Table of Contents
Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente namalungelo abantu lumele enye yezona nkalo zisisiseko zebutho ledemokhrasi. Olu tshintsho luntsonkothileyo noluchaphazelayo luzitshintsha ngendlela abantu abayifumana ngayo inkululeko, ukulingana, nokusesikweni kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo oluzingisayo lwabahlali ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulondolozeni ezi nkululeko zibalulekileyo kubo nezizukulwana zexesha elizayo.
Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?
Amalungelo amakhaya yinkululeko nenkuselo esisiseko eqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zobuqu ezifana nohlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubudala okanye ukukhubazeka. La malungelo abumba isiseko sebutho elinobulungisa, eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle ngaphandle kokucalucalulwa okanye ukuphathwa ngokungafaniyo.
Ingcamango yamalungelo abantu idlulela ngaphaya kokhuseleko olusemthethweni, iquka amandla asebenzisekayo abantu okufumana imfundo, umsebenzi, izindlu, iindawo zokuhlala, neenkonzo zikarhulumente ngendlela efanayo. Xa amalungelo oluntu ekhuselwa, ibutho labantu liyangenelwa ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo nangeminikelo yabo bonke abasemalungwini. Xa bephulwa, bonke abantu bayakhutshwa, bakhutshwe, bahlaliswe, bangabi nalucalucalu-calulo, kunye nokungalingani kwemigaqo.
Amalungelo amakhaya awahlukanga kwinkululeko yabemi, nangona amagama adla ngokusetyenziswa ngokufanayo. Inkululeko yabemi ibhekisela kwinkululeko ekhuselwe ekungeneleni korhulumente, njengenkululeko yokuthetha okanye yonqulo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amalungelo abemi abandakanya imbopheleleko karhulumente yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokuthintelwa kocalucalulo ngabadlali bakawonke-wonke nangamalungu obuqu.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko saMalungelo aBami
UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela isiseko sokukhusela amalungelo abantu, nangona ezi nkuselo ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokutshintshwa nokucaciswa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.
Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nokhuseleko Lwangaphambili
UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1788, wawunemiqathango elinganiselweyo yamalungelo abantu. IBhili yamaLungelo, equka izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi ezamkelwa ngowe-1791, zasekwa iinkululeko ezibalulekileyo eziquka ukuthetha, unqulo, indibano, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Noko ke, ezi nkxaso ekuqaleni zasetyenziswa kuphela kwizenzo zikarhulumente wesizwe yaye azizange zicombulule iintlobo ezininzi zocalucalulo, ingakumbi ulungiselelo lobukhoboka.
Ukuhlaziywa Kolwakhiwo
Inkqubela ebalaseleyo yomgaqo-siseko yamalungelo abantu yabakho emva kokwamkelwa kweMfazwe yamakhaya kunye nolwamkelo lwezindululo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo. IsiHlanzi seSindululo seshumi elinesithathu sabuphelisa ubukhoboka kulo lonke elaseUnited States. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine, owagunyaziswa ngowe-1868, wanika bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abasunguliweyo eUnited States urhulumente ekwalelwe ukuba bangamkhanyeli nabani na onokukhuselwa imithetho okanye ahluthe nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.
UHlaliso lweshumi elinesihlanu, olwavunywa ngowe - 1870, lwanika amadoda aseMerika aseAfrika ilungelo lokuvota ngokuwathintela ukukhanyelwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili. Oku kutshintshwa ngokusisiseko kwaguqula umgaqo-siseko kwaye kwalungiselela isiseko esisemthethweni sokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu kwixesha elizayo, nangona isithembiso sawo sasiya kuthabatha amashumi eminyaka ukuzalisekiswa ngokupheleleyo.
Indima karhulumente woManyano ekuKhuseleni amalungelo asekuhlaleni
Urhulumente wesizwe unembopheleleko eyintloko yokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngamasebe namasebe amaninzi, ngalinye lisenza iindima zalo ezahlukeneyo kodwa ezixhasanayo.
Iimbopheleleko zesebe ezingokwasemthethweni
IBhunga limisela umthetho wamalungelo abantu oguqulela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwimigaqo ethile esemthethweni. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iBhunga liye labeka imithetho ephawula amalungelo abantu ngexesha lenguqulelo yoluntu kunye neyopolitiko. Le mithetho imisela iindlela zokungavumelani nocalucalulo, idala iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, kwaye igunyazisa amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukuba ahlole ukwaphulwa nokufuna amayeza.
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yemithetho yamalungelo abantu idla ngokubandakanya iingxoxo ezinzulu, ulalaniso lwezobupolitika, kunye nokulawulwa okuqhubekayo yimibutho yamalungelo abantu kunye namaqela achaphazelekayo. INgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela yaMazwe yaMazwe nawabantu, umbutho wamalungelo esizwe angaphezu kwama-4040, usebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni anezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze abantu bafumane ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo abafaneleyo, imfundo engenakhethe, ukukhuselwa ngokwasemsebenzini, namanye amalungelo ajongelwa phantsi kwamalungelo abantu.
Ukhuthuzo lwesebe elilawulayo
UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1957 wadala i-Ofisi yoMncedisi we-Attorney yoLuntu lwangaphakathi. ISivumelwano saMalungelo esiSigxina sasekwa ngoDisemba 9, 1957, ngomyalelo kaNjengele weAttorney William P. Rogers. Oku kwaphawula inyathelo elibalulekileyo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu.
Ukugqitha koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946 kaNovil Amalungelo Oluntu lwandisa igunya lokwahlula-hlula iCandelo loMsebenzi ukuya kuthintela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo zokuhlala, umsebenzi, nezikolo. Namhlanje, iCandelo linyanzelisa imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu kwaye lisebenza ukukhusela abantu ababuthathaka ekucalucalucalulweni nasebundlobokeni.
Amasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni agcina iiOfisi zaMalungelo e-Civil (OCR) ezinyanzelisa imithetho elwa nocalucalulo ngaphakathi kwabo. Ngaphaya koko, kwiiofisi, kwii-ofisi zamalungelo abantu (OCR) ukuze abamkela uncedo lwemali bathobele imithetho yemali ethintela ucalucalulo ekusebenzeni nasekudluliseni iinkonzo okanye iingenelo ezisekelwe kwibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, unqulo, ubudala, kunye nesiphene.
IKhomishini ye-Aumeltholty Opportunity Commission (EOC) idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumalungelo oluntu emsebenzini. IKhomishini ye-U.S. Elinganisa I-Octive Opportunity Commission (EOC) yasekwa nguMthendeleko waMalungelo oMsebenzi oMkhulu woMsebenzi oPhawulwano we-1964 wokuphendula ngokungqalileyo kwizicelo zobulungisa bobuhlanga nobezoqoqosho kuMatshi okwimbali eWashington kwiNgxelo yeJobs and Freedomment. Isebe liphanda izikhalazo zocalucalucalucalulo, iingxoxo zoondaba zoluvo-ndaba, kunye neemeko ze-liverhentellicesss mentstion, kunye ne-liventineances proces amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani azimeleyo eencwadi karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente ka-wonke.
Ukucaciswa kwesebe eligwebayo
Iinkundla zoManyano, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ichaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu kunye namalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko, imisela imizekelo emisela ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kwizizukulwana. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zahambela phambili yaye, ngamanye amaxesha, zithintele amalungelo abantu ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. Ijaji yejaji isebenza njengengqwalasela kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho nezezikhundla eziphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente zivumelana neemfunomgano-siseko.
Iinkundla zikwanikela ingxubusho apho abantu nemibutho inokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokufuna unyango lokuphelisa ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokusetyenziswa kweli tyala, abameli baye bafumana iimpumelelo eziphawulekayo ezaguqula ibutho labantu baseMerika, ukusuka ekupheliseni ucalucalulo lwesikolo ukusa ekulondolozeni ukulingana komtshato.
Ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye noHlomelo
IKhomishini eLawula amalungelo e-Rondes eUnited States imiselwe ukukhupha iingxelo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ngoSeptemba 2024, ithetha ngeembambano ezichaphazelekayo ezinxulumene namalungelo abantu neenkqubo zikarhulumente. Eli sebe lizimeleyo, elizimeleyo, elinobubhirti lijonge ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, lenze uphando, lize lincomela iNkokeli kunye noMongameli kwimibandela yamalungelo abantu.
IKhomishini ibamba amatyala kawonke-wonke, ihlolisisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ize ivelise iingxelo ezinika ingxubusho-nkqubo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Umthetho owiswe ngeemfanelo zamalungelo abantu elizwe Ukutyhubela imbali
Ukuqonda indaleko yamalungelo abantu kufuna ukuba kuhlolisiswe iziganeko eziphambili eziye zaguqula ibutho labantu baseMerika.
Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Yamandulo Nemilinganiselo Yawo
UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wangowe-1866 wamela imigudu yokuqala karhulumente yokuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho kubo bonke abantu abahlala kwilizwe lase-United States. Lo mthetho, wadlula kamsinya emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, wazama ukukhusela amalungelo amakhoboka asandul'ukukhululwa. Noko ke, ukunyanzeliswa kwawo kwangqineka kunzima ukumelana nokuxhathisa okugqugqisiweyo.
UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1875 wahambela phambili, uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bamkelekile kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuba lolunye uhlanga. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa lo mthetho ungekho mthethweni ngo-1883, ifumanise ukuba ukuLandlwa kweZiko leshumi elinesine kwanika iBhunga igunya lokulawula indlela yokuziphatha yesizwe, kungekhona izenzo zabantu ngabanye. Esi sigqibo sabeka imiqathango engqongqo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu karhulumente kangangamashumi eminyaka.
UMthetho ka-1953 Wamalungelo Abantu
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-80 kungekho mthetho ubalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu, iBhunga lawisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu, nangona wawulinganiselwe, lo mthetho wamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo ngokumisela iCuvil Rights Division phakathi kweSebe leSigwebo neKhomishoni yaseMelika engokwamalungelo abantu. Yayigxininisa ngokuyintloko ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota, nangona iinkqubo zalo zokunyanzelisa zazibonakala zibuthathaka ngokwentelekiso.
UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Onyaka ka-1964: Impembelelo Egatyiweyo
ICivil Rights Act ka-1964 ingumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho wemisebenzi eUnited States olwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisizwe, kwibala, kunqulo, kwisini, nakwimvelaphi yesizwe.
Umthetho wamiselwa nguMongameli John F. Kennedy ngoJuni 1963, kodwa wachaswa ngunozala kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Emva kokuba uKennedy ebulewe ngoNovemba 22, 1963, uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson watyhalela phambili lo mthetho. Ukhokelo lukaJohnson lwangqineka lubalulekile ekulweni nenkcaso ekrakra.
Ingxoxo ende eqhubekayo kwimbali yeBhunga yenzeka ngo1964 kuMthetho wamaLungelo kaNondyebo. Abaququzeleli baseMazantsi banyusa i-monibuster ezimiseleyo ehlala iintsuku ezingama-72, bezama ukuthintela umthetho. NgoJuni 10, umbutho wamaRiphabliki angama-7 kunye no-444 Democrates waphelisa iNdlu yeNtlanga evote 71 ukuya kuma-29 ekwakunokuhlalwa kwengxoxo ebhekele phaya. Oku kwaphawula ixesha lokuqala kwimbali yayo apho i-State ivote iphele ingxoxo engoluni ethetha ngamalungelo abantu.
Emva kokuba iNdlu ivumile ukuba kulungiswe iNdlu yamaCandelo eyalandelayo, uMthendeleko wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 watyikityelwa umthetho nguMongameli Johnson kwiNdlu yabamhlophe ngoJulayi 2, 1964. Isicatshulwa somthetho sasimele ixesha lokuguqula imbali yaseMelika, ngokusisiseko siguqula ucalucalulo.
ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965
Ukwakhiwa kwempembelelo yoMthetho ka-1964, iKhomishini yawisa umthetho we-Voing Rights Act ka-665, owanika iinkqubo ezinamandla zokunyanzelisa ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota. Lo mthetho wawungaluvumeli ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni kwaye ugunyaziswe ulawulo lwamagunya onyulo kunye nembali yocalulo. Lo Mthendeleko wangqineka uphumelela ngokuphawulekayo ekunyulweni komvoti nasekuthatheleni inxaxheba phakathi kwama-Afrika namanye amaqela amancinane.
Noko ke, ukukhusela komthetho kuye kwajamelana neengxaki kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngo-2013, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaphelisa ilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamaLungelo, isusa iimfuno ezicwangcisiweyo zolawulo oluthile. Esi sigqibo sadala iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekuvelela uqheliselo lonyulo.
ISebe leMicimbi yeMidlalo
IFair Howard Act, edluliselwe emva kokubulawa kukaGqr. Martin Luther King Jr., yalela ucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kwizindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Kamva izivumelwano ezandisiweyo zokukhusela eziquka isini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nemeko yobugorha. Lo mthetho wawuthetha ngenye yezona ndlela zingapheliyo zocalucalulo, nangona izindlu ezizimeleyo kunye nokufikelela okungalinganiyo kusekho kusekho ucelomngeni olukhulu kumashumi eminyaka kamva.
AmaMerika Anokuthabatha Isiphene Ngo - 1990
AmaMerika anoBukhubazeko amele ukwanda okukhulu kokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu abaneziphene. Umthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi, nakunxibelelwano ngetelefoni. Lufuna indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala kubantu abaneziphene kwaye luye lwaguqula ukufumaneka kwabantu baseMerika, nangona ukusetyenziswa nokugcinwa komthetho kuqhubeka kuzenzekela.
Inkqubela yoMthetho yakutshanje
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uphendula imingeni ekhoyo kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela abantu abacinga ngayo. Imithetho yakutshanje iye yathetha ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, ukurhwebelana kwabantu, nocalucalulo olusekelwe kwisimilo sesini nakwisini. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ihlala inempikiswano eqhubekayo ngomgangatho wokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo.
IQumrhu Lamalungelo Asekuhlaleni: Iinguqulelo Ezimanyumnyezi Ezezomthetho Nezentlalo
Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, umbutho welizwe lonke wamalungelo alinganayo kubemi baseAfrika baseMerika kunye nokupheliswa kokwahlukaniswa kweentlanga nokucalucalulwa kwavela kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Lo mbutho wathabatha iindlela ezininzi, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba bawo basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukwenza iimfuno zabo zivakalelwe, kuquka ukuhlaliswa, ukuqhankqalaza, ukuhanjwa, inkululeko, nokukhuthaza amagosa karhulumente ukuba enze umsebenzi womthetho.
Ibhodi yemfundo neSikolo
Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1954 kwiBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yavakalisa ukwahlukana kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle komthetho, ibhukuqa imfundiso "yahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyasekwa kwiPlesty v. Ferguson (1896). Esi sigqibo sophawu-mbali sanika isiseko esisemthethweni sokuvavanya ulwahlulo olulucelomngeni kwibutho lamaMerika, nangona ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kujongene nenkcaso enkulu kumazwe amaninzi.
Esi sigqibo sabonisa indlela ukubekwa kwetyala okunokuphumelela ngayo uloyiso lwamalungelo abantu xa kusenziwa imithetho-siseko kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka. INaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ekhokelwa nguThurfaup Marshall, yachitha amashumi eminyaka ilwakha ityala elichasene nokuhlalisana kwemihlathi, ekugqibeleni ifikelela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eyaguqula imfundo yaseMerika.
IMontgomery Bus Boycott noLalvey
IMontgomery Bus Boycott yonyaka wewaka linamakhulu amahlanu anesihlanu, yavuswa kukwala kukaRosa Park ukunikezela ngesihlalo sakhe kubakhweli abamhlophe, yabonisa amandla okuzilungiselela, okuchasa okungenabundlobongela. Unyaka weminyaka elishumi, ukhokelwa nguGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. kunye nabaxhasi basekuhlaleni, baphumelela ukucell ’ umngeni ityala kwizithuthi zikawonke wonke kwaye baseka imodeli yephulo lamalungelo abantu.
ICwangciso-qhinga labonisa indlela abemi abaqhelekileyo, ngezenzo ezidibeneyo nangengcinezelo yezoqoqosho, ababenokunyanzela ngayo ukutshintsha kwentlalo kunye nomthetho. Kwaye kwaphakamisa uGqr. King ukuba abe ngooyena mntu ubalaseleyo kwisizwe saza samisela isenzo esingqalileyo esingenabundlobongela njengecebo elingundoqo lombutho wamalungelo abantu.
Ikhaya
Ukususela ngo1960, abafundi abahlala kwivenkile zokutyela isidlo sasemini ezithe gqolo basasazeke kulo Mzantsi, belucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke. Le mibhiyozo yoxolo, ngokufuthi yayidibana nogonyamelo nokubanjwa, yatsalela ingqalelo yesizwe ekungabini nabulungisa kokukhetha amashishini kunye noorhulumente abanyanzelisayo ukuba batshintshe izenzo zokuphatha ityala.
IFreedom Rides yacel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo kwizithuthi ezihamba phakathi kwelizwe. Amaqela abakhweli abahlali abahamba eMzantsi kwiibhasi, bephula ngabom imithetho yokwahlula imimandla yaye bejamelene nohlaselo logonyamelo. Ezi zinto zanyanzelisa ungenelelo lukarhulumente lwaza zabonisa inkalipho efunekayo ukuvavanya ucalucalulo oluqile.
UMatshi EWashington
NgoMatshi ka1963 eWashington weMisebenzi neNkululeko yazisa abantu abangaphezu kwama-250,000 kwikomkhulu lesizwe komnye wemiboniso yezopolitiko emikhulu kwimbali yaseMerika. Uhambo lwafuna umthetho wamalungelo asekuhlaleni opheleleyo, ukupheliswa kocalulo kwimisebenzi nakumakhaya, nokugwetywa kwezoqoqosho kumaMerika aseAfrika.
UGqr. kaKing’s "Ndinephupha" intetho kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln yaba lelona xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yamaMelika, libonisa umbono wokulingana kwesizwe nokusesikweni okuqhubeka kukhuthaza amalungelo asekuhlaleni. Uhambo lwabonisa inkxaso ebanzi yomthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye noxinzelelo olwandisiweyo kwiBhungane noMongameli Kennedy ukuba athathe amanyathelo.
Selma Namalungelo Okuhlaziya Imali
NgoMatshi 7, 1965, uhambo lwamalungelo abantu eSelma, eAlabama, olwalukhokelwa yinkokeli yomkhosi wama-25 eminyaka ephambili uJohn Lewis, yahlaselwa ngamajoni kunye namagosa amajoni angoorhulumente njengoko abahambi bezama ukunqumla iEdmund Pettus Bridge yesixeko. Ugonyamelo olunenkohlakalo, olusasazwa kumabonwakude wesizwe, lothusa ilizwe nenkxaso yamalungelo okuvota.
Uhambo lukaSelma lwabonisa ukuba kwakusetyenziswa ugonyamelo ekuthinteleni amalungelo okuvota eAfrika nokuzimisela kwabaxhasi bonqulo ukukhusela loo malungelo.
Impembelelo Ebanzi Nelifa
Ekupheleni koo-1960, umbutho wamalungelo abantu wazisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kumthetho nakuqheliselo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye wafumana ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwamalungelo nenkululeko kubemi baseAfrika abaza kubumba ubomi baseMerika kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ubuchule kunye nempumelelo yombutho wakhuthaza amanye amaqela, iLGBTQ, abantu abaneziphene, kunye nezinye iindawo eziphantsi kwezasekuhlaleni, ukulungiselela amalungelo abo oluntu.
Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu, ukugqalwa njengoosomashishini, ukuchasa okungenabundlobongela, nokulungelelaniswa kwezobupolitika kunokuyoyisa kwanenkqubo enzulu yocalucalulo.
Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Abemi
Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ephawulekayo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu okuqhubekayo kusejamelene nocelomngeni olufuna ukuba uhlale uphaphile yaye ukhuthale.
Inkxaso-mali kunye noqeqesho lwezibonelelo
Ngexesha esibone ngalo izikhalazo ezinyukayo zocalulo kwimfundo, ukuhlaselwa kwe-profile ephezulu ngamathuba alinganayo, kunye nolibaziseko kwisigqibo esikhoyo, iSebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yaMali yoLuntu kufuneka lixhase kakhulu ukufezekisa iimbopheleleko zalo. Imali enganele ithintela amandla amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu okuphanda izikhalazo, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, nokunika uncedo kumaxhoba ocalucalulo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yoqingqo-mali ichaphazela imibutho emininzi ejongene nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abantu abasebenzayo bafanelwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente anokulwandisa ubuncwane obufunekayo ukunyanzelisa umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo ethu oluntu emsebenzini. Ngaphandle koovimba abaneleyo, kwanemithetho engqongqo yamalungelo abantu isenokungabi nazinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezisebenzayo.
Ukuthiya Ulwaphulo - mthetho Nogonyamelo Oluneengcwangu
INkonzo ye-DOJ Community Relations Isebenza ukucombulula uxinezeleko olunxulumene nocalulo, ukudubula kwamapolisa nezinye iziganeko eziphezulu, kunye nokuxhasa iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni kwimigudu yokuthintela nokuphucula indlela yokusabela kulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo. Ngexesha xa kuxelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo luphezulu kakhulu, kuyinto enzima ukuba iCRS ixhaswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo olujongene nohlanga, unqulo, ubuhlanga, imbonakalo yesini, ubuni okanye ukukhubazeka luhlala luyingxaki eqhubekayo. Olu lwaphulo-mthetho alwenzi amaxhoba kuphela kodwa lukwaphazamisa bonke abantu kwaye lubangela ukonakalisa umanyano lwentlalo. Ukuthintelwa nokusabela okunempumelelo kufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwemibutho yesizwe, urhulumente, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye nokugcinwa koluntu.
Ubuxhakaxhaka namalungelo asekuhlaleni
Ingxelo yesibini, "IiNkxaso zaMalungelo oMsebenzi woBuchwephesha BobuChwephesha Bezibonelelo," yahlola inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kobuChwephesha bobuChwephesha obuPhakathiswayo noMasipala (FRT). Yahlolisisa indlela iFRT esetyenziswa ngayo ngoku kwaye inika ingcebiso ngemimiselo kunye nezenzo ezingcono zokucombulula le ngxaki.
Ubugcisa obuququzelelayo bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwamalungelo abantu. Ubuchule bokwenziwa, ulwaluko lobuso, ukwenza izigqibo zemithetho-siseko, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kusenokukhuthaza okanye kwandise ikhethe elikhoyo kunye nocalucalulo.
Ucalucalulo Emsebenzini
Ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu emsebenzini luxanduva olwabelweneyo olungaphaya kwe-EEOC. Umzekelo, iSebe leJaji leSigwebo, iPhondo leSebe leMisebenzi, iFoir Acces (FEPAs), i-Fomaties, i-Oficial Astion Relority Office (TEROs), kunye nebhari yabucala yonke idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni nasekucombululeni ucalucalucalulo lwemisebenzi.
Phezu kwayo nje imithetho yamalungelo abantu, ucalucalulo lwasemsebenzini luyaqhubeka ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuqeshwa nokunyuselwa kwemisebenzi, ukuhlawulwa, ukukhathazwa nokuziphindezela kwabasebenzi abanikela ingxelo yocalucalulo.
Ukubeka iliso kumalungelo kunye nokufumaneka
Amalungelo afuna ukunconywa ahlala ephikiswa, ngempikiswano eqhubekayo malunga neemfuno zomvoti, ukufumaneka kwasekuqaleni kovota, ukuvota, indawo yokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi amanyathelo athile ayimfuneko ukukhusela ubuqhophololo, ngoxa amanye exanduva ukuba athwele umthwalo wabavoti abambalwa kwaye enza iindlela zokucinezela abavotiyo bale mihla.
Ukudodobala koMthetho wamaLungelo oLawulwe emva kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2013 kuye kwaziqinisa ezi mpikiswano. Abameli bayaqhubeka benyanzela ukuba umthetho karhulumente ubuyiselwe uze uqinise ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ngoxa abachasi bephikisana ngokulawulwa ngurhulumente kwiinkqubo zonyulo.
Okusesikweni Nezenzo Zezaphuli - mthetho
Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kumsebenzi wamapolisa, ukutshutshiswa, ukugwetywa nokuvalelwa kumela inkxalabo eqhubekayo yamalungelo abantu. Iziganeko eziphezulu zogonyamelo lwamapolisa kubantu abanombala ziye zabangela ukuba amazwe afune ityala notshintsho. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ngokukhusela amagosa amapolisa, ukusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yamapolisa, imizekelo yamapolisa, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa kunokubanjwa.
Imigudu yotshintsho izama ukulungelelanisa imicimbi yokhuseleko loluntu nokukhusela amalungelo abantu, ithetha ngemibandela yenkqubo ngoxa iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abakwinkqubo yobulungisa yobulungisa baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo.
Amalungelo e-LGBTQ
Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ebalulekileyo kumalungelo eLGBTQ, kuquka ukulingana komtshato, imingeni emininzi isekho. ucalucalulo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwizindlu, kwimimandla emininzi, nakwimicimbi yempilo. Abantu abachaphazelekayo bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo ngokuphathelele ukugqalwa ngokusemthethweni, ukufikelela kwimpilo efanelekileyo, nokukhuselwa kucalucalulo nogonyamelo.
Imithetho yamalungelo abantu itolikiwe ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nangokobufanasini, kodwa umthetho wesizwe obanzi othetha ngokukhethekileyo nocalucalulo lwe-LGBTQ awukhange umiselwe. Urhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni yahluka-hlukene kakhulu, idala umsebenzi wokukhusela owenziweyo kulo lonke eli lizwe.
Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
Ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lokuhlalisana kuphakamisa inkxalabo ephawulekayo yamalungelo abantu, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwendlela yokukhusela intlalo, ukuvalelwa, ukwahlukana kwentsapho. Ukulungelelaniswa kokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kuselucelomngeni olunempikiswano, ngokugxininisa amalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe neembacu ngoxa abanye bebeka phambili ukhuseleko lomda kunye nolawulo lokufuduka.
Indlela Abemi Abanokuwakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Abemi
Abemi ngabanye banendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zoganano nokunyuswa.
Ukuhlala Usazi Ngamalungelo Nemithetho
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asekuhlaleni linyathelo lokuqala lokuwakhusela. Oku kuquka ukwazi imithetho elwalela ucalucalulo kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, into ebangela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nendlela yokunyanga ezikhoyo xa amalungelo ephulwa. Iincwadi ezininzi zinikela inkcazelo ngamalungelo abantu, kuquka iiwebhusayithi zikarhulumente, ii-website zamalungelo abantu neenkonzo zoncedo olusemthethweni.
Ukuhlala unolwazi kwakhona kuthetha ukulandela iziganeko zangoku neengxoxo zenkqubo ezinxulumene namalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda imithetho ecetyiweyo, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nezenzo zonyanzelo lokusebenza koluntu kunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi baze bawamele ngokunempumelelo amalungelo abo namalungelo abanye.
Ukuzibandakanya Kwezobupolitika Nezorhwebo
Ukuthunga-mali kumela enye yezona ndlela zisisiseko abemi abanokuphembelela ngazo inkqubo yamalungelo abantu. Amagosa angoorhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namazwe asekuhlaleni enza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukugcinwa kwezinto eziza kuqala, kunye nokuxhaswa kwemali yamasebe alwela amalungelo abantu. Ukuphanda ngokweemeko zamalungelo abantu nokuvota kunceda amagosa anyuliweyo abonise amaxabiso oonontlalo.
Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika akupheleli ekuvotelweni ukuba kuquka ukuqhagamshelana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, ukuba nenxaxheba ekugqabazeni ekuhleni ngamaxesha emigaqo ecetyiswayo, nokuxhasa abo babeka amalungelo asekuhlaleni kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuqokelelwa kwezobupolitika kuye kwafuneka ukuze kuphunyezwe amalungelo abantu.
Ukunikela Ubungqina Bekhethe Nokufuna Amanyathelo Asemthethweni
Xa kusenzeka ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuwaxela kumagunya afanelekileyo kubalulekile kugwebo lomntu ngamnye nakumgudu wokunyanzelisa. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zocalulo kufuneka zixelwe kumaqumrhu awahlukeneyo. Izikhalazo zocalulo ngomsebenzi zingabekwa kwi-EEOC okanye kumasebe afanelekileyo emisebenzi. Ukucalucalulwa kwezendlu kunokuxelwa kwiSebe leHouse and Urban Development. Izikhalazo zemfundo ziya kwiSebe leHofisi yemfundo yaMasipala.
Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu iquka ukumiswa kwexesha elingqongqo lokuzibekela izikhalazo ezingxamisekileyo, ukwenza inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu, namagqwetha obuqu anokunikela uncedo kwiinkqubo zokukhalaza nokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyango lwamalungelo abantu. Amanye amatyala anokuconjululwa ngoncedo okanye ngokuhlaziywa, ngoxa amanye esenokufuna ukuhlaziywa.
Ukuxhasa Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni
Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo ngokukhuselwa, ngokukhuselwa, ngokufundiswa, nangokulungiselelwa kwezemfundo. Le mibutho iquka amaqela esizwe anjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iZiko loMthetho wobuhlwempu baseMazantsi, kunye neLambda esemthethweni, kwakunye nemibutho emininzi yasekuhlaleni ethetha ngeembambano ezithile okanye enceda abantu abathile.
Iinzame ezininzi zokulwela amalungelo abantu ziye zabangelwa yimigudu eqhubekayo eyenziwa yimibutho ezinikeleyo eneminyaka emininzi isebenza ukuze itshintshe imithetho, imigaqo - siseko nesimilo sasekuhlaleni.
Ungafunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo oluntu ekugunyazisweni kwe- Ingqungquthela yamalungelo abantu nawabantu, elungelelanisa imigudu phakathi kwamakhulu emibutho esebenza kwiimbambano zamalungelo abantu.
Ukuququzelela Uluntu Neengcambu Zomthetho
Ukulungelelanisa nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa zasekuhlaleni kuye kwaqhubela phambili inkqubela emininzi yamalungelo abantu ukutyhubela imbali. Imigudu esekelwe kuluntu ingathetha ngekhethe lasekuhlaleni, yakhe imibutho eyahlukeneyo, ifundise amalungu oluntu ngamalungelo awo, kwaye inyanzelise amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba amkele ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.
Izenzo zobuGrassroot zithatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekulungiseni imibhiyozo nemiboniso yokuqhuba ihlomelo lokuvota, ukukhuthaza imimandla yoluntu, okanye ukuyila ii-intanethi zoncedo. Le migudu yakha amandla phakathi kwabantu kwaye yenza uxinzelelo lotshintsho lwenkqubo.
Ubuchule Emsebenzini
Abaqeshwa bangaxhasa amalungelo abantu kwiindawo zabo zemisebenzi ngokuxhasa iingcebiso ezahlukahlukeneyo nokufakwa kwemibutho, ukuxela ucalucalulo nokukhathazwa, ukuba nenxaxheba kumaqela abasebenzi oonoxanduva, kunye nokukhuthaza abaqeshi ukuba bamkele iinkqubo ezinamandla zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Abasebenzi bangayixhasa imigudu yokulungelelanisa, njengoko amaqumrhu embali ezenze iindima ezibalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo oluntu emsebenzini.
Ukusungula izithethe zemisebenzi kufuneka umgudu oqhubekayo ovela kwabasebenzi kuzo zonke iinkalo. Ukuthetha ngokuchasene namagqabaza okanye izenzo zocalucalulo, ukuxhasa abo usebenza nabo abajongene nocalulo, nokukhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, konke kunegalelo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu emsebenzini.
Imfundo nokulumkiswa
Ukufundisa abanye ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu kunceda ukwakha inkxaso ebanzi yokukhusela kunye notshintsho. Oku kunokubandakanya ukwabelana ngenkcazelo kwijelo leendaba, ukuba nencoko nabahlobo kunye nentsapho, ukulungiselela imicimbi yemfundo, okanye ukudibanisa imibandela yamalungelo abantu kwizicwangciso zobugcisa okanye zebutho labantu.
Ukulwa iimfundiso eziphosakeleyo nokungaqiniseki okubangela ucalucalulo kubalulekile. Ukunika inkcazelo echanileyo ngemithetho yamalungelo abantu, amava abantu abaphantsi, nokufuneka kwamalungelo abantu kunceda ekufumaneni ulwazi olungakumbi nokuthenjiswa kwabemi.
Ulwalamano lwenqanawa nolomeleleyo
Abantu abangachatshazelwanga ngqo ziintlobo ezithile zocalulo basenokusebenza njengeendima ezibalulekileyo njengenkxaso. Ukuncedisana ngokunempumelelo kubandakanya ukuphulaphula nokunyusa amazwi abantu abachaphazelekayo, besebenzisa ilungelo lokuxhasa utshintsho, bexhasa imigudu yokulwela amalungelo abantu, kwaye bekulungele ukubeka iliso kumalungelo abanye.
Ubuchule bufuna ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo, ukuzilungisa nokuziphendulela. Kuthetha ukuqaphela indlela eyahlukene ngayo iiyantlukwano eziphakathi kweecawa nokuxhasa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokuphandle kuwo onke amaqela aphantsi.
Imithombo yolwazi lwamalungelo oluntu noncedo
Imibutho emininzi nemaziko karhulumente anikela ubuncwane kubantu abafuna inkcazelo ngamalungelo abantu okanye uncedo ekumangaleleni ucalucalulo.
Oovimba borhulumente abaManyeneyo
ISebe leJaji eliLawula amalungelo e-Politiki linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu yorhulumente lize linike inkcazelo ngamalungelo abantu nendlela yokufaka izikhalazo. I-website yabo inikela ubuncwane obuninzi kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu. i-DOJ . . . .Civil Rights Divil Division[[FLT: 1] iphanda kwaye imangalele ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwimimandla emininzi.
IKhomishini ye-Auncility Opportunity Commission isingatha izikhalazo zocalucalulo emsebenzini kwaye inikela ukhokelo kumalungelo abantu emisebenzi. IKhomishini yaseUnited States engokwamalungelo abantu iqhuba uphando neengxelo ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu, inika abenzi benkqubo noluntu inkcazelo exabisekileyo.
Amaziko azimeleyo azimeleyo agcina iiOfisi zaMalungelo e-Civil ezijongene nocalucalulo kwiindawo zazo, kuquka imfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, izindlu, kunye nezothutho.
Imibutho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni
I-American Liberation Union (ACLU) isebenza kuludwe olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu kunye nemibandela yenkululeko yabemi ngokubekwa kwetyala, ukukhutshwa kwesizwe, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. INaACP Cap Legal Defense and Educational Fund igxininisa kubulungisa bobuhlanga ngokucalucalula nokungagunyazisi. Iziko loLuntu loLuntu lwaseMazantsi lilwa intiyo, ubuntamo - lukhuni, nocalucalucalucalulo, imfundo, kunye nemfundo.
ILambda esemthethweni exhasa amalungelo e-LGBTQ nabantu abahlala ne-HIV ngokusetyenziswa kwelitha kunye nomsebenzi wenkqubo. IZiko loLondolozo lwaMazwe Lomthetho ligxininisa kwimithetho yobudoda nakumalungelo amabhinqa. INgxowa-mali yamaLungelo eDisability Education kunye ne-Defection isebenza ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo abantu abaneziphene.
Imibutho idla ngokunikela uncedo olusemthethweni, izinto zokufundisa namathuba okubandakanyeka kumalungelo abantu.
Imeko kunye noovimba bobulali
Uninzi lwamazwe anamasebe alwela amalungelo abantu okanye iikhomishini enyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokungavumelani kwamalungelo abantu. La masebe asoloko enegunya elibanzi kunamaziko karhulumente, njengoko amazwe amaninzi elwalela iindlela ezongezelelekileyo zocalulo ngaphandle kwalawo aqulunqwe ngumthetho karhulumente. Amasebe aseburhulumenteni asenokuba nawo anemiqathango emifutshane yokugcina ixesha okanye iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunamaziko asekuhlaleni.
Izixeko ezininzi neeofisi ezilawula amalungelo abantu ziyakwazi ukusingatha izikhalazo, ukuphanda nokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Iinkonzo zoNcedo loMgaqo-siseko
Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela uncedo olusemthethweni ngokukhululekileyo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi abajamelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Le mibutho isingatha amatyala abandakanya ukucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, ucalulo, ukufikelela kwimfundo, neminye imicimbi yamalungelo abantu. Ngoxa iimfuno zidla ngokugqitha oovimba abakhoyo, uncedo olusemthethweni lunganikela uncedo olubalulekileyo kwabo bangenamali-mvume yabucala.
Iintlangano ezininzi zebhari zilungelelanisa iinkqubo zeprobo apho amagqwetha azimeleyo anikela uncedo lwawo kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu.
Ikamva Lamalungelo Abemi EMerika
Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente namalungelo abantu luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko ibutho labantu litshintsha kwaye kuvela iingxaki ezintsha. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kuyimfuneko kubo bonke abemi.
Iimbambano Neengxaki Ezilandelayo
Ubugcisa buza kuqhubeka bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwamalungelo abantu. Ubuchule bokwenza izinto, ubugcisa bokuhlola kunye neeplatfomu zamanani ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuzimela, ucalulo, nokufikelela ngendlela efanayo okuya kufuna imigaqo emitsha esemthethweni kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokusesikweni kwemekobume kuya kudibana namalungelo abantu, njengoko abantu abaphantsi besoloko bethwele imithwalo enzima kakhulu ngenxa yeengozi zemeko-bume neengxaki zemozulu. Ukulungisa le ngxaki kufuna ukugqalwa kokhuseleko lwemeko-bume njengenkxalabo yamalungelo abantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba intlalo-ntle iluncedo nemithwalo ekwimekobume.
Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nolwalamano lwayo namalungelo abantu kuya kuqwalaselwa kakhulu. Ngoxa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ilwalela ucalucalulo, ayithethi ngqo ngeembono eziphikisanayo ngokwezoqoqosho ezisoloko zinxulumene nobuhlanga, ubufanasini nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Iingxoxo ngolwalamano phakathi kobulungisa bezoqoqosho namalungelo abantu ziya kuqhubeka ziphuhlisa iinkqubo.
Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Uhlanga Oluqinileyo
Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abemi asikokuzitshabalalisa okanye ukuziphelisa okusisigxina. Kufuna ukuba bahlale bephaphile, benyanzelisa, benobuchule ukuze balondoloze kwaye bandise. Imbali ibonisa ukuba inkqubela-phambili yamalungelo abantu ingatshintshwa xa uluntu luthe lwaphelelwa okanye imicimbi yezobupolitika ithoba. Ukunyanzeliswa kwabemi, imibutho, kunye namaziko karhulumente kubalulekile ekukhuseleni nasekuqhubeleni phambili amalungelo abantu.
Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde sisebenzise imigaqo yamalungelo abantu size siyilungelelanise neengxaki zale mihla. Abantu abaselula banendima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni imibandela evelisa amalungelo abantu nasekufuneni utshintsho. Ukwakha imibutho edibanisa ukulwela amalungelo abantu ngokwembali nemigaqo yanamhlanje yomeleza imigudu yokulawula.
Ukwakha Ulawulo - melo Olupheleleyo
Ekugqibeleni, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu akunamdla ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni idemokhrasi epheleleyo. Xa bonke abantu benokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi boluntu ngaphandle kokucalucalulo okanye ukucalucalulwa, idemokhrasi iyaqina. Xa amalungelo abantu ephulwa okanye ekhuselwe ngokungafaniyo, amaziko edemokhrasi ayawohloka.
Indima karhulumente ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ibonisa imilinganiselo esisiseko ngokuphathelele isidima sabantu, ukulingana, nokusesikweni. Ngoxa imithetho namaziko enikela isiseko esibalulekileyo, amalungelo asekuhlaleni ekugqibeleni axhomekeke kwimbopheleleko yabemi yokuphakamisa le milinganiselo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla nokufuna ukuba urhulumente wabo enze okufanayo.
Isiphelo
Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente namalungelo abantu lumela ingxubusho eqhubekayo phakathi kwamandla nokusesikweni, phakathi kwemeko kunye nemfuno yokulingana. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, olu lwalamano luye lwabunjwa ngamalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko, amanyathelo owiso-mthetho, ukucaciswa kwemithetho, ukunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-siseko, kwaye ngokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwemigudu exhaphakileyo yabemi abaqhelekileyo efuna amalungelo abo.
Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunika abantu amandla okukhusela amalungelo abo nokuxhasa amalungelo abanye. Kubonisa indlela ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu oluhambele phambili ngayo nendlela oluye lwasebenza ngayo umgangatho wokulingana nokusesikweni kwabantu bonke. Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kwixesha elidluleyo kunika impembelelo nezifundo kubuchule bokulwa, ngoxa imingeni yangoku ifuna iindlela nezisombululo ezintsha.
Amalungelo oluntu asiyongcamango engokwasemthethweni kodwa aphila izinto ezichaphazela amava abantu emihla ngemihla kwimfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Xa amalungelo oluntu ekhuselwa, abantu banokusukela iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kokujongana nemiqobo esekelwe ekubeni bangubani. Xa amalungelo oluntu ephulwa, umonakalo udlulela ngaphaya kwamaxhoba abantu ngabanye nakuluntu lonke kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Urhulumente unembopheleleko eyintloko yokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngomthetho, ngokusebenza kwamapolisa, nangokutolika isigwebo. Noko ke, isenzo sorhulumente sodwa asinele. Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwembali kuye kwabangelwa yingcinezelo eqhubekayo yemibutho elungelelanisiweyo, imibutho yolawulo, kunye nezivumelwano zobugcisa babemi ezifuna utshintsho. Lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka namhlanje, njengoko iingxaki zamalungelo abantu zifuna ukuba kwenziwe urhulumente kunye neenkonzo zengca.
Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka lize kuvela ucalucalulo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kufuneka kuvumelane. Ubugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezinye iingxaki zanamhlanje zifuna ukucinga ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo kunye namathuba afanayo. Ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki kuza kufuna inkalipho, ukunyamezela nokuzibophelela kokusesikweni okuphawula imigaqo yamalungelo abantu yangaphambili.
Wonke umntu usengozini yokukhusela amalungelo abantu, enoba ulilungu leqela elijongene nocalucalulo okanye ngumntu ozimisele ukwakha ibutho elinobulungisa nelizimeleyo. Ngokuhlala esazi kakuhle, ngokuxhasa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, ngokuxhasa imibutho yamalungelo abantu, ngokunikela ingxelo yocalucalulo, nangokukhuthaza utshintsho, abantu banokuba negalelo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo abantu.
Ibali lamalungelo abantu eMelika alilolokuhambela phambili okuzinzileyo, okungenakuphepheka kodwa kunoko lineempumelelo eziqinileyo, ukubuyela emva, kunye nemilo ehlaziyiweyo. Libali elibhalwe ngabantu abaninzi abangavumiyo ukwamkela okungekho sikweni, abalungelelanisa, ababhikica, abavumi, nabaxhasa iinguqulelo. Eli bali liyaqhubeka namhlanje, kwaye umntu ngamnye unethuba lokunikela kwisahluko salo esilandelayo.
Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo abemi nendlela yokubandakanyeka kwimigudu yobugqwesi, tyelela i- Inkululeko yabemi baseMelika e-Union, enika ubuncwane obuninzi kwimicimbi yamalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye namathuba okwenza umsebenzi. [ U.S. Commission on Population Rights [ inika uphando olubalulekileyo kunye neengxelo zamalungelo abantu. Ngaphezu koko, iKomishini yezempatho [[FLT: 4,] eququlukileyo yomsebenzi [[FLT]] inika ulwazi olungqalileyo ngamalungelo oluntu emsebenzini nendlela yokukhetha iingxelo zezo zocalulo.
Ukuqonda indima karhulumente kumalungelo abantu kubalulekile ukuze abe ngummi onolwazi kunye nokuphumelela kokulawula. Ngokufunda ngembali yamalungelo abantu, iingxaki zangoku, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo, abantu banokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo kwaye baxhase amalungelo abanye. Umsebenzi wokwakha ibutho labantu apho bonke abantu benamalungelo alinganayo kunye namathuba angaze aphele.