Kumalungelo oluntu, ukuqokelelwa kobungqina kusoloko kungunobangela omnye ophambili olawula iziphumo zetyala. Ubungqina bungangqina okanye buzichase izityholo zocalulo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo apho ubungqina bufunyanwa khona, ngoko ke, ilawulwa ngemithetho engqongqo engqongqo phakathi kwabo, kwaye ilawula imfuneko efunekayo. Abanqolobi basebenza njengendawo yokuhlola esemthethweni, beqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kunye nabameli bakarhulumente abanyanzeli nkululeko yabantu ngabanye ngoxa beqokelela ubungqina obunye. Ukuqonda indlela iimfuno zobungqina obufanelekileyo eziphembelelayo ezibubungqina kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu ngoko ke kuyimfuneko kumagqwetha, abameli, nabani na oxhalabele ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Ezingummangaliso

Isiqinisekiso singumyalelo osemthethweni okhutshwa ngumgwebi okanye imantyisi ongathathi-nxaxheba ogunyazisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba uqhube uphando, uthabathe impahla, okanye ubambe. Isiseko semiyalelo sikwiSigqibo sesine soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, esithi:

"Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho nanye ekwayantlukwano eya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, ixhaswe yi-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa.”

Oku kunyuswa kwemigaqo emibini engundoqo: okokuqala, ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kufuneka kube “nobungcathu”; kwaye okwesibini, okuyalela ukuba bububuchule obuqhelekileyo bokuqinisekisa ubungcathu. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka kubonise [[[FLT: 0]]] unobangela ongenakuchazwa, osekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho lukhona kwindawo ethile. Ngaphezu koko, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sibe ngaphandle : kufuneka ichaze ngqo apho uphengululo luza kubakho kwaye oko kunokwenzeka. Oku kuyimfuneko kuthintelwa, ukukhangela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhangela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhangela okuthelekelelwa “kunye nokubhekisele kwi-ftofikiswe“ .[FLT]

Ngokwembali, imfuneko ibuyela emva kumthetho wamaNgesi oqhelekileyo kunye nokungavumelani namathanga ukuba “afumane uncedo,” eyavumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba akhangele amakhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu esikhethekileyo. Abalamli beBhili yamaLungelo eSine babefuna ukugada ukuxhatshazwa kohlobo olunjalo, besenza isiqinisekiso sekhusi lenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Kule mihla, imvume ihlala isisixhobo esingundoqo sokulungelelanisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu apho izibonda, umlinganiselo, kunye nesidima.

Impembelelo Yeemfuno Ezinamandla Kubungqina

Iimfuno eziqinileyo zibumba uqokelelo lobungqina kumatyala alwela amalungelo abantu ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunamathela kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokugunyaziswa, ubungqina obufunyenweyo bubonakala bungenakusetyenziswa kwaye bunokumelana neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukungafezeki ukufumana isiqinisekiso `/okanye ukuxhomekeka kwisiqinisekiso esingekho semthethweni.)

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuba Ngumthetho Nokuchanabeka

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo ingomthetho owenziwe ngokuphandle , onokuthi ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa koMphetho-Mda wesine abunakusetyenziswa jikelele kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo ezithile zamakhaya. Lo mthetho wamiselwa ngokudumileyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo .Ohio [1961], eyandisa umthetho owenzelwe ukuwiswa kwetyala likarhulumente. Kwimiqathango yamalungelo abantu, imikhosi engekho semthethweni esemthethweni egwetyelweyo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho ukuze kufumane iimvume zokufumana iimvume, ukwazi ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungaphumela ekulahlweni ngaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, ukuncinwa kwemincintiswa kwezixhobo zemfazwe, ukuba abaphathi bemipu engekho gwenxa, okanye banokufumana nakuphindwa yimipu engekho gwenxa.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Namathuba Okuzimela

Imfuno ezizinzileyo ziwakhusela ngqo amalungelo abantu, nto leyo engundoqo ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso, abameli bakarhulumente bangaphengulula amakhaya, iiofisi, okanye izithuthi ezisekelwe ekukrokreleni okanye ekucalukeni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagxininisa imfuneko yokuba imfuneko yegunya “ibulwark” ekuhlaseleni okungekho mthethweni kwabantu ([] iKatz v. United States, 1967). Kwimicimbi yamakhaya yabemi (ngoonke abo bathetha ukuba ubuhlanga okanye ukuphendla okungalulekiyo okanye ukungagunyaziswa komthetho kudla ngokuba yimbambano ephakathi. Ukuba abaphathi baqhuba ukuphendla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, ngaphandle kwe-ekhothoba, banokuphikisa ukuba amalungelo abo eencwadi e-Ene, ithetha ngokuchasa amalungelo abo obuhlanga.

Ukunciphisa Ubungakanani Bezinto Ezikhangelayo

Umthetho owisiweyo ofanelekileyo ubeke imida yophando kwindawo ethile nezinto ezichazwe. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ekuqhubeni phambili, ukuphengululwa ngokungakhethiyo okunokutshayela umsebenzi okhuselweyo . njengokulungiselela kwezobupolitika, unqulo, okanye ukuqhatha okusemthethweni. Kwimeko zamalungelo asekuhlaleni ezibandakanya amaqela alwamkelo, umlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso ungakhuphiswano olukhawulezileyo. Ukuba amagosa athabatha izinto ezingadweliswanga kwisiqinisekiso, ezo zinto zingasuswa, kwaye abaphangi bangaba kukuchasana komgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, Zurcher v.[Daiiily [19.1][91]) (ngokuba kamva zilungisiwe nguMgaqo woKhuselo we-Onke), ukuphengulula kweNkukhangela kwe-Awase-19808, kodwa ugunyaziso lwe-E.

Ukukhetha Iimfuno Ezingummangaliso

Ngelixesha uHlaziyo lweSine lufuna isiqinisekiso, iinkundla zibone iimvume eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle. Ezi zimvo zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqokelelwe ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezithile, kodwa zikwadala imida ebalulekileyo yokuba abo balwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka bahambe.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuphanda, akukho mvume ifunekayo. Imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ukukhohliswa. Iimpikiswano zemvume zisoloko zivela kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu, ingakumbi xa amapolisa ecela imvume ngexesha lokumisa kweenqwelo-moya okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala eziphantsi okanye ezincinane. Iinkundla zihlolisisa ukugqibeka kweemeko zokufumanisa ukuba imvume ngokwenene yayingoyabo bokuzithandela. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo [Schloth v. Bustamonte[FLT] [1273]) zikholelwa ukuba ukutshutshiswa akuyo akuyomfuneko ukuba umntu azi ukuba abe ekwazi kakuhle ukula ukwamkela. Oku kwenza abantu abangaziyo ingxalabo enokuba bangazi ukuba bafanele bafumane amalungelo abo.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ngaphantsi kwembono ecacileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kusenokuthatha ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba kucacile ngexesha lokuqwalasela okusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi utsalela ngokusemthethweni kwisithuthi ukwenzela ulwaphuko lwenqwelo-mafutha kwaye abone isixhobo kwisihlalo sabakhweli, bangasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, le mfundiso ifuna ukuba umphathi abekwe ngokomthetho kwindawo ejongene newonga kwaye ukuba ukuchanabeka kwento kubonakale ngokukhawuleza. Maxa wambi amalungelo abantu athanda ukucel ’ umngeni imbono ecacileyo, aphikisa into yokuba ujongo lokuqala lwalo mphathi lwalungavumelekanga ngokomthetho, ukuba ukumiswa kwayo ngokwako kusekelwe kwi-proving-cation.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo . "efana nengozi ekufuphi, ukusukela ngokushushu urhanela, okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina", i-odosar bangangena ekhaya okanye bathabathe ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zinyani- kwaye zisoloko ziphikisana. Kumalungelo oluntu, abachaphazeli-mthetho bangaphikisa ukuba ungxamiseko lwaziwayo lwenziwe okanye luxakeke kakhulu ukuthethelela uphelo olungekho semthethweni. Umzekelo, [Brigham v. Sturt[2001] [200], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo iphakamisa imvume yokungena xa abaphathi beva ukulwa ngaphakathi ekhaya. Kodwa ukuba iimeko zicace mhlophe njengoloyiko lotshaba ngaphandle kolawulo.[FLT]

Ezinye Ezinokuphawulwa

Ezinye iindidi ziquka ukuphengulula iziganeko zokubanjwa (ukuvumela amagosa ukuba akhangele umntu obanjiweyo kunye nendawo ekufuphi ukwenzela izixhobo okanye ubungqina obungagqibekiyo), iinqwelo-mafutha ezingekhoyo (evumela ukuphengululwa kwezithuthi ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo), kunye nokuphengululwa kwemida (ukuvumela uphengululo kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kwemvume). Umphatho ngamnye unenkcazelo yakhe kwaye udla ngokudlala kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, ukuthathela ngaphandle kwemoto kusoloko kuvela kwiimeko ezibonisa ubuhlanga ngexesha lokumisa kwendlela, apho igosa-ofisi ithethelela ukuphendla okunga----kahliswa okanye imvume.

Ubalo lwamatyala amalungelo oluntu

Ukudityaniswa phakathi kweemfuno ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuqokelelwa kobungqina kuneziphumo ezinzulu zokuphumelela kwamalungelo abantu. Enoba umchasi umangalelwa ngenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukubanjwa kobuxoki, okanye ucalucalulo, ukubonakala kobungqina qha, kunye nokubhaliswa kwayo ngokomthetho.

Umthetho Ongagqibeleliyo Njengomxube

Umthetho owehlayo ngomnye wezona ndlela zinamandla zokuphelisa uHlaziyo lwesine loMphetho-mda kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoluntu. Kumatyala amalungelo abantu aziswa ngaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1998, abachaphazeli banokufuna umonakalo ngenxa yokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho mthethweni. Umthetho wokuzikhetha awusebenzi ngqo kwizenzo zomonakalo, kodwa ukwaphula umthetho okuphantsi komthetho kuya kunceda amagqwetha angenagunya ukuze afumane ityala. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ukuphengulula okungekho mthethweni kukhokelela ekucinezelweni kwetyala okuthi kamva kupheliswe ngenxa yokucinezelwa kobungqina, isakhono soluntu esilandelayo somele ukuba amagqwetha afumane amalungelo eemfuno agunya-mthetho anceda amagqwetho-mthetho ukuba umthetho ungawanenze afuneke ityala lawo.

Impembelelo kwiqhinga lokunika imvume

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo amela abameli bomthetho, ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwiinkqubo zokugunyazisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Isiqinisekiso esifunyenwe kakuhle ```iimeko ezilindelekileyo nento elindelekileyo'') amagosa asuka kwiityholo ezininzi zokuziphethe kakubi. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusilela ukufumana isiqinisekiso okanye ukuxhomekeka kwisiqinisekiso esiphoxekileyo esibhebhebhethekisa amaqumrhu. Kwimiqathango e-onqa, njengalawo aqhathayo okanye amapolisa, iinkcukacha zesiqinisekiso (okanye ukuswela kwaso) ziba ziindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye neengxelo zezixhobo zezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha ezimicimbini.

Ucelomngeni Kwimiba Esekelwe Kubungqina

Iminyaka yobuntlola idibene nentsonkothileyo ebangela iimfuno ezikhoyo. Ukuxilongwa kweminxeba yeecell phone, iikhompyutha, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamafu kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga noko kumele “kufunyaniswe” kunye nomgangatho ongakanani ofunekayo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yesona siphawuli kwi Riley v. [ [ii-FLT] [i-2001] (ibambe ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okuqulathwe yi-cell phone ka-mfom, iqonda ukuba ii-cell phones zalee, ziqulethe izixakelele ezininzi zobuqu zobuqu. [i-FT][2] kulwazi oluneethe klayi-data-ognometers.[3])

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Wamaqela Asemthethweni

Kubantu abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni abasingatha amatyala alwela amalungelo abantu, kufuneka ezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Cwangcisa izicelo zesiqinisekiso: Hlola ukuba ngaba inkxaso ye-affidavit imiselwe ngokunokwenzeka unobangela nokuba isiqinisekiso sikhetheke ngokwaneleyo.
  • Ukukhangela okungenasiqinisekiso: Yazi ukuba nayiphi na into enxaxhileyo iyasebenza kwaye iphikisane nesizathu sokuba ingafanelani nezibakala.
  • Uxwebhu lwetyala: nokuba isiqinisekiso sifanelekile, ukuphatha ubungqina kungakhuphiswana.
  • Ingcali yeNkcubeko ingqina: Abaphengululi boMphetho-mda wesine okanye ababesakuba ngabanyanzelisi bomthetho banganika ubungqina ngobusengqiqweni bophendlo.
  • Iintshukumo zonyanzelo lwefayile kwangoko: Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho eyandulela okanye eyongezelelweyo yempahla zamakhaya, unyanzelo lwangaphambili lungabumba yonke intelekelelo yetyala.

Ukuguquka Kwezinto Eziyimfuneko Eziyimbali

Ukuqonda ummandla wangoku kufuna ujongo olufutshane kwindlela ezithe zavela ngayo iimfuno zogunyaziso. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wawufuna imvume jikelele yokuphengulula, kodwa yayingoosomasomashishini baseMelika abanyanzela ukuba bachaze intelekiso. Ulungiso lwesine lwaba yimpendulo engqalileyo “iimfuno zoncedo.” Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yafaka uHlaziyo lweSine ngokuchasene noMphengululo weMdabi ([FLT: 0]]] Walf v. Coloradow, [[FLT:]], [FLT]]

Kwimeko yamalungelo abantu, ukwanda kweNkundla yaseWarren kumthetho osusiweyo kunye nophuhliso lonyango phantsi kweCandelo lowe1934 kwanika abantu izixhobo ezinamandla zokuvavanya ukuphendla okungekho mthethweni. Kamva iiNkundla, kuquka iRehnquisst kunye ne Roberts Courts, ziye zayila umthetho wokuzikhulula osusiweyo kwimiba ethile (umz., United States v. Leon, 1984, ziseka isiseko sokholo olulungileyo). Ukanti imfuneko ihlala ingumbombo wesiHlaziselo sesine.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezicacileyo azingobuchule bobungcali bolwazi; zilukhuselo olusisiseko lwenkululeko, ingakumbi kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu. Zimisela indlela obunokuqokelelwa ngayo ubungqina, obuthi bungakholeleki, yaye ekugqibeleni nokuba ngaba kulungiselelwe okusesikweni. Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, ukuqonda umahluko wezimfuneko zokugunyaziswa komthetho kusenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwengxelo ephumelelayo nemeko egxothiweyo. Kumthetho kunye noogxamesi bezomthetho, ukuthobela ezi mfuneko kuyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukuthemba nokulondoloza amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko.

Njengokuba ubugcisa busiya bukhula kunye nemibandela yangasese emitsha, imfuneko yogunyaziso iza kuqhubekeka iguquka. Imeko ezifana ne Ikharbite kunye ne [FLT] Riley[ ibonisa ukuba ijudicary ikulungele ukutshintsha imigaqo yeSine sokuHlazisela kwizinto zangoku. I-Attorney ekwaziyo ezi mfundiso izakuba nezixhobo ezingcono ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba imbutho yobungqina ihlala isebenza kwaye isemthethweni.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i Cornell Information yeCalment Institute yoshwankathelo lweSine , i- izibonelelo zokukhangela nokuxhwithwa , kunye ne-[FLT]U.S. izibonelelo zezemfundo kwiSine Amendment.