Umthetho Wabesaphuli-mthetho: Oko Ummi Ngamnye Amele Akwazi Ngamalungelo Awo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala kubalulekile kummi ngamnye. La masebe mabini omthetho alawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zebutho labantu kwaye aneenkqubo, amalungelo, neziphumo ezikhethekileyo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola umahluko ongundoqo phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowezaphuli-mthetho, libalaselise oko ummi ngamnye afanele akwazi ngamalungelo akhe. Siza kuhlolisisa iimvelaphi zembali yenkqubo nganye, umthwalo wobungqina, iziphumo eziqhelekileyo, kunye namalungelo asebenzayo. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nokuqonda okomeleleyo indlela ezi migaqo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo nendlela ezi zinto ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

Uyintoni uMthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya usingatha iimbambano phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho. Uquka imicimbi emininzi engokwasemthethweni, equka izivumelwano, iimpikiswano zempahla, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nee-torts. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, iqela elizisa ityala laziwa ngokuba ngummangalelwa, ngoxa iqela lityholwa njengommangalelwa. Injongo yokumangalelwa akukohlwaya kodwa kukucombulula iingxabano nokunika iimpendulo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngendlela yokuhlawula imali okanye ukwenza okuthile.

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zilandela imvelaphi yazo kumthetho wamandulo wamaRoma kwaye kamva zadityaniswa kwiNapoleonic Code. EUnited States, umthetho wasekuhlaleni usebenza kwiimeko zikarhulumente kunye norhulumente apho iqela elithile lobuqu limangalela omnye. Imithetho ilawulwa yimithetho yesithethe nemithetho yenkundla, enjengeMimiselo yeFederal yeProcedure.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibherin yeMbukiso: I-Placttiff mayingqine imeko yabo ngokuqwalasela kwangaphambili kobungqina, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba kungathethi ukuba inyani. Oku kungumgangatho osezantsi kunomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iimali ezifunyenweyo: Amatyala abemi adla ngokuphumela kumonakalo wemali, imiqathango, okanye umsebenzi othile kunokuvalelwa entolongweni. Umonakalo wesohlwayo ungahlawulwa kwiimeko ezithile ukunqanda ihambo engalunganga.
  • Uhlobo lwetyala:[ Amatyala aqhelekileyo aquka intelekelelo yokonzakalisa kobuqu, ukwaphulwa kwezivumelwano, uqhawulo-mtshato, imiba yengingqi yepropati, kunye namada empahla enkcubeko.
  • IParties : I-partin liqela eliqala ukumangalelwa; ummangalelwa ngumntu omangalelwayo omangalelwayo. Urhulumente unokuba liqela elikwisuti zasekuhlaleni, njengakwiimbambano zerhafu okanye kwiimeko zolawulo eziphambili.

Ukuntywila nzulu kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yamakhaya, i Imithetho yeProcedial ye-ovinic inikezela ngesakhiwo esibanzi seenkundla zesizwe.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Umthetho we Cheyi

Umthetho wetort ugquma amatyala omntu, ukunyeliswa, ukungakhathali, nengozi ezenzekelayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umqhubi ubaleka isibane esibomvu aze abethe umntu ohamba ngenyawo, umntu ohamba ngenqwelo-moya unokumangalelwa ngeendleko zonyango, ulahleko, iintlungu nokubandezeleka. Umthwalo ukwisilwanyana esibonisa ukuba izenzo zommangalelwa zingunobangela wengozi.

Umthetho Ochaseneyo

Abaxhasi balawula intengiso yemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekuthengeni indlu ukuya ekusayineni umsebenzi. Ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano kwenzeka xa omnye umntu engaphumeleli ukuphumeza iimfuno zakhe. Inkundla isenokufumana ingxwabangxwaba okanye ithethe inyathelo elithile, njengokunyanzela umthengisi ukuba agqibe ukuthengisa impahla.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho ojongene noqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nolwalamano lwasekhaya.

Uyintoni uMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Kwelinye icala, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubandakanya amatyala apho urhulumente ebeka umntu ityala ngenxa yokwaphula imithetho elungiselelwe ukukhusela ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anokuba ngamanye amatyala amancinane ukuya kumatyala anzulu. Urhulumente (ongorhulumente okanye olawulayo) wenza njengomtshutshisi, kwaye ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala de agwetywe.

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho unemvelaphi yamandulo, osuswe kwimithetho enjengemithetho kaHammurabi neyomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Imimiselo yale mihla yolwaphulo-mthetho ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye inika isohlwayo esisekelwe kubukhulu betyala. Imfundiso yolawulo olumabini ivumela oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ukuba bamangalele ihambo efanayo xa bephula yomibini imithetho.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ibhedi yobungqina: Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo, okulelona qondo liphezulu lobungqina kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamsulwa abagwetywanga ngokuphosakeleyo.
  • Iimali ezifunyenweyo: Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anokuba neziphumo zentengo, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvavanywa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye kwanesohlwayo sokufa (kwiminye imiqathango). Injongo sisohlwayo, ukunqanda, kunye nokubuyisela umva.
  • Imizekelo yetyala: iquka ubusela, ukuhlasela, amatyala eziyobisi, ukubulala, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe olufana nokuqhatha. Ityala licalulwe njengee-infections, ii-deremiars, okanye ii-felonies ezisekelwe kubukhali.
  • Iipartyule : Urhulumente (umtshutshisi) uzisa ityala kumntu omangalelwe (ummangalelwa). Ixhoba alilolungu kwityala kodwa linokungqina njengengqina okanye lifune uhlawulo.

ICurtle [[Nkqutyana:0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho linikeza ucaphulo olulungileyo lweengcamango zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namagama.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olunogonyamelo

Ezi meko zinezigwebo eziqatha ngenxa yokuba zenzakalisa abantu ngokuthe ngqo. Ityala limele lingqine injongo nokuzithethelela ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho Lwezinto

Ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqhekeza, ukuqhekeza, nokonakalisa izinto yimizekelo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla.

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimhlophe

Ubuqhetseba, ukurhwebelana, ubusela ngaphakathi, nokuba isaziso kuxhomekeke kulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe. Ezi zityholo zisoloko zingenabundlobongela kodwa zingabandakanya ukulahlekelwa kakhulu kwemali. Abatshutshisi bajolise ingqalelo kwinjongo nasekusebenziseni inkohliso ukuze bazuze imali okanye impahla.

Ukuthelekisa Umthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala usebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, maxa wambi basenokudibana. Ngokomzekelo, umntu ohlaselayo usenokujamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngurhulumente kunye netyala loburhulumente elibekwa lixhoba ngenxa yomonakalo. Ukuqonda umahluko ongundoqo kunceda abemi bakwazi oko bamele bakulindele kwimeko nganye.

  • Icandelo elibandakanyekileyo: Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, impikiswano iphakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala liziswa ngurhulumente (umtshutshisi) nomntu.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Imigangatho esemthethweni: Umthwalo wobungqina usezantsi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni (ubungqina obugqithisileyo) xa uthelekiswa namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni).
  • Umthetho wabemi uziphumo zembuyekezo okanye umyalelo wokwenza okanye wokuyeka ukwenza into ethile. Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ungakhokelela kwintlawulo, ukugcinwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye amanye amanyathelo okubuyisela ityala.
  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisenokubandakanya ijaji, kodwa ubukhulu kunye nemfuno yokungalingani. Ijaji zezaphuli-mthetho zidla ngokuhluka-hluka. Amalungu ali-12 kwaye kufuneka avumelane ukuze avume, ngoxa amatyala asekuhlaleni enokuba mancinci kwaye maxa wambi afikelele kwisigqibo esithe gqi ngobuninzi okanye ngobuninzi okanye ngobuninzi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Izibheno zikhona kuzo zombini iinkqubo, kodwa izindululo neenkqubo ziyahluka. Kwimeko zabemi, izibheno zidla ngokubandakanya imibuzo yomthetho kunokuba ibe yeyolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa baneendlela ezibanzi zokukhusela umGaqo-siseko ekukhuseleni ingozi ephindwe kabini kwaye bangabhenela kwiimpazamo ezisekelwe kubungqina okanye kwinkqubo.

Kuthelekiso oluneenkcukacha, iMelika Bar Association inika ubuncwane kwindlela iinkundla ezisingatha ngayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatyala.

Xa Umthetho Wamakhaya Nowabelwayo Uphelile

Enye yeendawo ezibalulekileyo zokunqumla kulapho ihambo enye inyusa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye netoti. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uhlasela kunye nebhetri, urhulumente unokubamangalela ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ixhoba linokubamangalela ngenxa yomonakalo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni. Iziphumo zizimele: ummangalelwa usenokufunyanwa engenatyala kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yobungqina obunganele kodwa aphulukane nesuti yoluntu ukuba ummangalelwa uhlangabezana nomthwalo osezantsi wobungqina. I-O.S.S.Smpson ityala elidumile lomgaqo

Enye into ehambelana nemithetho enika izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nonyango lwabemi, njengoMthetho weRacketeer Ifoundation and Cormopy Organizations (RICO) okanye imithetho yokungaqiniseki ngetyala. Kwezi meko, iqela labucala linokufumana umonakalo ophindwe kathathu ukuba urhulumente sele engqine ukwaphulwa okungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Amalungelo Abemi Kumatyala AngooNontlalo Nawabesaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo - mthetho kubalulekile ekuqhubeni umthetho. Ngapha koko kuyimfuneko, nangona amanye ebaluleke kakhulu ekugwebeni ngolwaphulo - mthetho.

  • Ilungelo lokumela: Kuzo zombini iimeko zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho, abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokumela imigaqo esemthethweni. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba awunamali yegqwetha, urhulumente kufuneka anikeze enye (IsiHlaliso seSixwephendu). Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, udla ngokuba awunalo ilungelo lokumisela icebiso, nangona ezinye iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zinganceda.
  • Ilungelo kwityala elilungileyo: Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, okuquka ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, amangqina aphikisanayo ne-atrammine, kwaye unejaji engakhethiyo okanye ijaji. Inkqubo efunekayo phantsi kweMthethweno-Mthethweni wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine ikhusela la malungelo.
  • Ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sikhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba banikele ubungqina ngokuchasene nabo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli lungelo alisebenzi ngqo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, kodwa ubungqina obuyinyaniso buyafuneka; noko ke, usengakwala ukuphendula ukuba bekuya kukuphazamisa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela: Ukuba iqela alinelisekanga yiziphumo zetyala, ngokuqhelekileyo linelungelo lokubhena isigqibo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unamalungelo abanzi okubhena, lo gama umtshutshisi ngokubanzi engenakumbhexezeli ngenxa yengozi eziphindwe kabini.
  • Ukhuseleko kwi-Jeopardy ephindwe kabini: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sikwalela ukuvavanywa kabini kolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukukhuselwa. Olu khuselo alusebenzi kwiisuti zamakhaya, ezizizinto ezahlukeneyo.

Kubalulekile ukudibana negqwetha elinemvume ukuba ubandakanyeke kwimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni. Uncedo lomthetho [[FLT: 0] ludibanisa abantu ngenkxaso yomthetho ekhululekileyo kummandla wabo.

Umahluko ongokweNkcubeko kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo

Amatyala amakhaya nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho alandela imiqathango eyahlukeneyo yexesha. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ahamba ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yamalungelo amatyala akhawulezileyo."Amalungelo okuvavanya-mthetho kufuneka aqhutywe ngokuqhelekileyo abekwe etyala kwinani elimiselweyo leentsuku (umz., iintsuku ezingama-70 phantsi koMthetho we-Purcedy Trial Act) we-oventine. Amatyala amakhaya anokuthatha iminyaka, ingakumbi ukuba ukufunyaniswa kwamapolisa kuthatha ixesha elide okanye kupheliswe. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usenokusebenzisa izityholo ezinkulu ekumangalelweni, kanti amatyala amakhaya asebenzisa izikhalazo neempendulo.

Kule micimbi yamakhaya, ukufunyaniswa kwamatyala kwenza ukuba omabini afune amaxwebhu, iingxelo kunye nemibuzo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo

Abemi abaninzi abawuqondi kakuhle umthetho wasekuhlaleni nowakwaphula umthetho.

  • i-Misction: “Ukuba ndiphumelele kwityala loluntu, ummangalelwa uyavalelwa.” Ubunyani: Jail yisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Amatyala angaphakathi aphumela kuphela kwimigwebo yemali okanye kwimiyalelo yenkundla.
  • i-Misction: “Urhulumente angandifaka ityala lokwaphuka kwesivumelwano.” Into eyenzekayo: ingumbandela wesivumelwano oqhelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela obuqu ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente ungumbutho kwisivumelwano.
  • i-Misction: “Ukuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liphela ngesicelo esiceliweyo, ixhoba alinakumangalelwa.” Ubunyani: Ixhoba lisenokwahlula ityala lomntu ngaphandle kwesiphumo sezaphuli-mthetho.
  • i-Misction: “Umthwalo wobungqina uyafana kuzo zombini iinkqubo.” Into yokwenene:[ Ingaphezulu kakhulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Impembelelo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Ukwazi umahluko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowakwaphula umthetho kunceda abemi bakhona baqonde ukuba basenokufuna uncedo olusemthethweni xa befuna uncedo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba babandakanyeke kwingozi yemoto, usenokumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo wempahla nokwenzakala, kodwa ukuba ubuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo, ungajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kungazisa izigqibo zakho enoba uyaliqesha na igqwetha, uthathe inxaxheba kwingxoxo yokubuyisana, okanye usebenzise ilungelo lakho lokungathethi.

Inkqubo yomthetho ichaphazela wonke umntu, okanye ngokutyobela irente, ngokutshata, okanye ngokuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Indlela Yokufuna Uncedo

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba unomba womthetho, uqala ngokubhala iziganeko kunye nokugcina ubungqina. Emva koko jongana negqwetha elinolwazi kwingingqi enxulumene nomthetho. Imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni inganikezela ngeenkonzo ezikhululekileyo okanye eziphantsi kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zebhari zineenkonzo ezinxulumene neenkonzo zomsebenzi. Kwizinto ezingxamisekileyo, njengokubanjwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, unelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka de ufikelwe yicebiso.

Ubuncwane bemfundo, obunje [[Nkundla yezemfundo:0] ePhakamileyo izinto zokufundisa , inika izikhokelo kwiinkqubo zenkundla eziqondayo.

Isiphelo

Ngokushwankathela, umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ucwangco nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu. Ngokuqonda umahluko phakathi kwale mimandla mibini yomthetho, abemi bangawakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo baze basebenzise inkqubo esemthethweni xa kuyimfuneko. Ukuba bajamelene nempikiswano yesizwe okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwazi amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni okusesikweni. Khumbula ukuba ubunzima bobungqina, amaqela, iziphumo, kunye neenkqubo zahlukile ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, qwalasela ukuhlola iEncyclopedia yomthetho we-'FLT' yomthetho wasekuhlaleni' kunye neSebe leJaji loBulungiseleli kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Hlala usazisile, uze usebenzise amalungelo akho ngokufanelekileyo.