Ukuqonda amatyala abemi: Isikhokelo esingekhoyo

Amatyala amakhaya asisiseko sesigqibo sempikiswano yabucala kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Bagubungela yonke into ukusuka kwisivumelwano sokwaphuka kwesivumelwano kunye neempikiswano zempahla ukuya kwiimeko zomntu ngamnye kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abandakanya urhulumente omangalela umntu ngetyala, amatyala amakhaya ziimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo `ingingqi, amashishini, okanye imibutho efuna imbuyekezo, ukwenza okuthile, okanye umyalelo wenkundla komnye (ummangalelwa). Ukuqonda inyathelo letyala (gxamentebyn) letyala lasekuhlaleni ligunyazisa amaqela ukuba enze izigqibo zolwazi, alawule izilangazelelo, alawule amatyala awo, kunye nomsebenzi ophumelelayo kunye namagqwetha abo.

Eli nqaku lichaza ukuwohloka okucacileyo koko kwenzeka kwityala loluntu, ukusuka ekugqityweni komthetho okokuqala. Iqonga ngalinye lichazwa ngokweenkcukacha, ngengqiqo nangeembekiselo ezizizo zoovimba abagunyazisiweyo.

Izikhumbuzo: Ngaphambi Kokuba Kufakwe Umthetho

Phambi kokugqiba ityala, umphengululi osenokuba ungummangaliso usoloko ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yangaphambili. Oku kungaquka ukuthumela ileta efuna uncedo, ukuzama ukunxibelelana, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba impikiswano ayinakuconjululwa ngezinye iindlela zempikiswano ezifana nokukhupha okanye ukuvala ityala. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba avumele ukumangalelwa. Ukuqonda iqonga le-prebsuait kunokuzigcina ixesha, imali, namandla angokweemvakalelo.

Kukwabalulekile ukugqiba ukuba ummiselo wesithintelo uphelelwe lixesha kusini na. Urhulumente ngamnye ucwangcisa ixesha lokugqiba isiqinisekiso soluntu.

Ukuze ufumane ingqikelelo enzulu yoqwalaselwa kwangaphambili, bona Cornell Law Law School’s Legal Information Institute (LII) ikhokela kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni.

Inyathelo 1: Ukuphelisa Izikhalazo

Ityala liqala xa ummangali-mthetho efaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo luxwebhu olusisiseko oluchaza izityholo zompolisa, izityholo ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nentelekelelo efunwayo. Kufuneka acetywe ngononophelo kuba luchaza umlinganiselo wetyala lonke.

Izigaba Zesikhalazo

Isikhalazo esicekeceke kakuhle siquka:

  • I- i- ifanisa inkundla, inani letyala (ukuba yabelwe), kunye namaqela (ingcaciso-zincwadi. ummangalelwa).
  • Juridiction and Venue: Amazwe abangela ukuba inkundla ibe negunya lokuva ityala (umz., ukwahluka-hluka kobumi, umbuzo wengingqi, okanye umlinganiselo wempikiswano) kwaye kutheni eli tyala ligcinwa kuloo ndawo ithe ngqo yomhlaba.
  • Inkcazo ezicacileyo: Yingxelo ecacileyo, ecacileyo, yolandelelwano lweziganeko ezakhokelela kwimpikiswano. Ezi zityholo mazichane ngokwaneleyo ukubeka ummangalelwa kwisaziso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo zemali (amanani): unobangela ngamnye wesenzo (umz., ukungakhathali, ulwaphuko lwesivumelwano, unyinyo-magama) ludweliswe ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye neziqalelo ezingokwasemthethweni eziceliwe.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthandazo wesiqabu: Uchaza oko umchasi ufuna khona/iziphumo ze-monetary, iimposiso ezikhutshiweyo, ugwebo lokukhupha isiphumlisi, okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo.

Abanye oovimba bakwadibanisa imiboniso okanye amaxwebhu axhasayo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sibekwe kumphathi-tyala kunye nomrhumo wemali ohlawulwayo. Kwinkundla karhulumente, izicelo zikhutshwa ngokungqinelana.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokuqokelela, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa uxelelwe ngokusemthethweni. Oku kubizwa ngokuba umncedisi wenkqubo. Inkonzo kufuneka yenziwe ngokwemithetho engqongqo: ngokudla ngokuhambisa ikopi yezimemo kunye nesikhalazo kumntu omangalelwayo, okanye ngeposi egunyazisiweyo (apho kuvunyelwe). Inkonzo efanelekileyo iyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba inkundla ifumane igunya lobuqu lommangalelwa. Ukuba inkonzo ipholile, ummangalelwa angathumela intsimbi kwinkonzo ye- shesh.

I-website ye- yase-U.S. inika iinkcukacha zemfuno yenkonzo kwiimeko zikarhulumente.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa unefestile elinganiselweyo, ngokudla ngokuba neentsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30 enkundleni karhulumente, namaxesha afanayo enkundleni yephondo-ukuphendula. Ummangalelwa angakhetha phakathi kweenketho ezininzi.

Iindlela Zokusabela

  • Impendulo: [ Ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye uyasikhaba ityala ngalinye kwisikhalazo. Ukuba akavunywanga, ummangaleli makabonise ukuba umangalelwe. Impendulo isenokuphakamisa ukhuseleko (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, ukungakhathali okunikelayo).
  • [[NTL:0] Ukurhoxa ukucinezela: Kuvavanya ukudityaniswa okusemthethweni kwesikhalazo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukunqongophala kwemithetho yesihloko, ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ityala, okanye indawo engafanelekanga. Ukuba ivunyiwe, ityala lingagxothwa ngeli okanye ngaphandle kocalucalulo (i.e, ngeli okanye ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuphinda libekho).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibala elikwindawo ebanzi: Ummangalelwa uqinisekisa izityholo zabo ngokuchasene nothengiselwano okanye ukwenzeka okufanayo. Ii-anticam (ezo zivela kwiseti enye yezibakala) kufuneka ziphakanyiswe okanye zikhutshwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Crossclaim: Ukuba kukho abamangalelwa abaninzi, omnye ummangalelwa angamangalelana ngomnikelo okanye ubusela.
  • Third-Party Councentt (INkulumbuso): Ummangalelwa uzisa kwiqela lesithathu elinokuba negunya kuzo zonke okanye inxalenye yentengo yomlobi.

Kwakhona indlela yokuphendula isenokuquka ukuphembelela into ethile, njengokuzama ukuchaza into ecacileyo okanye ukubetha into engancedi nto okanye ehlazisayo.

Inyathelo 3: Ubhaqo

Ukufumanisa kudla ngokuba yeyona nxalenye ininzi yexesha ngqa ikhoyo nexabiso elininzi. Yinkqubo yokuba abantu bobabini badlulisele ulwazi nobungqina phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Injongo kukuphelisa izinto ezimangalisayo, ukuxinanisa imibandela, nokuvumela icala ngalinye livavanye amandla nobuthathaka bemeko yabo.

Izixhobo Zokukhangela

Imithetho yoManyano lwaMasipala neMithetho emininzi karhulumente igunyazisa uninzi oluninzi lwezixhobo zokufumana:

  • [[NTLA:0] Indawo: Sworn, ngaphandle kwe-tourt bubungqina bobungqina okanye beqela, obuthatyathwa ngoxilongo lomlomo. I-Deposition zisongelwe kwaye zingasetyenziswa ekuvavanyeni ukunyanzelisa okanye njengobungqina ukuba ubungqina abufumaneki.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Imida yohlobo ivumela 25 uphendlo lweqela ngalinye (kuquka inxenye esezantsi). Iimpendulo zingasetyenziswa ukuchaza amangqina okanye amaxwebhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), okanye izinto ezibonakalayo. Le yindlela yokuqala yokufumana ii-accounts, ii-imeyili, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye nobunye ubungqina.
  • Izicelo ze-Adjuse: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye. Imicimbi evunyiweyo ithathwa njengemiselwe ngokupheleleyo ukuvavanya, ukugcina ixesha kunye nenkcitho.
  • [[UMTHLO] Uhlolo lwengqondo okanye lwengqondo: oluyalelwe yinkundla ngenxa yesizathu esihle xa imeko yelungu lomzimba okanye yengqondo iphikisana (umz., kwiimeko zokwenzakala komntu).

Ukufunyaniswa kwengxelo kuphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo yokulungelelana nobungakanani. Iinkundla zisoloko zilinganisela ukufunyanwa kwenkcazelo enxulumene nengxelo okanye ukhuseleko kunye nokungqinelana neemfuno zetyala. Iimpikiswano zokufumanisa izinto ziconjululwa yijaji, maxa wambi ngokuhamba ngendlela esesikweni ukunyanzela okanye ukulungiselela ukukhusela.

Ngempatho enegunya bona [[FLT: 0] isikhokelo seFederal Judication Center ekufunyanisweni .

I-Esachiscover

Uhlaziyo lwangoku lubandakanya umqulu omkhulu wolwazi olugcinwe ngomatshini (ESI), njenge email, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, isiseko sogcino-lwazi, kunye neengingqi zoluntu. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zigcine iESI ukusuka kumzuzu wokwenziwa lixa kulindelwe kakuhle. Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina iESI kungaphumela kwimiqathango enzima. Imithetho ye Compul Procedature (Kakhulu Umthetho 26 (f) ifuna ukudibana kwangethuba kufikelelwa kwe-esamanubre ukuxubusha ngogcino lwe-ESI kunye nemithetho esemthethweni yemveliso.

5. Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela asoloko efaka iifayile zentshukumo ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni okanye ukulahla yonke imeko. Ezimbini kwezona zibalulekileyo kwintshukumo zangaphambi koshicilelo yintshukumo yokuhamba kugwebo lwesishwankathelo kunye nokuhamba kwi limine.

Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Iqela lingathatha ugwebo olufutshane kuzo zonke okanye inxalenye yeentengiso. Le ntshukumo ichaza ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yenyaniso yezinto eziphathekayo nokuba iqela elifudukayo linelungelo lokugwetywa njengomcimbi womthetho. Inkundla ihlola ubungqina ngokukhanya obulungileyo kwiqela elingahambiyo. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba akukho bagwebi abafanelekileyo abanokugqiba ngokuxhasa iqela elingathanga zi-366, isigwebo esifutshane siyanikwa kwaye ukuvavanywa kupheliswa kuloo mba. Umgwebo omfutshane usetyenziswa kakhulu kwisivumelwano kunye namatyala omsebenzi.

Intshukumo kwi Limine

Intshukumo yelimine ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekuthethweni kwetyala. Umzekelo, iqela lingacela inkundla ukuba ingazifaki iifoto ezicalucalucayo, iintetho zolu hlebezo, okanye ubungqina bezenzo ezimbi zangaphambili. Umgwebi umisela imithetho kwezi ntshukumo ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ichaza ubungqina obuninzi.

Ezinye Intshukumo Zangaphambili

  • Intshukumo yokuzikhusela: Izicelo zokwahlula iimvavanyo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo (umz., ityala nomonakalo).
  • Intshukumo Yokuhlanjululwa: Funa isigwebo xa ufumanisa ukuba uxhatshaziwe okanye uziphatha kakubi.
  • Intshukumo Yomqokozo: Icela inkundla ukuba ithethe neqela elithile ukuba likhuphe iimpendulo zokufumanisa into.

6. Uzinzo kunye nenye iNxaxwaleko

Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya awaze aye equleni. Endaweni yoko, alungiswa ngokuhlaliswa okanye nge-ADR. Isigaba sokufunyanwa sisoloko sinika inkcazelo efunekayo kumacala omabini ukuvavanya ngokunyanisekileyo iindawo zawo. Ukuzinza kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha, nangona abachopheli-tyala bebhaxekile.

Isicwangciso

Ukulungisa kuyindlela engadibaniyo apho umntu wesithathu (umlamli) anceda amatheko athethe ngesigqibo. Umlamli akagqibi kodwa wenza kube lula ukunxibelelana kwaye ucebisa iziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuqulunqwa ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ushenxiso

Ukuhlanganisa kunganyanzelisi okanye kunganyanzelisi. Ekubopheni i-arbitration, isigqibo somququzeleli sisokugqibelela nokufaka isibheno (ngaphandle kweemeko ezilinganiselwe kakhulu). Izivumelwano ezininzi zifuna ukuvalwa njengendlela epheleleyo yokusombulula impikiswano.

Ukuba kufikelelwe indawo yokuhlalisana, amatheko asayine isivumelwano sokuphelisa ityala, yaye ummangali-mthetho uyavuma ukuligxotha ityala. Inkundla isenokugcina igunya lokunyanzelisa ukuba lihlaliswe.

7. Inyathelo 4: Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alizinzi kwaye aliphumi kwimiqathango yangaphambi kwe-685, liqhubekela phambili kwityala. Iityala zingaba kukuvavanywa kwebhentshi (phambi kwejaji kuphela) okanye ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likarhulumente liqinisekiswe kukuHlaliswa kweSigqibo seSesixhenxe soMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. kumatyala karhulumente abandakanya ii-R20, kodwa umgaqo-siseko omninzi unika amalungelo afanayo kwiingxelo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni.

Ukhetho

Ityala liqala ngokukhethwa kwejaji. Abagwebi namagqwetha babuza imibuzo yokutyhila ikhethe okanye ukungakwazi ukuba sesikweni. Icala ngalinye linokwenza ucelomngeni lokuzikhulula (ukukhupha ijaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu) kunye nocelomngeni lokwenza (ukuze kubangele ikhethe elithile).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Iqela ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuqala ebonisa ukuba buyintoni ubungqina obuza kubonisa. Isalathisi sihamba kuqala. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina qha, zibonisa ukuba limele libekho.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ummangaleli uchaza imeko yakhe kuqala, ebiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lifanele lihlolwe ngqo ngummangalelwa, linqamleze . Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, ummangalelwa angashukunyiselwa kwisigqibo esiyalelweyo (njengombandela womthetho) ukuba ummangali-mthetho akakhange angqine ityala le-prima facie.

Ukuba inyathelo likhatywa, ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina bazo. Ngoko ummangalelwa usenokunikela ubungqina obuphikisayo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, icala ngalinye lisenza impikiswano yokuqukumbela ubungqina lize liphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli betyala bafumane imbono yabo. Ummangalelwa udla ngokuqala, aze ummangalelwa, yaye ummangalelwa asenokufumana isiqinisekiso esifutshane.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala — umthetho ekufuneka usetyenziswe kwizibakala. Imiyalelo ichaza izinto zento nganye nento nganye ekhuselayo, umthwalo wobungqina (ngokuqhelekileyo “ukugxininisa kobungqina”), nendlela yokuvavanya ukuthembeka.

Isigqibo

Abachopheli bejaji barhoxa ngabom ngasese. Kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esingqinelanayo kumatyala karhulumente (ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngenye indlela). Imithetho karhulumente iyahluka; eminye iyavumela ukuba abantu abaninzi bagqibe izigqibo. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abanakuvuma, ityala liya kuqukwa, yaye ityala lisenokuphinda licinywe. Xa kufikelelwa isigqibo, sifundwa kwinkundla evulekileyo.

8. Inyathelo 5: Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nemeko linefestile emfutshane yokucel ’ umngeni imiphumo ngaphambi kokuba umgwebo ugqibe.

Intshukumo Eqhelekileyo Yasemva

  • Intshukumo evuselelweyo yomgwebo njengeManute yoMthetho (JMOL):[[[FL:1] icela inkundla ukuba isibhukuqe isigqibo sejaji kuba akukho bungqina bobulungisa obusemthethweni obuyixhasayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isicelo setyala elitsha elisekelwe kwiimpazamo zokuvavanya, kwihambo evaliweyo, kubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye umonakalo ogqithisileyo/olinganayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Motion ku-Alter okanye umgwebo oGciniweyo: Ifuna ukulungisa imposiso ecacileyo yomthetho okanye inyani.

Ukuba ezi zindululo ziyakhanyelwa okanye ukuba abanyuli beqela abaphulukana nazo ukuba bazitsibe, iqela lingafaka isaziso sesibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo (umz., inkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno zamatyala karhulumente). Izibheno azinakuphinda zilungiswe; inkundla yenkundla ihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kwempazamo ezisemthethweni. Iqela elinomtsalane limele libonise ukuba impazamo iyingozi (kungekhonabungozi) kwaye inokuba ichaphazele isiphumo. Izibheno zingathatha iinyanga ezininzi kwaye ziphumele kwiziphumo zoluvo ezithi zivume, zibuye ziphinde ziphendule ityala elitsha.

9. Ukunyanzelwa Komgwebo

Ukuba ummangalelwa akahlawuli ngokuzithandela, ummangalelwa umele athabathe amanyathelo okunyanzelisa umgwebo. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ziquka oku:

  • I- ibhekisa kumphathi wemikhosi ukuba abambe aze athengise izinto zommangalelwa ezingamkhuseliyo.
  • Ingxelo yeBhanki i-Levy: ikhulula ityala lebhanki lommangalelwa ukuze kwaneliswe umgwebo.
  • Imali exhotyisiweyo: ifuna umqeshi wommangalelwa ukuba arhoxe inxalenye yomvuzo aze ahlawule ummangalelwa.
  • LIEN kwiimpawu: Ishicilela umgwebo ochaphazelekayo kumhlaba wengingqi othelelwayo, omele uhlawulwe xa uthengiswe.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa koMphathi womgwebo: Ityala apho ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule imibuzo ngempahla nangemali yakhe.

Kusenokuba nzima ukunyanzelisa, ingakumbi ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali ininzi okanye uvakalisa ukuba uphulukene netyala.

10. isiphelo

Ityala loluntu liyinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ehamba ngamaqondo achaziweyo: ukuphanda kwangaphambi kwama-621suit, ukuvala isikhalazo, ukufunyaniswa, ukuthatha iintshukumo, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, ukuqukunjelwa, ukukhutshelwa kwetyala, ukukhutshelwa, ukukhuthuzwa, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Iqonga ngalinye linemithetho yalo, iinjongo, kunye namathuba afanelekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba yeyona inde kwaye ibiza imali eninzi, ukuqonda inyathelo ngalinye linceda ekwenzeni izigqibo zolwazi, ukusingatha oko kulindelwe, kwaye lifikelele isigqibo esifanelekileyo. Nokuba elo tyala liyaphela, icebo lokuchophela, okanye ukuphumelela, usukelo olupheleleyo lukukusombulula impikiswano ngendlela elungileyo nephumelelayo.

Kongezelelweyo koovimba benkqubo yamakhaya, tyelela [[FLT: 0] iMimiselo yoManyano yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtshona Koloni (I-I) okanye uphando isikhokelo se-Melika Bar Association kwindlela esebenza ngayo iinkundla[.