisa akanakuyithatha ngokulula imipu evela ekhaya ngaphandle kogunyazo ngaphandle kokuba anobulungisa obubo.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Kumaxhoba Neeattorney

Ukuqonda imilinganiselo esemthethweni efuna amaxhoba kunye nabaxhasi bawo kuyawanceda asebenzise indlela asebenza ngayo. Amaxhoba afanele akuqonde oko:

  • Amapolisa asenokufuna imvume yokukhangela ikhaya lomxhaphazi okanye afumane ubungqina obungabangela ukuba lilibazise.
  • Ukuba umxhaphazi uyavuma ukuphanda, okanye ukuba kukho iimeko eziphosakeleyo, amapolisa anokuthabatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi.
  • Amaxhoba anokusebenzisana ngokunikela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezinokuvelisa isizathu esifanelekileyo sokugunyazisa.
  • Imiyalelo yokukhusela ifanele ifunyanwe ngokukhawuleza; ukuphulwa kwemithetho ngokufuthi kudala iimeko eziyingozi.

Ama-attorney asingatha amatyala ogonyamelo lwasekhaya kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko ukuba semthethweni kokuphengulula okungena komthetho. Ukuba amapolisa angeniswe ngaphandle kwemvume, ingqwalaselo ingayifaka intshukumo yokucinezela ubungqina. Ingtshutshiso ithwele umthwalo wokungqina ukuba umahluko kwimfuneko yogunyaziso uyasebenza. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iziphumo zixhomekeke kwikhamera ehambayo kunye neengxelo zamapolisa ezichaza umgama ongaphambi kokungena.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuvumela iimfuno zogonyamelo lwasekhaya yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha kuvunyelwa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ulwenze ngokunempumelelo kwiimeko ezimandundu. UMthetho wesine wokuHlaziya ufuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwizizathu ezilindelekileyo, kodwa ngaphandle kweemeko ezizizizo, imvume, kunye nemfundiso yoncedo longxamiseko enika amapolisa ubulula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicombulula le milinganiselo, zimisela ukulungelelanisa phakathi kobucala babantu ngabanye nomdla onyanzelekileyo worhulumente ekuthinteleni ugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Kumthetho, abatshutshisi, kunye nesiluleko sokuzikhusela, ukuyiqonda ngokucokisekileyo le mithetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusebenza ngokusemthethweni.