Amalungelo Akho Kwimfundo: Umlawuli Ophambili Wamalungelo Abemi

Imfundo yisiseko samathuba, kwaye ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela kweso siseko akuthintelwa lucalulo, ucalucalulo, okanye imiqobo yenkqubo. Enoba ungumfundi, umzali, okanye umfundisi, ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni kwimimiselo yemfundo kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni unyango olulinganayo nokufikelela ngokulinganayo. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwemithetho karhulumente, ukukhusela abafundi, kunye nokuchaza iinkqubo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu kwizikolo neeyunivesithi ezikulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Imithetho Yomanyano Yabafundi

Isiseko esinamandla somthetho wezwe esilela ucalucalulo kwaye iqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo emfundo. IMimiselo ebalulekileyo ekhusela abafundi kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane ngesikolo sabafundi abaphumeleleyo iquka:

  • Isihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 – I-Pithibss ngokucalucalulo ngenxa yohlanga, umbala, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe nakweyiphi na inkqubo okanye umsebenzi ofumana uncedo lwemali karhulumente. Oku kusebenza phantse kuzo zonke izikolo zikarhulumente, iikholeji, neeyunivesithi.
  • ITitle IX yeZigqibo zemfundo zonyaka ka1972 – iPhibitss nocalulo olusekelwe kwiintlawulo zezesondo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Isihloko se-IX sigubungela ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, ugonyamelo ngokwesini, ucalucalulo lokukhulelwa, kunye nokuphathwa ngokungenalusini kwimidlalo nakwiimfundo.
  • Ukuqulunqwa 504 kuMthetho wokubuyisa inzala ka 1973 – kukhusela abantu abafanelekayo abaneziphene ezinokususwa kucalucalulo kwiinkqubo ezifumana iimali zikarhulumente. Kufuna izikolo ukulungiselela indawo yokuhlala ezifanelekileyo neenkqubo ezifikelelekayo.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho we-ADA (ADA) ka-1990 --ongezelele ukhuseleko lwesiphene kwimibutho kawonke-wonke, kuquka nezikolo zikarhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkxaso karhulumente. ISihlomelo II se-ADA sisebenza kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke nakwiyunivesithi zikarhulumente.
  • UMthetho weEOA wemfundo epheleleyo (EOA) ka 1974 – ufuna izikolo ukuba zithathe inyathelo lokuthintela imiqobo ethintela ukuba nenxaxheba kwabafundi, kuquka ukhuseleko kubafundi bolwimi lwesiNgesi kunye nemilinganiselo yokulungisa ulawulo.
  • Amalungelo Emfundo Yamakhaya kunye noMthetho wezemfundo (FERPA) ka 1974 – ukhusela ubumfihlo beerekhodi zemfundo yabafundi kwaye unika abazali kunye nabafundi abafanelekileyo ilungelo lokufikelela, lokukhupha, kunye nokulawula ezo ngxelo.

Le mithetho isebenza kunye ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu nto leyo umfundi ngamnye eUnited States anelungelo lokuyifumana.

Amalungelo Abafundi Nezikhuseli Ezingqalileyo

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

Abafundi besikolo sikawonke wonke abalahlekelwa ngamalungelo abo okuQala uMbetho weSindululo kwisango lesikolo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqaphele ukuba abafundi basenokuvakalisa izimvo, banxibe iimpahla zomfuziselo, babandakanyeke kwimibhiyozo yoxolo logama nje intetho ingaphazamisani nenkqubo yemfundo okanye iphazamisa kakhulu namalungelo abanye. Izikolo zingalawula intetho engcolileyo, ikhuthaza imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, okanye ikhuthaza imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, okanye ikhokelwa ngokweenkqubo ezisemthethweni (njengeencwadi ezisemthethweni), kodwa imbono yocalulo iyathintelwa. [[FLT:] [[0] Izikolo ziyakwazi ukulawula ilungelo lokuthetha abanye abantu, imicimbi yonqulo, kunye nemiqathango yezonqulo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango yendlela elungele ukuchatshazelwa.

Amalungelo Ayimfihlo Neengxelo Zabafundi

UFERPA unika abazali kunye nabafundi abafanelekileyo (ngoko bafikelela kwiminyaka eli-18 okanye baye kwisikolo sasemva kwesekondali) ilungelo lokuhlola nokuhlola iingxelo zemfundo, ukucela, nokuvuma ukutyhilwa kwenkcazelo ecacileyo. Izikolo kufuneka zazise iintsapho ngaminyaka le ngamalungelo azo eFERPA. Ukuxilonga izinto zabafundi, kuquka iilockers kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, kufuneka zibe nengqiqo kwaye kusekelwe ekukrokreleni ukuphulwa kwemithetho okanye umthetho, kodwa umgangatho weSine Solawulo somjikelezo usezantsi kumagosa esikolo kunokuba kumiselwe umthetho.

Ukukhuselwa Kucalucalulo Nokukhathazwa

Izikolo kufuneka zigcine imeko-bume yokufunda ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa ngocalucalulo. Oku kuquka ukukhathazwa okusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ukukhubazeka, kunye nonqulo. Isiganeko esinye singenyuka sifikelele kwinqanaba lokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ukuba kunzima, kusasazekile, okanye kubangela ukuba kubekho ubutshaba. Izikolo kufuneka zisabele ngokukhawuleza yaye ngokunempumelelo xa zisazi okanye zifanele zazi ngokufanelekileyo ngokukhathazwa, kuquka ukuthabatha amanyathelo okukuphelisa, ukuphinda zithintela ukubuya kwamalungelo abantu, zithintele ukubuya kwaso, kwaye zilungise imiphumo yaso.

Amalungelo aDibanisayo kunye neeNkcukacha

Phantsi kweCandelo 504 neADA, abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokufumana imfundo kawonke-wonke ekhululekileyo (FAPE) nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zesikolo kunye noontanga babo abangakhubazekilenga ukuya kumlinganiselo omkhulu ofanelekileyo. Iindawo zokuhlola zisenokuquka ixesha elandisiweyo kwiimvavanyo, ubugcisa obuncedisayo, inkxaso yephetshana, indawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo, kunye notshintsho lomzimba. Schols azinakushiya umfundi nakweyiphi inkqubo ngenxa nje yesiphene [ ukuba umfundi uyakwazi ukufikelela iimfuno ezibalulekileyo kwindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo. Abafundi abafanelekela imfundo ekhethekileyo phantsi koMthetho yemfundo ekhubazekileyo (IDI) ukwamkela umgaqo othile (E) kunye neenjongo ezithile zemfundo (EP) ezidictioned Educations projectivestion (E).

Udidi

Ukhuseleko lwe-IX ludlulela ngaphaya kweenkqubo zemidlalo. Ziquka zonke iinkalo zeenkqubo zemfundo, ukuvunywa, iimfundo, iminikelo yezifundo, kunye nokhokelo lomsebenzi. Izikolo kufuneka zichaze umlawuli weSihloko se-IX kwaye zamkele ziveze iinkqubo ezibonisa izikhalazo zokusingatha izikhalazo zocalulo ngokwesini. Ukuxhaphaza ngokwesini kunye nogonyamelo lokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini ziintlobo zocalucalucalulo. Abahlanguli] banelungelo lokufumana amanyathelo axhasayo , kuquka utshintsho kucwangciso lwemfundo, isakhiwo, okanye ukufikelela kwesikolo, kunye nelungelo lokufumana uphando olungenasihloko. [Pregnant] kunye nokukhulisa abantwana bakwakhuselwa kwikhethe localucalucalucalucalucalulo, kufuneka banikwe iindleko, bancitshiswe, bahlanjiswe nemisebenzi elungele ukuguqulwa.

Amalungelo Abantu Abafundayo Nabafundi Abafudukayo

IEEOA kunye Plyler v. Doe (19982) ufuna izikolo zinikezele ngokulinganayo nokuba kukwindawo ekwindawo yokungena. Izikolo zikawonke-wonke azinakukhanyela ukubhalisa ngokusekelwe kulawulo lomfundi okanye umzali okanye ubume bokufuduka. Izikolo maziphawule abafundi bamaNgesi zize zinikezele iinkqubo zoncedo lolwimi olunesandi esivakalayo kwaye olubenza bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yemfundo. nezikolo nabaqeshwa bazo abanyanzeleka ukuba banyanzelise umthetho wolawulo lwezezo kufuduko , kwaye azinakukwazi ukubandakanye nokwenza unikezelo lwemfundo olushushu kwiintsapho zabaphambukeli.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Nendawo Yokuhlala

Abafundi banelungelo lokuvakalisa iinkolelo zabo zonqulo esikolweni, kuquka umthandazo, ingxubusho, kunye neeklabhu zonqulo (zithobe kwi-Active Accomplity). Izikolo zisenokungakhuthazi okanye zidele naluphi na unqulo. Abafundi basenokungavumelekanga kwimisebenzi engqubana neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, kwaye izikolo kufuneka zinike indawo yokuhlala elungeleleneyo kwimiqathango yonqulo, njengemiqathango yokunxiba, imigaqo yokunxiba, kunye neengqwalasela zemihla engcwele. izikolo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba akukho mfundi unyanzeleka ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwimithetho yonqulo [[[[#FLT:1]] okanye afumane uqeqesho lonqulo.

Uqeqesho, Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Nokunyamezelana Kweqanda

Abafundi abajongene nokuthuthwa okanye ukugxothwa banelungelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo, kuquka isaziso sezityholo, ukuchazwa kobungqina, nethuba lokunikela icala labo lento. Kwizikoshi ezide (10+ iintsuku) okanye ukugxothwa, kufuneka zinikeze imigaqo yokuva engakumbi esesikweni. Iinkqubo zokunyamezela iqanda ezibandakanya izigwebo ezizenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimeko nganye ziye zacelw'ulwa ngenxa yokuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa kwabafundi ngemiqathango kunye nabafundi abaneziphene. [[FLT: 0]] ezi-paratiesty transfe transfications[[, njengentsprefectriesment tration transties transmitted sy, ingsment activemental transtivement, ngokungakumbi iqwalal elungele ukuchachana kobulungisa nokuziphatha.

Indlela Yokuxela Ucalucalulo Nokufuna Uncedo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala; ukuqonda indlela yokuwanyanzelisa yeyesibini. Abafundi, abazali, okanye abaqeshwa abakholelwa ukuba isikolo siye saphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu kunamanyathelo aliqela okunikela ingxelo nokulungisa.

Iinguqu zeSikolo Sangaphakathi

Inkoliso yezikolo kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo aseke iinkqubo zokukhalaza ngocalucalulo. Qala ngokuqhagamshelana nombuthi-mlungelelanisi wamalungelo esikolo (ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba nguMququzeleli weSihloko se-X, uMququzeleli wama-504, okanye umphathi-mikhosi osisigxina). zibhalwe zonke iziganeko , kuquka iintlanganiso, amangqina, kunye nazo naziphi na iingxoxo kunye namagosa esikolo. Sebenzisa inkqubo yesikolo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhalazo sakho sibhaliwe ngokusesikweni kwaye siphengululwe. Ukuba isikolo asikwazi ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo, ungaya phambili kwimibutho yangaphandle.

Ukuhamba neSebe Lemfundo laseUnited States Kumalungelo Esizwe (OCR)

I-OCR inyanzelisa iSihloko VI, i-Sihloko IX, Icandelo 504, kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu yesizwe kwimfundo. Nabani na angafaka isikhalazo socalulo nge-OCR. Isikhalazo kufuneka sidluliselwe ngeentsuku ezili-180 zocalulo olutyholwayo (iityala linganikwa ngenxa yesizathu esihle). I-OCR ihlola kwaye isenokufuna izikolo zithathe inyathelo lokulungisa, kuquka iinguqu zenkqubo, uqeqesho, kunye nonyango lwabantu abachaphazelekayo. i-File ityala le OCR apha.

Ukuhamba neSebe Lokusesikweni laseUnited States (DOJ)

IDOJ ingazisa ukumangalelwa ukunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya umlinganiselo okanye uqheliselo localulo. Abantu ngabanye bangaqhagamshelana [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo e-CIIIl Ulwahlulo lweDOJ ukuchaza inkxalabo. IDOJ idibaniselana ne-OCR kwimicimbi ethile.

Imeko kunye neZinto zasekuhlaleni

Amazwe amaninzi anamalungelo awo asekuhlaleni okanye iikhomishini yamalungelo abantu enyanzelisa imithetho echasene nocalucalulo. Imithetho karhulumente inganikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunomthetho wesizwe (umz., ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini okanye ubufana besizwe kumaphondo aquka zona). Xhumana nesebe lesizwe lemfundo okanye isebe legqwetha lesizwe lakho ukuze ufumane ukhokelo kwiinkqubo zokukhalaza zasekuhlaleni.

Isenzo sabucala esingokwasemthethweni kunye nemibutho yobusela

Abafundi bangafuna ukumangalelwa ngasese phantsi kwemimiselo yamalungelo abantu (njengeSihloko se-IX okanye icandelo 504) ukufuna uncedo olungenazintlawulo, umonakalo, kunye nentlawulo yegqwetha. Iintlangano ezingangeni ngeniso ezifana ne ACLU kunye ne- Umanyano lwe-National Autism [[ lunikela oovimba bomthetho, ii-okanye nenkxaso. Ezinye izikolo zomthetho ziqhuba iikliniki-kliniki zamalungelo oluntu ezinikela uncedo ngesisa okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi.

Ukunyamekela Ngokukhethekileyo Abafundi Abahlukahlukeneyo

Abafundi Bemibala

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga luhlala luyimbambano eqhubekayo kwimfundo yaseMerika. Abafundi bemibala basenokujamelana nengqeqesho engqwabalala, ukuthoba ukufikelela kwizifundo eziphambili, ukukhathazwa kwesizwe, kunye nomthetho wobuhlanga ezikolweni. Ugcino-lwazi lubonisa ukuba iiBlack, iSpanic, kunye neNative Merika zijijwa ngokungenakulinganiswa kwaye zigxothwe koontanga abamhlophe ngenxa yezahlulelo ezifanayo. Isihloko VI sifuna izikolo ukuphendula iimbono zocalulo-calucalulo lobuhlanga [[[[[FLTLT:1]]] ezibangelwa yimigaqo okanye imikhwa ekhuthaza ubuhlanga okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba azinamgunyaziso.

LGBTQ+ Abafundi

Iinkundla zomanyano kunye neSebe lemfundo lase-U.S. zitolike isiHloko se-IX ukukhusela abafundi ekucalucalulweni okusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini nangokobufanasini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhathazwa, ukukhanyelwa kwezixhobo ezilingana nobuntu-bufana bomfundi, kunye nokungaqiniseki kungenza ucalucalulo lwesini. Izikolo mazihlonele igama elikhethiweyo nolwesimela-gama somfundi kwaye zivumele abafundi abathathi-nxaxheba kwimisebenzi yesini engqubanayo nobuntu obungahambelani. [FLTBTB+] LGBTQ + abafundi banelungelo lokubumba iGay-SStraight Alliances (Ngwegwe) phantsi komthetho we-Active ukuba isikolo sivumele nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela ye-seklading. [FLT]

Abafundi Abaneziphene

Ngapha koko, abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokukhululeka ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuziphindezeleni okusekelwe kwisiphene. Izikolo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba amanyathelo okuqeqesha awabohlwayi ukuziphatha okubonakalisa ukukhubazeka komfundi. Kubafundi abakhethekileyo, uhlolo lokubonisa kufuneka phambi kokuba izithuba ezinde okanye ukugxothwa. [FLT: 0] unikezelo lufikelele kwiqonga lemigangatho yemivo [, izinto zokufundisa, kunye nemisebenzi yangasemva kwesikolo; izikolo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iiwebhsayithi kunye nezixhobo zokufunda kwi-intanethi ziyafumaneka kubafundi abanokubona, ukuva, okanye ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zokuhamba.

Abafundi Abakhulelweyo Nabazali

Phantsi kweSihloko se-IX, abafundi abakhulelweyo abanakukhutshwa nakweyiphi na inkqubo yemfundo, kuquka iiklasi zozuko, imisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo, okanye uhambo lwesikolo. Izikolo kufuneka zinikeze ikhefu lokungabikho kwezizathu zonyango ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa nokuzala, kwaye xa bebuya umfundi kufuneka abuyiselwe kwimeko awayenayo ngaphambi kokuba ahambe. Abafundi abakhulisayo nabo bayakhuselwa [; izikolo kufuneka zinikezele ukuphelelwa kwezithuba zokuzalwa nokubuya kwenzala ngenxa yempilo yokwexeshana.

Abafundi Abangabhalwanga Nabafundi Abafudukayo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Plyler v. Doe icacisa ukuba iimeko azinakukwazi ukukhanyela isikhululo sikawonke-wonke kunye nemfundo yesekondali kubantwana ngokusekelwe kubume bengingqi babo bokufuduka. Izikolo zisenokungaceli uxwebhu oluza kutyhila ubume bokufuduka bomfundi okanye bentsapho ukwenzela iinjongo zokuya ebhaptiziweyo. [[FLT:]] Schools zizithuba ezikhuselekileyo kubafundi abafuduki [, kwaye amagosa akufuneka avumele iintshukumo zolawulo lokusebenza ngaphandle kwemvume yokugweba. Izikolo zimele zinikezele ulwazi ngeelwimi ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela okunentsingiselo.

Ukukhusela nokulungisa ucalucalulo lwenkqubo

Izikhalazo zomntu ngamnye zibalulekile, kodwa utshintsho lwenkqubo lubalulekile kwiziphumo ezihlala zihleli. Izikolo kufuneka ziqhube ukuphepha rhoqo kweenkqubo zazo, iindlela, kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuchonga kunye nokucombulula umahluko. Oku kuquka ukuqwalasela ugcino-lwazi lwengqeqesho, imilinganiselo yokubhalisa, amaqondo olwazi olukhethekileyo, kunye neziphumo zokukhalaza kokukhathazwa. Izikhuseli zamalungelo azikho nje ngokohlwaya abadlali abangalunganga [[; zimalunga nokudala ngokuzinzisa okuzinzileyo okukwimeko apho umfundi ngamnye anokuphumelela khona.

Indima yabaphathi beSikolo kunye nabaqeshwa

Iintloko, abaveleli, namalungu equmrhu lesikolo anembopheleleko esemthethweni neyokuziphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Abasebenzi abaqeqesha ucalucalulo, ukuthintelwa kokuhlaselwa, kunye neendawo zokuhlala ziyinxalenye engundoqo. Izikolo kufuneka zikwanenxaxheba kwiintsapho nakuluntu ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokwakha ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo iyasabela kwiimfuno zabemi abahlukahlukeneyo.

Umfundi Nomzali Oyingcungelayo

Abafundi bangakha amaqela okuphaphamisa uphando ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu, ukuxhasa utshintsho lwenkqubo, kunye nokuxhasa oontanga abafumana ucalucalulo. Iintlanganiso zabazali, iikomiti zokufundisa, kunye nemibutho yoluntu zizithuthi ezinamandla zokubamba izikolo ziphendule. ukwazi into ongayicelayo yisiqingatha sedabi ; ubuncwane obufana neSebe lemfundo Ukwazi izikhokelo Zakho Zamalungelo []

Isiphelo

Ukukhusela amalungelo emfundo akuzizo iziqinisekiso eziqikelelwayo zemfundo; ziqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba umfundi ngamnye ufanele akwazi ukwenza imithambo ngaphandle koloyiko. Ukususela kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kwibala lokudlala, ukususela kwizifundo zoqeqesho ukuya kwizifundo zeminyaka engamashumi amathandathu adluleyo, imithetho emiselweyo inika isiseko esinamandla sokuvavanya ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Ukuqonda la malungelo — nokuyazi indlela yokuqhubana nawo — kuyabanika abafundi, iintsapho, nabafundisi bokwakha izikolo ezikhonza ngokwenene wonke umntu. Ukuba ukrokreqa amalungelo akho okanye amalungelo omfundi aye aphulwa, thetha, ubhala, ubhala oko kwenzeka, nokunxibelelana nombutho ofanelekileyo okanye ummeli. Umthetho ukwicala lakho.