Inkqubo esemthethweni ingaziva njengelizwe lasemzini, elilawulwa lulwimi lwalo, amasiko, kunye nezibonda eziphezulu. Kumntu nabani na ungena kwinkundla yetyala `njengeligiant, ijaji, umfundi, okanye ummi othembisiweyo'''. Ukuqonda umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwetyala lelizwe kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile. Ngoxa zombini zibandakanya umgwebi, umgwebi, kunye neempikiswano ezivela kumacala aphikisanayo, iinjongo eziphantsi, iinkqubo, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zahluke kakhulu. Esi sikhokelo sinika ulwamkelo olubanzi oluzinzileyo kwiintlobo zombini zeemvavanyo, sikhupha ukukhanya kwiindlela ezahlukileyo ezithathwa kwinkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika ekwaya kwaye sikuxhobisa ngolwazi ukuze ungene ezi ziphumele ezi zizinto ngentembelo.

Umahluko: Iimpikiswano zabucala vs. Uphazamiso lukawonke-wonke

Umahluko wokuqala nobaluleke kakhulu uxhomekeke kumntu ozizisayo ityala kunye nesizathu. Uvavanyo lolwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo luziswa ngurhulumente (umtshutshisi) nxamnye nomntu okanye ummangalelwa (ummangalelwa) otyholwa ukwaphula umthetho ochaza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Umonakalo uthathwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwibutho labantu njengeqela liphela, njengokuba izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziphazamisa ulungelelwano nokhuseleko. Injongo karhulumente kukusohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, kunye nokubuyisela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Imizekelo iquka ubusela, ukuhlasela, ukurhoxisa, ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuvavanywa [[FLT: 0] okunetyala elingokwasemthethweni yimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni eziswa liqela labucala (ummangalelwa) nelinye iqela labucala (ummangalelwa). Ummangalelwa uchaza ukuba ummangalelwa akawuphumeleli ukuphumeza umsebenzi osemthethweni, ebangela umonakalo okanye ilahleko. Injongo ayikokusohlwaya, kodwa kukusombulula impikiswano nokunika unyango lwemali (* ngokunjalo imbuyekezo zemali) kwizivumelwano, iinkqubano zeshishini, okanye ihambo eqhelekileyo yentlalo (eyaziwa ngokuba zii-torts). Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukusohlwaywa kwesivumelwano, ukwenzakala kobuqu kwingozi yemoto, i-scrective, kunye nokurlication.

Isenzo esinye sikhokelele kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho netyala lamakhaya. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho O.J. Simpson ngumzekelo onamandla. Wakhululwa kwityala lakhe lolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala kodwa kamva wafunyanwa ebekek' ityala likarhulumente ngenxa yokufa okuphosakeleyo. Oku kubonakalisa ngokugqibeleleyo iinjongo ezahlukeneyo nemigangatho yokungqina emsebenzini: umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ufuna ukohlwaya nokuphelisa, ngoxa umthetho wamakhaya ufuna ukuhlawula ixhoba.

Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Kwamakhaya: Iphulo Lokufuna Isigqibo Nokuchotshelwa

Iimvavanyo zamakhaya ziyindlela yokulungisa iingxabano zabucala. Izibonda zidla ngokuba ziimali, nangona imiyalelo yenkundla (iintlanga) isenokufuna ukuba iqela lithathe okanye liphephe isenzo esithile.

Imingcelele Nosukelo Lwawo

  • Umthetho ocacileyo: Iqela elivakalelwayo libonakele lize liqalise ukumangalelwa. Injongo yalo ephambili kukufumana unyango, ngokuqhelekileyo umonakalo wemali ukuhlawulela ukulahlekelwa kwabo okanye umyalelo wokunqanda ukuziphatha kommangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Defanti: Iqela elithenjiwe ukuba libangele umonakalo. Injongo yabo kukuphepha ityala okanye ukunciphisa umlinganiselo womonakalo ekungafuneka bawuhlawule.

Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ukubuqwalasela Ngobungqina

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, umgwebi uthwala umthwalo wokungqina imeko yakhe uphakamiso lobungqina. Oku kusezantsi okuthelekisa ukuba ijaji okanye ijaji imele iqiniseke ukuba "kunokwenzeka" (kunokuba u-50% wanokwenzeka) ukuba ummangalelwa ubekek'ityala. Ukuba uthelekisa isikali sobulungisa, umgwebi ufuna ukuwacokisa kancinci ukuze aphumelele. Lo mlinganiselo usezantsi ubonisa ukuba iziphumo zemali azilahleko. Ukutshona okunzulu koku, ukutshona kwe-FFLLLT kumgangatho weNTyelelo lwe-Corlson. [FFFFF]

Ityala Lamakhaya

Inkqubo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala lelizwe ilandela indlela eyakhiwe ukususela kwisakhelo sokuqala ukusa kwisigqibo sokugqibela.

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkcazo iqala ngokusemthethweni xa isalathisi siqala iifayile zecala i- iglainst nenkundla ikhonze kummangalelwa. Isikhalazo sichaza isiseko esisemthethweni sokumangalelwa kunye nonyango olufunwayo. Ummangalelwa uphendula [[FLT:] [FLT:], uyavuma okanye aphikise izityholo, kwaye angafaka iifayile ngokuchasene nomntu oqhelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icebo: Eli lelona nyathelo lide nelixabiso kakhulu. Omabini amaqela atshintshisana ngolwazi nobungqina ukuze afunde malunga nomzekelo welinye icala. Injongo kukuphelisa izinto ezimangalisayo ekulingweni nokukhuthaza iindawo zokuhlala. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka:
    • [iiiiiinkcukacha zobucuntsu:[FLT:]] Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
    • Imithetho: Ubungqina obungoomlomo obunikelwe phantsi kwesifungo, obubhalwe ngumcholacholi wendaba yasenkundla, apho amagqwetha angabuza amangqina namaqela.
    • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Izicelo zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, kunye nobunye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
    • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye akhanye ukucutha umba wokuxambulisana.
  • Intshukumo- eziphicothiweyo: Phambi kokuvavanywa, amagqwetha angathatha izithuba ukusombulula imiba yomthetho okanye umxinwa wetyala. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo yimeko yomgwebo wesishwankathelo [, apho iqela liphikisa ukuba izibakala zichaziwe kwaye zinelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvavanywa.
  • : [[FT:2] [[FTLT:3]] Ukukhetha Ukukhetha (Umsinga): I-Atmorney zamacala omabini ukubuza ukuba iijaji zingabakhona ze zichonge i-himosphere ze zikhethe isalathisi esilungileyo nesingakhethiyo.
  • IiNgxelo ezivulayo: Icala ngalinye linika imaphu yomgaqo wobungqina abaceba ukubunikela. I-Flattiff ihamba kuqala.
  • Ikhaseti-in-Chief: I-Placttiff inikela ubungqina bayo (amaNgqina, amaxwebhu, ubungqina obunobuchule). Ukhuselo lunelungelo lokunqumla i-examine nganye. Ingqwabalaliso ngoko ichaza imeko yayo kwintloko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: IAttorney zishwankathela ubungqina kwaye ziphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho bafumane uncedo lwabo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigwebo nogwebo: Abagwebi bagqibe ngesiquphe kwaye babuyisela isigqibo kumphathi okanye ummangalelwa. Ukuba i-placttiff iphumelela, ityala ingeniswe kubungakanani bomonakalo onikiweyo. I- Post-trial, iqela eliphulukana ne nkonzo lingathatha inyathelo lovavanyo olutsha okanye ukubhenela kwisigqibo.

    • Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

    Umthetho wamakhaya ugquma uluhlu olubanzi lwempikiswano. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka umthetho othe ngqo (i-gligence, imveliso yetyala, ukutyhina), ibandakanya umthetho wesivumelwano [ [iii-'box's' (ii-'uququ''''''''''','umthetho wesivumelwano, [[FLTLT']] [[FLT]] [iiiiiityala] umthetho wemizalwanewu, [[FLT:] [okanye, ibamba umntwana]). Uninzi lwalemiba lugqitywe kwindawo okanye kwimposiso yemicimbi (ADRR], olunokusetyenziswa kakhulu kunexabiso elininzi kunentengonwa.

    Ityala Lezaphuli-mthetho: Ityala LikaRhulumente Lokusesikweni Nokuphendula

    Kuvavanywa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze kubonwe ukuba ummangalelwa uye wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, yaye ukuba, ukuba ufanele ukuba usohlwaywa njani na. apha, amandla amakhulu esizwe aziswa kumntu ngamnye, okwenza ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko wase-United States kube balulekileyo ngokunzulu.

    Imikhosi namatye awo

    • I- Ukunyuswa: kumela urhulumente (ityala, urhulumente, okanye igqwetha lesithili lasekuhlaleni). Umsebenzi wesiko lomtshutshisi asikokufumana isiqinisekiso nje kuphela kodwa ukufuna okusesikweni. Bagqiba ukuba ziziphi izityholo zokufaka ifayile kwaye banokuqiqa ngengqiqo kwizicelo.
    • I-Defendint: Umntu otyholwayo, ocingelwa engenatyala de agwetywe. Izibonda ziphezulu ngendlela engathethekiyo, ezibandakanya ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, iimali ezinzima, kunye nengxelo yetyala esisigxina. UmGaqo-siseko unika ummangalelwa inkxaso eninzi, kuquka ilungelo kwigqwetha, ilungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka, kunye nelungelo lokuhlala evavanywe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, omnye kufuneka anikwe ngurhulumente.

    Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ngaphandle Kokuthandabuza Okusengqiqweni

    Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwinqanaba apho kukho [[FLT: 0]] uthandabuza olusengqiqweni [ engqondweni yejaji esengqiqweni. Oku akuthethi "ukuqiniseka," kodwa kunoko ukuba ubungqina buqinisekisa ukuba umntu onengqondo unokuzithemba ekwenzeni isigqibo ngommangalelwa. Ukuba ijaji iyakuyithandabuza indlela esengqiqweni eqhuba ngayo. Ukuba ijaji imele ifumane ummangalelwa ingalahli. Lo mgangatho ungumkhuseli ukhusela ngamabomu. Iqela lomthetho weNguqulelo [FLT]

    Iziganeko Zetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

    Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ibandakanya amanyathelo anzima awandulela ityala ahlukileyo kumatyala asekuhlaleni.

    • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvalela kunye neNkangeleko Yokuqala: Emva kokubambekile, ummangalelwa usiwa phambi komgwebi ukuze abonakale okokuqala. Ijaji yazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ibacebisa ngamalungelo abo, icwangcise nebheyile.
    • Imposiso yokufumana / Ijinga-jinga-jinga-jinga-jinga kwityala: [[FLT]] ukwenzela ityala letyala, ukuva kokuqala kubanjelwe ukufumanisa ukuba kukho [ unobangela ongenakuhoywa [ wokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenziwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Okanye, i-'[FLT] grand i-grand jamp (iqela elahlukeneyo labemi)] linokuva ubungqina obuvela kwityala kunye nenkupho.
    • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungelelwaniso: Ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusesikweni izityholo kwaye ucelwa ukuba angene kwisibongozo. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ityala, hayi ityala, akukho khuphiswano (nolo imateriere), okanye ukuma eme (okuphumela kwisibongozo sokungabi natyala).
    • I-Difiefily and Plea Barganing: omabini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina. Ingtshutshiso ingumsebenzi womGaqo-siseko ukwabelana nabo nabuphi na ubungqina obuvumayo kummangalelwa (ubungqina obudibeneyo). Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezulu kwama-90%) asombululwe [[FLT:]] ukuthelekisa ityala [, apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalelwa ngetyala elincinane okanye ukwamkela isigwebo esicuthiweyo sokutshintshiselana ilungelo labo lokuvavanywa.
    • [[NTL:0] Intshukumo-ephambili: Intshukumo enzima yi [[FT:2] imvakalelo yokucinezela apho ukhuselo luphikisayo ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., ngokuphendla okanye ngokuncina) kwaye kufuneka bukhutshwe ekuvavanyweni.
    • [[FLT: 0] : [[FT:2] [[FT:3]] [FLT] Thuright Ukhetho: Ukukhusela nokuchophela ityala likhetha ijaji. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokugweba kwityala elinzulu.
    • IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Ityala lihamba kuqala, lichaza imeko yabo.
    • [[NTL:0] Ikhaseti-in-Chief: Ingxengxezo inikela ubungqina bayo. Ukhuseleko lunganqamleza-examine. Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukungqina okanye ukunikela ubungqina (ukhuseleko lweNkqukumbelo-Mphetho-Mgaqo-mva-mvama). Ukuba bayangqina, baphantsi kokunqamleza.
    • Impikiswano ezichazayo: omabini amacala ashwankathela ubungqina bejaji.
    • Imiyalelo ye-JURT: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho onxulumeneyo omele usetyenziswe kwizibakala.
    • I-Delibheration kunye neSigwebo: Abachopheli-tyala ngasese ukufikelela kwisigqibo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, isigqibo solwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu kufuneka sihlangane. Ukuba abanakuvuma, yi "umgwebi orhwaphilizayo," kwaye ingtshutshiso ingakhetha ukuphinda ityala.
  • Isongezelelo: ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyanwe enetyala, isigwebo esahlukileyo sibanjelwe. Ijaji iqwalasela ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba ukumisela isohlwayo (intolongo, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, intengiso, inkonzo yoluntu).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appal:[ ngokungafaniyo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, urhulumente akanakusifaka isindululo sokungabi natyala. Ummangalelwa angabhenela kuqiniseko olusekelwe kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezenziwe ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

    • Oyena Mnqakathi

    Ngelixesha zombini iinkqubo zijolise entweni esesikweni, imigaqo yazo engundoqo kunye noomatshini bokwenza inqwelo-moya bahlukene. Nantsi iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo ezidilikileyo.

    Iziphumo zokonzakalisa

    Ulwimi olusetyenziswa kwinkqubo nganye lwahlukile. Kwimeko yoluntu, ummangalelwa ufunyanwa ethembekile[[FLT: 0] okanye engafaneleki. Kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi ufunyanwa [ unegunya lokulwa [[FLT:] okanye [[FLT:] akanatyala [[FT:7]. Ugwebo lwetyala [[FLT: 7]. Umthetho oqhelekileyo [[FLT]] ufumana ummangalelwa, ngexa ekhotyo [FLT]] ummangalelwa, ngexesha i-'FLT] [FLT:] [FFFFF]]] [FLT]] [FFF:]]

    Ilungelo Lokufumana Iathorney

    Lo ngumahluko ongundoqo. Kwizingxubusho zolwaphulo-mthetho, iSithandathu SomHlaliso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso, kwaye ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukufikelela igqwetha, omnye kufuneka anikwe (umkhuseli kawonke-wonke). Kwizilingo zasekuhlaleni, akukho lungelo lizenzekelayo lokukhulula umelo olusemthethweni. Ngoxa unelungelo lokuqesha igqwetha labucala, urhulumente akanikezeli mntu, wenza umqobo obalulekileyo wokufumana abantu abaphantsi. Ukuba ufuna uncedo lwasemthethweni, ubuncwane obufana no [[FLT: 0].USA.gov's Uncedo lolawulo olusemthethweni lunganceda ufumane ukukhululeka okanye iinkonzo eziphantsi.

    Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

    Abamangalelwa bakhuselwa ngamalungelo anamandla angasetyenziswayo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokungathethi (ityala alinakukunyanzela ukuba unikele ubungqina), ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza, nelungelo lokungafumani bungqina ukuba bufunyenwe ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni. Kwimeko yasekuhlaleni, ukungaphumeleli kwakho ukungqina kusenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nawe.

    Indima Ekhethekileyo Yemijukujelo

    I Juries idlala indima eyahluke kancinci kwindlela nganye. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo abantu abali-12) kufuneka bagqibe ukuba ngaba abatshutshisi banyanise ukuba banetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Isigqibo sabo kufuneka sidibane phantse onke amaphondo. Kwityala loluntu, iijaji zinokuba zincinane (abantu aba-6) kwaye zisenokungafuneki zidibane (amazwe athile avumela isigqibo esingu 5/6). Olunye umahluko ongundoqo yi-' ijaji enkulu yejaji enkulu , oluluphawu olukhethekileyo lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ijaji enkulu ayifuni kugwetyelwa; endaweni yoko, alwazi bungqina obuvela kumtshutshisi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ityala nomthetho obalulekileyo.

    Isikhokelo se-Melika Bar internationals kwindlela yamatyala omsebenzi inika indlela entle, eninzi, echazayo ukudlula kwezi nkqubo zabachopheli-tyala.

    Amagama abalulekileyo asemthethweni asocatshulwa

    Ukuqonda ulwimi lwenkundla yenkundla kuyinxalenye ephambili yomgaqo - siseko wezomthetho.

    Plaintiff
    The party who initiates a civil lawsuit.
    Defendant
    The party being sued or charged with a crime.
    Prosecution
    The government attorney who brings criminal charges against a defendant.
    Burden of Proof
    The obligation to prove one's assertions at trial. In criminal law, it is "beyond a reasonable doubt." In civil law, it is a "preponderance of the evidence."
    Discovery
    The pre-trial phase where parties exchange information and evidence.
    Deposition
    Sworn testimony taken outside of court, used to gather information for trial.
    Indictment
    A formal charge of a crime issued by a grand jury.
    Arraignment
    The court hearing where a defendant is formally charged and enters a plea.
    Verdict
    The decision made by a judge or jury at the end of a trial.
    Tort
    A civil wrong (not arising from a contract) that causes harm, such as negligence or defamation.
    Injunction
    A court order requiring a party to do or stop doing a specific action.
    Subpoena
    A legal document ordering someone to appear in court or produce evidence.

    Isiphelo

    Ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukileyo zokuvavanywa kwabemi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kwenza ukuba inyathelo lomthetho lingasebenzi kwaye linike abantu amandla okuba bathabathe inxaxheba kulo ngokunempumelelo. Ukuba ungumgwebi ulinganisa ubungqina phantsi komgangatho ophezulu "ngapha kwelifanelekileyo," okanye ummangali ofuna imbuyekezo yomonakalo wobuqu, ukwazi imithetho, imithwalo, kunye nezikhonkwane zohlobo oluthile lokuvavanywa kukwisiphumo esifanelekileyo. Ngoxa esi sikhokelo sinikela isiseko esibanzi, ityala ngalinye likhethekileyo. Ukubuza ngegqhinga elifanelekileyo kusoloko kuyindlela elungileyo yokuqhuba icebiso elingokwasemthethweni okanye xa ujongeneengxaki zovavanyo lokwenene lwehlabathi.