UHlaliso lwe-15 lweziHlaliso loMgaqo-siseko wase-United States luye lwafana nenye yezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zomthetho eMerika. Iqiqekwa ngo-1870 ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kwephondo, yaye yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota alinakukhanyelwa ngenxa yesizwe, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka obungaphambili. KumaMelika atsha akhululekileyo, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwachaza isithembiso sokulingana kwezobupolitika kunye nendlela engqalileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Kodwa ibali lokuLamla le-15 lokuLamla ukurhoxa inkqubela. Libali elintsokothayo elinzima lokufumana iimpumelelo ezingoburhulumente ezilwisanayo ngokukrala, ukungqubana kwegunya negunya likarhulumente, kunye nento elungileyo eyathatha ikhulu elifuna ukusetyenziswa. Ukuqonda igosa enye imfuno yembali, kufuneka ivavanye ivavanye imbali ekudala ivavanye ingulwe, izama ukumelana nemithetho nemithetho, ilandele imigudu elungelelaniswa, izama ukuthoba.

Ukupha Amalungelo Ngaphambi Kwemfazwe Yamakhaya

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yerepublic yaseMerika, ukuvota kwakubotshelelwa kumadoda amhlophe, afuya impahla. Ngelixesha iimfuno zempahla zithe zathomalaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kubamhlophe ngexesha lika Jacksonian, amaMelika aseAfrika (ukuba ngamakhoboka okanye akhululekileyo) aye aphantse akhutshwe emhlabeni wonke kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Ngexesha lemfazwe yabemi, kuphela inani elimbalwa lamazwe asemntla elalivumela abantu abamnyama ukuba bavote, kwanangoko, iimeko zazisoloko zikho.

Umthetho olawula amalungelo okuvota aseAfrika ngaphambi kweMfazwe yamakhaya wabunjwa ziimeko eziliqela eziphambili:

  • Imiqathango yomgangatho wesimo somgaqo-siseko: Amazwe amaninzi asemntla abekelwe umda ngokucacileyo wokuvota kumadoda amhlophe kwimiqathango yawo yombuso. Umzekelo, iNew York, ifuna ukuba abavoti abamnyama babe nexabiso eliyi $50 yepropati yepropati, ngexa abamhlophe bengenayo imfuneko enjalo.
  • Isigqibo sikaDred Scott (1857): KwiDred Scott v. Sandford, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yagqiba kwelokuba ama-Afrika angengobemi base-United States. Esi sigqibo sawavala ngokuphumelelayo amatyala okuvota phantsi komthetho wesizwe.
  • Isiko lasekuhlaleni kunye nosoyikiso: Kwanalapho amadoda amnyama ayenokuvota ngokusemthethweni, ayesoloko ejamelene nokuhlaselwa, ugonyamelo, kunye nokuziphindezela kwezoqoqosho. Iindawo zokungcolisela zazisoloko zizinto ezibubutshaba.
  • Ukungabikho kokhuseleko lwamaqumrhu: Phambi kwemfazwe yamakhaya, iimfaneleko zokuvota zazityunjwe ngokupheleleyo ngamazwana, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe akazange anikeze icebo lokucel ’ umngeni imithetho yocalulo lobuhlanga.

Ngo-1860, ngaphantsi kwephesenti elinye labemi baseAfrika baseMerika ababehlala kumaphondo apho babenokuvota ngokulinganayo namadoda amhlophe. Ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wephondo ngenye imini uya kunyanzela amazwe ukuba anike amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlanga luthini na lugqalwa njengolungqongqo, kwanaphakathi kwabaphelisi abaninzi.

Imeko yokuvuselelwa kunye noTyhubhulo lokuTyhina

Imfazwe yamakhaya yabuguqula ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Emva kokunikezela kweNkundla, uhlanga lwajamelene nocelomngeni olukhulu lokudibanisa amaMelika aseAfrika asandul' ukukhululwa kwibala lezobupolitika nelentlalo. UMongameli Abraham Lincoln wayecinge ukuba ukwakhiwa kwakhona okungenalusini, kodwa ukubulawa kwakhe ngoAprili 1865 kwaye kwawabeka umlinganiselo wamandla kwiiRiphabliki eziPhakathi kaMozantsi kwiBhunga, owabona ukuba ulawulo lwamazwe luyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abakhululiweyo.

Ilinge lokuqala lokuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota ama-Afrikan athe ngoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1866, owavakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States babengabemi kwaye banelungelo lokulingana. Noko ke, esi senzo asizange sinikele ngqalelo ecacileyo. UHlaliso lwe-14, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1868, lwanika isiseko sobunyulu bobuzibulo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kodwa igalelo laso lomthetho lashiya igumbi elingachananga kwimbambano yokungachasana nomthetho. Icandelo 2 loMbeko-Gawula we-14 lazama ukubopha amatyala akwaliwayo amalungelo okuvota abahlalisa amadoda abadala ngokunciphisa intetho yabo eeBhungane, kodwa alizange liluthintele ngokusesikweni ucalucalucalucalucalu-calu-lucalu-luvo.

Ukungagqibeki kwala manyathelo kwacaca ngokucacileyo njengamazwe asemazantsi, phantsi kwe-"Ikhowudi Ezimnyama," zaqalisa ukudlulisa imithetho eyayiwathintela kakhulu amalungelo abantu baseAfrika. Le mithetho yayiquka imithetho enzima, izivumelwano zomsebenzi, kunye nezinye iindlela ezisemthethweni ezilungiselelwe ukugcina amandla afana nobukhoboka. Ukuphendula, iRadical Republicans, ikhokelwa ngamanani anjengoThaddeus Steven, Charles Sumner, noFrederick Douglas, baphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwevoti, ama-Afrika ayakuhlala engakhuselekanga nxamnye nobukhulu obumhlophe. Ivoti yayingeyo nje efana nobugqinga ncam; yayingumandla okhuseleko oluzikhuselayo kunye namandla ezobupolitika.

Iimpikiswano Zeengqungquthela

Ingxoxo emalunga noMphetho-mda we-15 yayinkulu kwaye ityhila. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ulungiso lwaluyimfuneko ekulungiseni ukungaphumeleli koMphetho-mda we-14 kunye neenyanga zogonyamelo nengcinezelo eMzantsi. Balatha kumbulalo wokubulawa kwabantu ngo-1866 kweMemphis neNew Orleans, apho amahlokondiba amhlophe ahlasela abantu abantsundu, njengobungqina bokuba ngaphandle kokukhuselwa ngurhulumente, amalungelo abantu abakhululweyo aya kuba nentsingiselo.

Inkcaso yavela kumgaqo omninzi. IiDemocrates kunye namaRepublic abambelele kwimithetho engqongqo zaphikisa ukuba ukuvota yayingumbandela wephondo nokuba ukurhoxa kolwimi lweshumi elinesihlanu kwakumela ukungagunyazi koburhulumente. Abanye babesoyika ukuba ukupheliswa kuvule ucango lwabafazi, ithemba elabangela ukuba amadoda angabi nazimiselo-mthetho-mthetho. Enyanisweni, isiHlamlezo seshumi elinesihlanu sakwalela ngokukhethekileyo ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, kodwa abazange bakhankanyele ukuba iintlo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abafazi baqhekene. UElizabheth Stan noSusan B. UAn B. UAnthony wachasa ityala kuba lingawanga nanga siqinisekiso sokuvota, ephikisa ukuba kunyuse amaBlabhuda emhlophe. UDouglans, ngoko ke, ngenxa yegadki, ngenxa yegalelo lwexesha lobudom, i-Bladensi ye-off, i-off.

Umbhalo wokugqibela wesilungisi wawushwankathelwe ngabom: Ukuqulunqwa 1: "Ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota alizukwa okanye livalelwe nguUnited States okanye libhaliswe ngurhulumente ngenxa yohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka." Ukuqulunqwa 2: "IiBhunga ziyakuba namandla okunyanzelisa eli nqaku ngomthetho ofanelekileyo.""

Impinda yacetyiswa yiKhonklane ngoFebruwari 1869 yaza yagunyaziswa ziimfuno ezintathu ezine zamazwe ngoFebruwari 1870. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, amazwe amahlanu asemazantsi ``Missispipi, Texas, Virginia, Georgia, neFlorida' kwafuneka ukuba kulungiswe ukubuyiselwa njengemeko yokuthunyelwa kwemithetho e-Union.

Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Nokunyuka KuJim Crow

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokudityaniswa, uHlaziyo lwe-15 lwaba nesiphumo esiphawulekayo. Amadoda aseAfrika avotelwe ngamanani amakhulu kulo lonke elaseMzantsi, kwaye amakhulu eeofisi zorhulumente, zommandla, kunye nee-ofisi zengingqi. Phakathi ko1870 no1901, ii-senator ezimbini zama-Merika aseAfrika (i-Revels kunye ne-Blanche K. Bruce yaseMississippi) kunye nabameli bamashumi amabini base-Merika basebenza kwiBlanethisko. Kumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, amagosa amnyama abaphethe njengabaphathi-mikhosi, abaphathi besikolo, oomatilomgxa, nabalawuli bemithetho-mthetho. Eli xesha, libizwa ngokuba yi "Firformationon" okanye "Bcial Reconstanton," okanye "Bcial Recrationorformation," bamele uvavanyo lokwenyaniso lwe-odemocra.

Inxaxheba yezobupolitika yamaMerika aseAfrika yahlangabezana nenkcaso ekrakra nenogonyamelo. Amaqela amajoni anjenge Ku Klux Klan, uGawulayo, kunye noMbutho oMbindi, avela kuMazantsi, esebenzisa ubugrogrisi, i-lynting, kunye nesoyikiso sombutho sokuthintela ukuvota okuBlack. AmaKlan ayengengomaxhoba abaNsundu kuphela kodwa nawo nawamhlophe amaRiphabliki kunye naye nabani na owayexhasa i-Comprandmentanton. Ngo-1870 kunye no-1871, iBhunga ladlulisa iNkulumbuso wakwayo iMithetho yezenzo, nto eyabangela ukuba iphazamisane nelungelo lokuvota kwaye yavumela umongameli ukuba asebenzise imikhosi yorhulumente ukukhusela uRhulumente. Ngexesha elithile, ezi zenzo zanceda ekuthinteleni ugonyamelo olubi kakhulu, kodwa ukulawulwa kwezobupolitika kwaza kwaza kwaza kwaza kuxhomekeka kulawulo lwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo sonyulo lobumongameli ngonyaka ka-1877, emva konyulo lwama-presidente luka-1876 kunye nokuThotywa konyaka ka-1877, kwaphawula incopho yokutshintsha. Imikhosi yoManyano yarhoxa eMzantsi, kwaye iRiphabliki yashiya ukuzinikela kwayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo ovotelo olumnyama ukutshintshiselana "Umzantsi oqinileyo" oya kuxhasa ulawulo olutsha lukaMongameli uRutherford B. Hayes. Ngokushenxiswa komthetho womthetho, uMazantsi kwarhoxiso lwarhoxa ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa impumelelo ka-Rescranceon.

Izixhobo Zokudibanisa

Ukususela ngo1880 kunye nokukhawuleza ukutyhubela iminyaka yee-1890 ukuya ekuqaleni kowe-1900, amazwe aseMazantsi asebenzisa uthotho lwemithetho kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ocetyelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukukhulula ama-Afrika e-America ekuvotelweni. La manyathelo acetywa ngobuchule ukuze abonakale ephakathi kohlanga-ne-lundi ephepheni ngeli xesha ziphumelela ukukhulula abemi abamnyama. Izixhobo ezingundoqo zaziqukwa:

  • Iimvavanyo zobubhali: Abavoti abanokufumaneka babefuneka ukuba bafunde kwaye bachaze ukudlula komgaqo-siseko wesizwe okanye umbhalo ontsonkothileyo womthetho. Ngelixesha abamhlophe abaninzi bevota babengafundanga, ababhali-zincwadi bakarhulumente banikwa imvume ephangaleleyo yokulungiselela iimvavanyo ezisekelwe kuhlanga. Ama-Afrika anikwa iindidi ezingenakufikeleleka okanye ezingaphumelelanga kwezobugcisa, ngelixa abamhlophe benikwa rhoqo okanye iindinyana ezilula.
  • Iirhafu zePoll: Umrhumo wawufuneka ukuvota, ngokufuthi unyuselo, ithetha ukuba umntu kufuneka ahlawule irhafu kangangeminyaka edluleyo. Lo mntu ungenangxaki ngokugqithisileyo waseAfrika, owayengenamali yokuhlawula irhafu. Abamhlophe abaninzi abangamahlwempu nabo bachaphazeleka, nto leyo eyayicetyiswe yinjongo yeziphumo zezopolitiko.
  • Amacandelo kaKomkhulu: Amanye amazwana akhulula amadoda ekufundeni okanye kwimfuno zempahla ukuba ayekufanelekele ukuvota ngaphambi konyaka wekhulu elinesihlanu, okanye ukuba ookhokho bawo babekufanelekele. Ekubeni ama-Afrika ayewakhanyele amavoti ngaphambi konyaka we-1867, le ngxelo iphumeze ngokuphumelelayo yakhulula kuphela abamhlophe abavoti. INkundla Ephakamileyo yabetha izigaba zomkhwekhwekhwe kwekamkhulu eGuinn v. United States (1915), kodwa kwaza kwathiwa umonakalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Primprimeries ezimhlophe: Kummandla omnye woMzantsi, iDemocratic yaba lunyulo olunentsingiselo kuphela. Amaqela akwiDemocratic awazivakalisa engoogxamente yobuqu kwaye awabandakanywa ama-Afrika akwindawo yokuvota. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yalawula ngokuchasene nalo msebenzi kuSmith v. Allwright (19444), kodwa yathabatha amashumi eminyaka yokuphumelela.
  • ubundlobongela noloyiso: Ngaphaya komthetho, ama-Afrika ajongene nokubethwa, ukuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu, ukuqhushumbiswa kwemali, kunye nengcinezelo yezoqoqosho efana nokugxothwa ezweni okanye ukuphulukana nomsebenzi. Isisongelo sogonyamelo sasisoloko sanele ukugcina abantu bekude kuphando.

Ngo- 1900, isithembiso soMphetho-mda we-15 seyaphela nje siphelile eMzantsi. Umzekelo, eLouisiana, inani labavoti abaBlack ababhalisiweyo lehla lisuka kwi-130 000 ngo1896 ukuya kutsho ku-5,320 nge-1, ipesenti. Iipateni ezifanayo zenzeka kulo mmandla. INkundla Ephakamileyo, kuludwe lwezigqibo ezifana [ United States v. Reese [1876] [186] kunye iUnited States] v. Cruikshicknkink[ [18] [18]], itolika izicwangciso zolawulo oluncinane, ibamba ukuba ingayi-okisi ivoti ivoti i-voti ye-voti kuphela, kodwa iyayivala i-cana le mithetho yokuvota. [Fluten ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe ngokungekho kwe-mmentment.

Umlo Othabatha Ithuba Elide Wokunyanzelisa

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu eyalandelayo, uMmiselo we-15 wawukho njengesithembiso esithe chatha. AmaMerika aseAfrika aqhubeka elwela amalungelo awo okuvota ngeengxaki zomthetho, ukulungelelanisa iingca, kunye nokungenelela kwesizwe. Iintlangano ezifana neSizwe seNtlanganiso yokuKhuthalela abantu abanombala (NAACP), eyasekwa ngo-1909, yenza amalungelo okuvota aba yinxalenye ephambili yemibango yawo. Kodwa urhulumente akazange abe namdla kangako ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeleka, yaye iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yahlala ingafuni ukungenelela koko yayikugqala njengemibandela.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaphawula inkqubela. Amajoni aseAfrika alwela ulawulo-demokhrasi kwamanye amazwe abuyela ekhaya ezimisele ukulikhusela ekhaya. IMfazwe Yomlomo yabangela impembelelo entsha, njengoko iUnited States yayifuna ukuziveza njengesibane senkululeko ngokwahlukileyo kwiSoviet Union. Ukuphathwa ngenkohlakalo kwamalungelo abantu okuseluxolweni kwasasazwa ehlabathini lonke, okubangela iintlonipho kurhulumente wase-U.S.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laMasipala kunye noMthetho wokuNika amalungelo

IKhampani yaMalungelo e-Popul yale mihla yee-1950 kunye nee1960 yenza amalungelo okuvota aba yimfuno ephambili. IMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956), intshukumo ezihlalayo, kunye ne-Freedoes zonke zanceda ukwakha uqhubeko, kodwa umzabalazo wokuvota wawumkhulu. EMississippi, iKomiti yoMfundi Nonligborbitiniting (SNC) namanye amaqela alungelelanisiweyo okuvota, ukujongene nenkcaso enogonyamelo kumagunya asekuhlaleni kunye namaqela amhlophe alwela amalungelo okuvota. Ukubulawa kwamalungelo okuvota uJames Chaney, u-Andreyman, kunye noMichael Schwerner ngo1964 ink ing.

Ithuba elichazayo lafika ngoMatshi 1965 eSelma, e-Alabama, apho amajoni ahlasela khona amajoni oxolo awayezama ukuhamba ukusuka eSelma ukuya eMontgomery ukucela amalungelo okuvota. Uhlaselo "lweCawa" apho amajoni asebenzisa khona igesi yerhafu, ii-alustra, kunye neziqhushumbisi, akhutshelwa isinyusi ezweni lonke kwaye abangela iphango lomsindo. Ekuphenduleni kwakhe, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasungula uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1966, awatyobela kuwo umthetho ngoAgasti 6, 1965.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengelona candelo lisebenzayo lomthetho wamalungelo abantu owakhe wamiswa.

  • Ulwahlulo 4: lwamisa indlela yokuchaza amagunya nembali yezenzo zokuvota ngocalulo, ifuna ukuba zifumane ucalulo lwamazwe phambi kokuba zenze naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yazo yokuvota.
  • Uthutho 5: Kufuneka ulawulo olugutyungelweyo ukuya "preclear" naluphi na utshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuvota kunye neSebe logwebo lase-U.S. okanye iNkundla yeSithili ye-U.S. yeSithili se-Columbia.
  • [[Ukhetho:0] Ulwahlulo 2: lwabonisa nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota okanye inkqubo eyacalulayo ngesiseko sohlanga okanye sombala.
  • Abavavanyi bamaFederal kunye nabaqwalaseli: Isenzo sagunyazisa urhulumente wezwe ukuba athumele abahloli ukuba babhalise abavoti kumthetho ogqunyiweyo.

Impembelelo yaba yeyangoko kwaye yanzulu. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka emva kokuhamba kwesenzo, ama-250,000 amatsha amaMelika aseAfrika abhaliswa eMzantsi. EMississippi, ubhaliso oluBlack ovotayo lwenyuka ukusuka ku 6,7 ekhulwini ngowe-1964 ukuya kutsho ku-60 ekhulwini ngo-1968. Inani lamagosa anyulwayo aseAfrika kuwonke umgangatho karhulumente.

Ilifa Lokwenziwa Kohlaziyo Lwe - 15 Kwinkulungwane Ye - 21

ISindululo se-15 samisela umgaqo osisiseko: urhulumente wengingqi unamandla nembopheleleko yokukhusela amalungelo okuvota nxamnye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa waza womelezwa yiLe mithetho yamaLungelo ka-1965. Noko ke, ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuyaqhubeka ngenkulungwane yama-21, njengoko kuye kwavela iindlela ezintsha zokuchitha ikhethelo.

Ngo-2013, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yagqiba kwi iShelby County v. Umbatho wendlela yokugquma ityala [[FTLT:1] ukuba igalelo lokugquma elisetyenziswe kwiCandelo lesi-4 lamaLungelo laphelelwa lixesha kwaye lingamiselwanga ngokomthetho. Isigqibo seNkundla sasithintela ngokunempumelelo imfuneko yokubekwa phambili, ukushiya amazwe kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ekhululekileyo ukuzalisekisa ienguqu zokuvota ngaphandle kolawulo lwamagunya. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe amaninzi aye adlulisela imithetho efuna i-ID engqongqo yevoti, ivota, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nokuvala iindawo zokuvota, kunye nokurhola indawo zokupheka. Isigqibo sokuba abagxeki bechase ngokuphandle i-Amerika kunye nabanye abambalwa.

UMthetho we-15 wokuHlaziya asiyosiqinisekiso sokuzithethelela. Kufuneka ukuba uhlale uqaphile, umthetho, kunye nokubekelwa komthetho wokugweba ukuze uhlale unentsingiselo. Umbhalo olungisayo unika iKhomishini "amandla okunyanzela eli nqaku ngomthetho ofanelekileyo," ebonakalisa inkolelo yamaFramers yokuba ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuya kuba ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lathatha umthetho omtsha wamalungelo ovota, njengoJohn R. Lewis Voing Rights Act, oya kubuyisela nokuqinisa amalungiselelo angaphambili e-Ocritanation of the Voiting Rights Act.

Isiphelo sembali soMphetho-mva weshumi elinesihlanu sisikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo okuvota eMelika akazange ahlale ehleli. Aye aphumelela kumlo, aphulukana nokuxhathisa, afumaneke kwakhona ngokuzingisa. Isithembiso sokulungisa i-(-) esisi sithembiso sokuvota asiyi kukhanyelwa ngenxa yohlanga-lwazi--------"ayi kuhlala ilifa lempumelelo yangaphambili kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku.

Oko Sikufundayo Namhlanje

Ibali loMhlaziyi we - 15 linikela izifundo ezininzi ezihlala zihleli kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekulweleni idemokhrasi:

  • Isiqinisekiso se-Cunistigation asanele ngokwaso. Ulungiso lweshumi elinesihlanu lwaluyintetho enamandla yomgaqo, kodwa kwafuneka ukuba kuqulunqe uMthetho wamalungelo oMsebenzi woMsebenzi namashumi eminyaka okhuphiswano ukuze abe yinto yokwenene kuninzi lwamaMelika aseAfrika. Amalungelo anganyanzeliswanga ngamalungelo angekhoyo.
  • Imiqathango yokuvota iguquka. Ngelixesha uHlaziyo lwe 15 luye lwaphelisa imiqobo ecacileyo yobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ayizange ithintele amazwe ekufumaneni iimfuno ezibonakala zingenabundilele ezineziphumo zocalulo. Lo mzekelo uyaqhubeka namhlanje ngemithetho ye-ID yomvoti, imisebenzi yokuhlaziya, kunye nemithwalo yolawulo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa okuqhelekileyo kubalulekile. Amaxesha enkqubela enkulu kumalungelo okuvota aye afika xa urhulumente wengingqi ethathe indima esebenzayo ekukhuseleni abavoti. Amaxesha okusebenza kakhulu aye afika xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho kurhoxisiwe okanye kuncitshisiwe.
  • Umzabalazo uyaqhubeka. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sihlaziye ukuzinikela kwidemokhrasi. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu aluyicombululanga ingxaki yocalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni kanye nakancinane; lwaseka isiseko somlo oqhubekayo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu siseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomthetho-siseko waseMelika. Siyisikhumbuzo sombono wabahlaziyi abathi baqonda ukuba igunya lezobupolitika lisisiseko sawo onke amalungelo. Kodwa kwakhona lisisilumkiso: ilungelo elingakhuselwanga linokususwa. Ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwesithembiso sokulungisa u-"isizwe apho ilungelo lokuvota lilingana kwaye likhuselekile kubo bonke abemi kungakhathaliseki ukuba lohlanga---kanjani umsebenzi oqhubekayo.

Kubo banomdla wokufunda ngokubhekele phaya, ezi zinto zilandelayo zinikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha zembali nezomthetho: