Isiseko Senkululeko YaseMerika: Ukuqonda Isiseko Samalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, imela izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ezi zindululo zenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu kwiingingqi zikarhulumente, ithetha ngenkxalabo yabo babesoyika igunya elinamandla. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iBhili yamaLungelo iye yaba luxwebhu oluphilayo, olubumba umthetho, impucuko, kunye nokwaziwa koluntu.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nempikiswano Yokuqhatha

Ibali leBhili yamaLungelo aliqali emva kokuba umGaqo-siseko uvunyiwe, kodwa ebudeni bomzabalazo wokufumana imvume yomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Iindibano ezininzi zelizwe eziya kusingisa zifuna uluhlu olucacileyo lwamalungelo akhuselweyo. AbaLawuli-Federali, kuquka amanani anjengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason, baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, urhulumente omtsha urhulumente angayicinezela lula inkululeko efunyenweyo kwiNguquko.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni engaqinisekanga ngemali yamalungelo, waba ngumyili wakhe oyintloko. Wahlola izicelo zorhulumente ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabini waza wazisusa kwiseti yokulungisa. UMadison wangaphambili wajolisa kwiziphumo eziqhelekileyo ngexa ephepha utshintsho oluza kwenza buthathaka urhulumente omtsha. Indlu yabameli evunyiweyo, iBhunga lendlu yabaphathi yazinciphisa zabalishumi elinesibini, kwaye amazwe agunyazisa ishumi elinesibini ngo1791. Ulawulo lokuqala olubini lokusebenza ngezahlulelo--ahlulo-mali zengqungqungquthela kunye nomnye umqathango wokwahlula intyezo wolawulo olutsha anyuselwhliswa de kube ngu-192 njengomthetho wama-72.

IBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente, hayi kumazwe. Oku kwatshintsha emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya ngokudityaniswa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, owawuquka iNkqubo eTheyiweyo noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukudityaniswa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yasebenzisa uninzi lwamalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwelizwe lonke inkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Ukuhlolisiswa KweziHlomelo Ezilishumi

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ikhorime Eliyingcaciso Ekhululekileyo

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko esisiseko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo. Luthintela iNgqungquthela ekumiseleni unqulo okanye ekuphazamiseni ukuqhelisela kwalo ngenkululeko. Olu khuselo lubini luye lwaguqula unqulo lwaseMerika, luvumela iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ukuba zikhule ngaphandle kokuxhaswa ngurhulumente. Inkululeko yokuthetha noshicilelo luyindawo esisiseko yentetho yedemokhrasi, ikhusela ukungavumelani kwezopolitiko, intetho yobugcisa, neembono ezingathandwayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasoloko igqiba kwelokuba kwanentiyo okanye intetho erhabaxanduva ikhuselwe ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo okanye ihlambele.

Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe ezinjenge New York Times Co. V. Sullivan (1964) yaseka ibhari ephezulu yamagosa karhulumente amangalela i-libreat, ikhusela ukugxekwa okunamandla kukarhulumente. Citizens United v. FEC (2010) ukhuseleko loMphengululo wokuqala kwinkcitho yezopolitiko yezopolitiko, ukuqhuba impikiswano eqhubekayo ngemali ekwizobupolitika. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo nokubongoza urhulumente ube sembindi kwimi yentlalo esuka kumalungelo abantu kumaxesha obumi ukuya kuMazwana.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

ISigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, aliyi kuphazanyiswa. Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakuchaza oku njengokukhusela oku kukhulu koorhulumente. Noko ke, i-Digality of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iNkubeko lilawula ukuba imvume ikhusele umntu ngamnye ukuba abe nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ngokwakhe kwikhaya. Esi sigqibo kamva sasetyenziswa kwimo yelizwe nakwi-orhulumente yasekuhlaleni [[FLT] .[FLD] v[FFF:3]

ISichibiyelo sesibini siseyenye yezona ndawo zityholwa kakhulu ngokomGaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngobungakanani bemithetho evumelekileyo `njengemiqathango engasemva, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela, kunye nemithetho yeflegi ebomvu) kwaye indlela yokulinganisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo ompu.

Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu: Ukuba Wedwa Ngexesha Loxolo

IsiHlanziso sesithathu sikwalela ukubekwa kwekota kwamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini-khaya. Nangona kunqabile ukubekwa phantsi, kubonisa ukungathembani okunzulu kwamajoni amileyo nokuzinikela kwawo ekulawuleni abantu. Utshintsho luye lwacelwa kwiimeko zanamhlanje ezibandakanya ukuphazanyiswa koorhulumente, nangona lungazange luphumeze indima enkulu kwijaji yanamhlanje.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Kwazo: Ukufuna, Ukuzimela Nokuzifunela Izinto

UHlaliso lwesine lukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kufuna imvume ezikhutshwe malunga nonobangela olindelekileyo kunye nokuchaza indawo eza kuphendwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Oku kulungiswa kusemgangathweni wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomthetho wemfihlo. Umthetho we-exetary, osungulwe weweeks v. United States [14])) kwaye usetyenziswa ukuchaza kumacandelo [.OOO [1961], uthintela ubungqina obufunyanwa ekuhlolweni okungekho mthethweni ngemithetho esemthethweni enkundlelweni.

Imiba yeSigqibo saNgoku-1914 ibandakanya iziphumo zomvo: ugcino-lwazi lweselfowuni, umxholo we-imeyili, kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibele ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isiganeko seselfowuni, eqonda ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu olugcinwe kwezi zixhobo.

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sinikela ukhuseleko oluninzi kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho: ilungelo lokugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu, ukukhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini, ilungelo elichasene nokuzibeka esichengeni, ukuqinisekisa ngenkqubo efunekayo, kunye nemfuneko yokuhlawulelwa kwemali karhulumente yokuthatha izinto zangasese. imanda[[FLT:]] ] isilumkiso [] esikhoyo `````````'''''' unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile''''" uvela [ v. Arizona[FT] [6], ezithi zathethwayo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunyaziso zikhonjiwe ngaphandle kokuba ukrotiwe ngala la malungelo.

Ukuthatha u-Claus, okanye amandla ommandla aphezulu, kuye kwaphikiswana. Kelo v. IsiXeko saseNew London (2005] wavumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla yabucala ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, abangele ukunwenwa komphambili wesiphendu somgangatho karhulumente. Inkqubo ephambili phantsi kwenkqubo yesihlanu yokuHlaziywa ikhusela kwisenzo somthetho, ukwenza isiseko socelomngeni lwemiqathango yemithetho-siseko.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanelekileyo

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa besaphuli-mthetho banelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokukhawuleza nangetyala likawonke-wonke liququzelelwa ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, ilungelo lokunyanzela amangqina alungileyo, nelungelo lokunika icebiso elisemthethweni. Ilungelo lokucebisa lanwetshwa Gideon v. Wainwright [ [1963], elifuna ukuba kunikelwe amagqwetha amatyala kwityala elikwityala elibi. Lo mgaqo unyuselwe kumatyala amaninzi angekho mthethweni afanelekileyo.

Amalungelo okuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza aye asebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwixesha lokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokuxinana kwabantu abahlala ezibukweni. UMthetho-nkqubo Wesithandathu uqinisekisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kunguwonke wonke, uthintela imicimbi eyimfihlo enokwenza urhulumente axhatshazwe.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa: Izilingo Zokuvavanywa Kwabemi

ISichibiyelo seSebethi sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho inani lempikiswano lingaphaya kwama-20 eedola. Kwakhona linika izibakala eziza kuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho aziyi kuphinda zifunyaniswe ngaphandle kwemithetho eqhelekileyo. Le sigqibo asiyiyo impikiswano kunabanye, nangona iye yaphikiswana ngemeko yetyala elintsonkothileyo kunye nezivumelwano zokuququlwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivumele amanye amatyala amakhaya ukuba agqitywe ngaphandle kwemiqathango, ingakumbi ngokwemithetho eqhelekileyo okanye esetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, kodwa ilungelo lihlala liqinile.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISihlaziyiso sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile egqithisileyo, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Oku kulungisa kuye kwaba sisazulu sokuphikisana ngesohlwayo sentambo, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nesigwebo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi isigwebo sokufa asingomthetho ngokwemvelo owendalo owesinyusileyo, kodwa isicelo sayo kufuneka sihambisane nemilinganiselo egqwethiweyo esesikweni. Furman v. Georgia [10] [7772], iNkuphumelel ’ isigwebo senkundla ngokokuba igqibele ukubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokugweba okunga okungagunyazisayo okunga okungagunyaziyo. Oku kwakhokelela kwimo ye-deliumgam de kuvakalise imimiselo yabo.

Amatyala akutshanje anciphisa isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olungekho mthethweni kunye nabantu abaneziphene ezikrelekrele. Ukwalela isohlwayo senkohlakalo nesothuso esingaqhelekanga kuyasebenza nakwimeko zasentolongweni, ezifana nokuxina, ukunqongophala kwezonyango, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwabalindi.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISichithi soHlaziyo se-Ninth sithi ukubekwa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuzukuthathwa njengokukhanyela okanye ukuhluza amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Oku kulungisa kuyaqonda ukuba abantu banamalungelo angaphaya kwalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo. Ngokufana nelungelo lokuzimela, lokuhamba, okanye lomtshato. IsiHlaliso se-Genetic Demplete siye sabhenela kwiimeko ezibandakanya imfihlo, ukuzimela ngokwamalungu omzimba, kunye nolwalamano lwentsapho. UJaji Arthur Goldberg edume ngokuxhaswe kwiNight Amendmentmentation kwisivumelwano sakhe [FLT: 0] [FL:]GOld v.Connectic[[FL:[FF:]] [FFFM]] [5] [5] [5], eyathiwe yabangela ukuva uvalwa komGwanome-mGenesal]

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Umanyano Negunya Lelizwe

UMthetho oLawulweyo weSinyuso weSihlalo weSihlalo weSihlalo seshumi kumazwe (okanye abantu) onke amagunya angagunyaziswanga ngurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente, okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe. Oku kulungiswa kungumqulu ongundoqo wolawulo lorhulumente, kusikelwe igunya lorhulumente kunye nokulondolozwa kolawulo lwamazwe. Kuchaziwe kumatyala acelw'ukuvavanya umgangatho wamandla karhulumente, njengalawo abandakanya uCeclaus, i-Mongameli ka-Celas, kunye nomgaqo ochasene nomyalelo owe-urhulumente. Umzekelo, Shicilela ulawulo lorhulumente weUnited States (1997]), iNkuhlela phantsi umthetho ofuna umthetho kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni wokuhlola intengiselwano ye-dmouse, ukujonga i-Arclast Compers (umerity) umgaqo-od Congsmest) kurhulumente we-10"

Impembelelo Ekukhululweni Kwabemi: Uphando Oluphambili lweNkundla Ephakamileyo

IBhili yamaLungelo iye yanceda ekukhuliseni inkululeko yabemi ngokucaciswa kwezahlulelo. Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo ohlolo, amiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803), ayivumela ukuba ibethe imithetho echasene namalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Ngelilandelayo kukho amatyala ongezelelweyo angaphezulu kwezo ziphawulwe ngaphambili abonisa impembelelo kaBili.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Yasebenzisa iPilotetement Clause yoMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, izoba nomoya wenkululeko ezuzwe njengefazwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Isekelwe kuMphetho-mda wesihlanu noweSithandathu, ifuna amapolisa ukuba azise abakrokrele ngamalungelo abo.
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Ukubekwa (1973): Kufakwe kwiSimendo soMphetho weMphetho neSigqibo seshumi elinesine soMgqibelo ka-Claus, ukukhusela ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lobuqu kwizigqibo zokuzala.
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukwandisa iziqinisekiso zoLawulo lweshumi elinesine lwenkululeko nomlinganiselo womtshato olinganayo, ukwakha kumalungelo obuqu axelwa yiBhili yamaLungelo.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: Ukhuseleko oluqinisekisiweyo loMphetho wokuqala wokuLandlwa phambi kokuba unqandwe, ukuvumela ukupapashwa kwePentagon Papers.

La matyala abonisa indlela iBhili yamaLungelo ehlala ingumsebenzi onamandla ngayo, ilungelelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngoxa ikhusela inkululeko engundoqo.

Ukubuyiselwa: IBhili Yamalungelo Ngenkulungwane yama - 21

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Nezinto Ezithandwayo Entlalweni

UHlaliso Lokuqala lujongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwixesha lamanani. Iiqonga zezentlalo-ntle ziqulethe amawaka ezigidi zabasebenzisi, kodwa imigaqo yazo yolwandiso iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nesenzo sikarhulumente kunye nohlalutyo lwabucala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo imele inike ingxubusho ngokupheleleyo ukuba amaqonga aphantsi kwemigaqo yokuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala xa esusa intetho. Ityala elifana no [FLT: 0]Packingham v. umNtla Carolina[[[FLT: 1] [2017] [2017]) yaqonda ukuba intlalo-ntle yanamhlanje ingu "um ukwenzela ukutshintshiselana iingcamango," kodwa imidanga yenkululeko yokuthetha kwikhompyutha ihlala ikhuphikiswa.

Iingxoxo Zokulawula Imipu

Ukudubulana kweMisa kunye nokwanda kogonyamelo lwemipu kuye kwanyusa iingxoxo malunga noMphetho-mda wesibini. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- yeNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]) ukhuseleko lwesibini loMphengululo ngaphaya kwekhaya, ukubetha phantsi kolawulo olufihlakeleyo lwemvume. Esi sigqibo siye sabangela ukuba iinkundla ezisezantsi ziphinde zithathe uludwe lwemithetho yemipu, ukusuka kwixesha elide ukuya kukwamgwebo othile wemipu.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwixesha Lokuqalisa Kwamanani

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesine wokuzikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni kuvavanywe ziinkqubo zoburhulumente zokujonga indawo ye-data ziinkampani zobugcisa, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa obuhambe phambili njengokwazi ubuso kunye nokulandelela iGPS. Ulawulo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi Carplater v. United States [2018] ifuna isiqinisekiso se-data yendawo yeselfowuni, ibonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhula kolwazi lwezimfihlo. Noko ke, imibuzo emininzi eshiyekileyo malunga nomgangatho we-mfihlo kwihlabathi elinxulumene.

Ingcebiso neNdibano

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo lingundoqo kwimibutho yanamhlanje, kuquka ukuqhatha kwemithetho yobuhlanga, ukuqhatha kwamabhinqa, kunye nokuhamba kwemozulu. Isifo se-COVID-19 saphakamisa imibuzo encinane ngemida emalunga nengqungquthela ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kawonke-wonke. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zilungelelanisa le miqathango nxamnye noMmiselo wokuqala Wokwenziwa kweSimilo, ngokuxhasa imiqathango yexeshana kodwa ziphelisa ukuvalwa komsebenzi okwexeshana.

Ukuzabalazela Amalungelo Alinganayo Okuqhubekayo

Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye, umbhalo wayo wantlandlolo awuzange uthintele ubukhoboka, ucalucalulo, okanye ukuthotywa kwamabhinqa. Ulungiso lwasemva kwemfazwe (13th, 14th, 15th) kunye nomthetho wamalungelo oluntu olandelayo uyimfuneko ukwandiswa kwedinga lenkululeko kuwo onke amaMelika. Iingxoxo zeContemporary malunga namalungelo okuvota, utshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neLGBTQ + ukulingana ziyaqhubeka zifumana kwimigaqo ebhalwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Noovimba

Ukuze kuhlolisiswe iBhili yamaLungelo ngobunzulu obungakumbi, ezi mithombo zilandelayo zinikela umbhalo onegunya, imbali nohlalutyo:

Isiphelo

IBill of Rights ihlala isisiseko esibalulekileyo senkululeko yabemi baseMerika. Izindululo zayo ezilishumi zikhusela inkululeko ebalulekileyo kubomi bedemokhrasi: ukuthetha, unqulo, ukushicilela, ingqungquthela, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukucela, ukhuseleko nxamnye nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni, iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, ukukhusela kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo, kunye nokubekwa igunya kumazwe nabantu. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi, iBhili yamaLungelo iyaqhubeka ivela ngokutolika kwezahlulelo kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yokulawula. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yayo, amalungiselelo, kunye neezicelo zale mihla zibalulekile kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukukhusela inkululeko yezizukulwana ezizayo.