Table of Contents
Amaziko karhulumente asebenza njengesiseko sokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu eUnited States, esebenza ngokungakhathali ukukhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba baphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. La maqumrhu alawula iinkqubo ezibanzi, ahlole ukwaphulwa kwemithetho, aqhubele phambili amanyathelo emfundo anceda ukuvelisa ibutho elinokulingana ngakumbi kubo bonke abemi. Ngendlela eninzi yokufumana ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, la maqumrhu athetha ngemiba equka ukuqeshwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, imfundo, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke.
Isiseko sokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu eMerika simela uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwamaqumrhu angoorhulumente akhethekileyo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo aba bameli, imithetho abayisebenzisayo, kunye nendlela abayisebenzisayo ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukulingana nokusesikweni okubanzi eUnited States.
Isiseko Samalungelo Aseburhulumenteni
Ukuzimisela kukarhulumente worhulumente ukunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu kuye kwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, okubunjwe ngumthetho wesigqeba kunye nemibutho efuna ukulingana nokusesikweni. Izibonelelo zokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu zale mihla zavela ngokuyintloko kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, kuMthetho we-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, kuMthetho weFair Howard Hos Act ka-1968, kunye namaMelika oMthetho weSiseko owenziwe ngoMthetho weSipheko wowe-19909. Le mithetho yesiseko yayila isiseko egunyazisa amaziko orhulumente ukuba alwe nocalu lwabiwo lwawo lwawo lwawo
Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu namhlanje isebenza kumgangatho omninzi, amaqumrhu karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni esebenza ngokusebenzisana noorhulumente, imibutho yolawulo lobugcisa, kunye nabaxhasi boluntu. Le ndlela yokusebenza iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kufikelela kuzo zonke iindawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi na iindawo okanye iimpawu zasekuhlaleni.
Imicimbi engundoqo ejolise ekukhuseleni amalungelo asekuhlaleni
Iqela lamaziko karhulumente anetyala eliyintloko lokumisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwiicandelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zebutho laseMerika.
ISebe leMicimbi yeZiko leSizwe
Icandelo linyanzelisa ukuba kumiselwe imithetho karhulumente ethintele ucalucalulo ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, isini, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, isikhundla sobuhlanga, imvelaphi yobuzwe kunye nobumi. Njengeyona ntlangano inamandla yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu kurhulumente wezwe, iPolitiki Rights Division isingatha uninzi lwamatyala asukela ekuvotelweni kwamalungelo abantu ukuya ekuphathweni ngendlela engafanelekanga nakulwaphulo-mthetho zentiyo.
Icandelo linceda urhulumente wonke asebenze kunye ukunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu, kwaye amaqela awo asebenza namanye amaqumrhu ukukhuthaza indlela elungeleleneyo yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Lo msebenzi wokulungelelanisa amalungelo uqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuhlala kuhambelana kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo.
Imithetho yamalungelo abantu ingakhusela abantu kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezifana nezindlu, indawo yomsebenzi, isikolo, ukuvota, ishishini, ukunyamekela impilo, iindawo zikawonke-wonke, nezinye. Imithetho yeCandelo iquka ukuphanda izikhalazo ezibandakanya ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho olunentiyo, nokurhwebiselwa kwabantu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ube ngumthombo opheleleyo kubantu abajamelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
ISivumelwano saMalungelo esiSiviko sasekwa ngo-1953 ukuze kunyanzeliswe imithetho yamalungelo abantu karhulumente ngokucwangcisiweyo. Ukususela ekudalweni kwaso, icandelo liye laba nendima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, ukusuka kwimigudu yokuphelisa intsebenziswano yomthetho wesi sithuba soo-1960 ukuya kutsho kwizenzo zale mihla zokunyanzelisa ukucalucalulwa kwamapolisa, imfundo, kunye nemisebenzi.
IKhomishini yamalungelo oMsebenzi alinganayo
IKhomishini ye-U.S. YoMsebenzi Olinganisiweyo (EOC) ijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente eyenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukucalucalula umntu ocela umsebenzi okanye umqeshwa ngenxa yohlanga lomntu, ibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, ukuzala, okanye iimeko ezinxulumene nayo, isikhundla se-trangender, kunye nokubonakaliswa kwesondo, imvelaphi yesizwe, iminyaka yobudala (40 okanye ngaphezulu), isiphene okanye inkcazelo yemfuzanyana.
IKhomishini ye-United States e-Aumence Opportunity Commission (EOC) lisebe likarhulumente waseUnited States elasekwa ngoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 wokumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu nxamnye nocalucalulo lomsebenzi. I-EEOC ilukhuselo olubalulekileyo kubasebenzi kulo lonke ilizwe, iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zemisebenzi zisekelwe kwizizathu ezifanelekileyo kunokuba zisekelwe kwizinto ezibangela ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Abaqeshi abaninzi abanokuba ngabaqeshwa abali-15 ubuncinane bagqunywe yimithetho ye-EEOC (abaqeshwa abakwizikhundla zokwahlulwa kwabantu abadala), amaqumrhu amaninzi abasebenzi kunye namaqumrhu emisebenzi nawo aqukwayo, kwaye imithetho isebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zemisebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudutyulwa, ukunyuselwa, ukungcuthelwa, ukuqeqeshwa, imivuzo, kunye neengenelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzi baseMerika luyakwazi ukufikelela kwikhethe le misebenzi.
I-EEOC inegunya lokuphanda ngezityholo zocalulo kubaqeshi abagqunywe ngumthetho, kwaye indima yombutho ekuphandeni kukucombulula ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuchanekileyo izityholo ezibekwe kwityala aze afumane. Ngaphandle kokuphengulula izikhalazo zabantu ngabanye, iEEOC ikwanikela ukhokelo kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni, ukuphuhlisa izinto zokufundisa, kunye nokuqeqesha abagcini-mathikithi kulo lonke icandelo lomsebenzi.
ISebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yaMalungelo
ISebe leDivi leDivi le-Ofisi yezemfundo yamalungelo e-Civil (OCR) lisebenza njengesebe eliphambili lokunyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimimiselo yemfundo. I-OCR iphanda izikhalazo zocalulo kwizikolo, kwiikholeji, nakwiiyunivesithi ezifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente, ukuphendula imicimbi enxulumene nobuhlanga, imibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, isiphelo, ukukhubazeka, kunye nocalucalucalu-calucalulo lobudala.
I-OCR iquka ukunyanzeliswa komthetho weSihloko se-IX, esilela ucalucalulo lwesondo kwimfundo, i-Word VI, elwalela ucalulo lohlanga, kunye neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuRehabilita, okhusela abafundi abaneziphene. I-ofisi iphanda izikhalazo ezisuka ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesini nasekuhlaseleni, kumathuba angenalo ulwamkelo olufanelekileyo, ukunqandwa kweenkonzo zemfundo kubafundi abaneziphene.
Ngohlolo lokuthobela, uphando lwezikhalazo, kunye noncedo lobugcisa, i-OCR isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayakwazi ukufikelela kumathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki ukuba banikwe iimpawu ezikhuselekileyo. Iofisi iyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngezivumelwano zesigqibo namaziko emfundo, ifuna inyathelo lokulungisa, kwaye, kwiimeko zokungahambelani nokungagqibeli, iqalisa imigudu yokuphelisa inkxaso-mali karhulumente.
ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwamaDolophana
ISebe leNkundla neNguqulo (UUD) linyanzelisa ukuba kufakwe imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Fair House Act, ekwalela ucalucalulo kwimicimbi yezindlu enxulumene nohlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, isikhundla sobufama, kunye nokukhubazeka. I-Ofisi ye-HUD yeFair House and Experiment Option ihlola izikhalazo zocalucalulo, ukuhlolwa kwemiqathango yokuthotyelwa kwezindlu, kwaye inika imfundo kunye nokukhuthulela ngaphandle komsebenzi ukukhuthaza izenzo zobulungisa zezindlu.
Isebe liphanda ngezikhalazo ezibandakanya ukungavumi ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisa indlu, ukurhweba ngezindlu, ukurhweba ngezindlu, i - inshorensi yendlu.
Ngaphandle kohlolisiso olubonisa ukuba, iHID inikela iinkqubo ezixhasa imibutho elungileyo yezindlu, izama ukubona ulwaphulo - mthetho, ize isebenzisana namaziko karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni ukuze yomeleze ukugcinwa komthetho wokulondoloza izindlu kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.
Imicimbi eyongezelelekileyo yoManyano olunamalungelo aBantwana
Amanye amasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni agcina iiofisi zamalungelo abantu okanye amaqela ajongene nokuqinisekisa ukungahlali-lwabiwo-mali kwimimandla yawo yocwangciso. ISebe lezempilo neSebe Loluntu linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwizicwangciso zonyango, iSebe lezothutho lithetha ngocalucalulo kwiinkonzo zezothutho, kunye neSebe leSebe leMsebenzi linyanzelisa iimfuno ezingadibaniyo nezakhiwo zengingqi zesizwe kwaye linika abamkeli.
Isebe ngalinye linegalelo ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu, liqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente nemisebenzi exhaswa ngurhulumente isebenza ngaphandle kocalulo. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo ivumela ubuchule obukhethekileyo ngoxa ukulondoloza imilinganiselo engaguquki yamalungelo abantu kulo lonke urhulumente wesizwe.
Iimbopheleleko zoorhulumente bamalungelo
Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu aphumeza iimbopheleleko ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo ezisetyenziswa njengeqela ukukhusela, ukuchonga nokucombulula ucalucalulo. Ezi mbopheleleko zidlulela ngaphaya kokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kokukhalaza ukuqulunqa amanyathelo akhuthaza ukulingana nokuthintela ukwaphulwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Uphando Nesigqibo Sokukhalaza
Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwa, banokubhala izikhalazo zabo kwisebe elifanelekileyo lelo rhulumente, eliza kuphanda ukuze kubonwe enoba ulwaphulo - mthetho lwenzekile kusini na.
Inkqubo yophando ibandakanya ukuqokelela ubungqina kumntu okhalazayo nophendulayo, ahlole amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, adlan ’ indlebe namangqina, nokuhlalutya izibakala ezichasene nemilinganiselo esemthethweni esebenzayo. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka bahlale bengakhethi, babuhlolisisa ngenyameko bonke ubungqina ukuze bafikelele kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo nezichanileyo zokuba ucalucalulo luyenzeka kusini na.
Amaziko amaninzi anikela ezinye iindlela zokucombulula iingxwabangxwaba, ezinjengokulungisa, okunganika izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo nezingakhawuleziyo zokukhalaza. Ukuphendula kuvumela abo basebenzisanayo basebenze ngokuncedisana kwizicombululo ezamkelekileyo, ngokufuthi kulondoloza ulwalamano kunye neziphumo ezanelisa abo bakhalazayo nabatheth
Ukunyanzeliswa nokubethwa
Xa uphando lutyhila ukuphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, amasebe agunyazisa uluntu anezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokucombulula ucalucalulo nokuthintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo.
Izivumelwano ezifuna ukuba abo baphendulane bathathe inyathelo lokulungisa, banike uncedo lwemali kumaxhoba, basebenzise iinguqu zenkqubo, baze bajongwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Kwiimeko apho ukuphendulana kungahambi kakuhle okanye ukwaphula umthetho, amaziko asenokufuna ukuhlaziywa enkundleni yephondo, efuna isicombululo, umonakalo, kunye nezinye iinyango.
Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa isebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi: inikela isiqabu kumaxhoba ocalucalulo, imisela imizekelo engokwasemthethweni ecacisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, ithintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho kwikamva ngenxa yesisongelo semiphumo engokwasemthethweni, ize ikhuthaze iinguqulelo eziyingenelo kubantu abaninzi.
Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo nokhokelo
Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu avelisa iinkqubo, imimiselo, kunye namaxwebhu achaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu yaye anikela icace ngeemfuno zomthetho.
Amaxwebhu okhokelo axubusha imiba evelayo, acacise imicimbi yolwimi olusemthethweni, anikeze imizekelo esebenzisekayo yokuthobela nokungathobeli. Ngokukhupha ukhokelo olucacileyo, amasebe akhuthaza ukuthotyelwa ngokuzithandela kwaye anciphisa amathuba okophulwa ngokungekho mthethweni.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yezomthetho ikwabandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokumisela imithetho ebophelelekileyo ezalisekisa imimiselo yamalungelo abantu. Le mithetho ithwala amandla omthetho kwaye inika iimfuno ezineenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo kwimiyalelo yomthetho ebanzi.
Imfundo kunye nonikezelo
Ukuthintela ngemfundo kungunobangela ophambili wokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu. Iinkqubo zezoshishino ziqhuba iinkqubo ezithe zanda zokufikelela nokuzisa uluntu ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukunceda amaqumrhu azimeleyo aqonde iimbopheleleko zawo ezisemthethweni, nokukhuthaza izithethe zokubandakanya nokungacaphuli.
Izakhono zokufundisa ziquka iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkqubo zoqeqesho, iinqwelo - moya, iimpapasho, izixhobo zobugcisa, kunye neengxelo zentlalo.
Kwakhona imigudu yokuzama ukuncedisa ibandakanya ukwakha ulwalamano nemibutho yasekuhlaleni, amaqela okuphatha abantu, nabasebenzi abanokunceda ekusasazeni inkcazelo engokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu nokudibanisa abantu nezinto zokunyanzelisa ulwaphulo - mthetho.
UHlahlo loHlololo noHlaziyo
Ngaphandle kokuphendula kwizikhalazo zabantu ngabanye, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu enza uhlolo lokuthobela amaqela anokuthanani neembopheleleko zawo ezisemthethweni. Oku kuhlola kusenokubangelwa luhlalutyo logcino-lwazi olubonisa ukuba ucalulo lunokubakho, izikhalazo ezibonisa iingxaki ezikhoyo kwinkqubo, okanye ukhetho olungacwangciswanga njengenxalenye yokujongwa okuqhelekileyo.
Uhlolo lokuqulunqwa lubandakanya uhlolo oluphangaleleyo lwemigaqo, izenzo kunye neziphumo zokubona iindlela zocalulo okanye imiqobo yamathuba alinganayo. Xa uhlolo lutyhila iintsilelo, amasebe asebenza namaqumrhu alungiselela ukulungisa iingcinga ezichaza iingxaki.
Le ndlela inceda amaziko akwazi ukubona amaqela anokukwazi ukunyanga ucalucalulo olungenakuvela ngezikhalazo zawo, nto leyo enokuba yingenelo kubantu abaninzi abasenokuba abazange bamangalele.
Inkqubo Yamalungelo Abemi: Ukusuka Kwisikhalazo Ukusa Kwisigqibo
Ukuqonda indlela amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu awenza ngayo amatyala kusinceda siqonde indlela esebenza ngayo imigaqo engokwamalungelo abantu.
Ukukhalaza
Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa iqala xa ifayile yomntu ngamnye echaza ucalucalulo. Amasebe amaninzi anika iindlela ezininzi zokufaka izikhalazo, kuquka ii-opera ze-intanethi, iiposi, umnxeba, kunye nokugcina izicelo kwii-ofisi zamasebe. Ngokuqhelekileyo izicelo zifuna izikhalazo zigcinwe kwimiqathango ethile yexesha elithile emva kocalucalulo olutyholiweyo, nangona ezi ziganeko zihlukene ngokwezibonelelo nangommiselo.
Izikhalazo kufuneka zibe nenkcazelo ethile esisiseko, kuquka i-odoli ye-athom, igama lomgcinwna otyholwe ngocalulo, ingcaciso yehambo yocalulo, nesiseko socalulo (njengesizwe, isini, okanye isiphene). Iinkonzo zisoloko zinikela uncedo kubantu abakhalazayo ekulungiseleleni nasekucingisiseni izikhalazo, beqonda ukuba abantu abaninzi basenokuba abaqhelene neenkqubo ezisemthethweni.
Impinda Yokuqala Nokuthabatha
Apho zithe zafumana isikhalazo, iinkampani ziqala ngokuhlola ukuba ngaba isikhalazo sixhomekeke kusini na kwigunya lazo kwaye zithi kukho ityala phantsi kwemithetho esebenzayo yamalungelo abantu. Oku kubandakanya ukufumanisa ukuba isikhalazo sibandakanya into ethile esisigxina, ukuchaza ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo, kwaye zichaza ihambo enokuthi yaphule.
Ukuba isikhalazo siyehla ngaphandle kolawulo lombutho okanye asikwazi ukuchaza ityala, umbutho udla ngokugatya isikhalazo kodwa ungabhekisela kumntu okhalazayo kwezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba ukukhalaza kuhlangabezana neemfuno ezilawulayo nezingaphantsi, isibonelelo siyasamkela ukuze siphandwe.
Uphando
Icandelo lophando limele eyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yokunyanzelisa. Abangenisi-mali bazisa umphendulayo wesikhalazo baze bacele impendulo ephendula izityholo. Isebe liqokelela ubungqina bobabini, obusenokuquka amaxwebhu, iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nokutyelelwa
Abaphandi bahlolisisa ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile kusini na, ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo emiselwe yimimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho wamatyala. Olu hlolisiso lufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngenyameko ubungqina obungqalileyo benjongo yocalulo, ubungqina obukhoyo obubonisa iintshukumisa zocalulo localulo, kunye nobungqina obubonisa ukungacaluli okanye impembelelo.
Kulo lonke uphando, abameli bagcina imfihlelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, bekhusela imfihlelo yabakhalazi nabaphendulayo ngoxa beqokelela inkcazelo efunekayo ukuze bafikelele kwizigqibo ezingokwakwasemthethweni.
Ukufumana Nesigqibo
Xa igqiba uphando, amasebe afumana iziphumo zokufumanisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzekile kusini na. Ukuba eli sebe alifumani kwaphulwa, liyivala loo tyala, nangona abakhalazi benokufumana ukhetho lokulandela ingcebiso yangasese ngokuxhomekeke kumthetho ofanelekileyo.
Xa amasebe efumana ukwaphulwa, asebenzela ukucombulula imicimbi ngendlela ehlukeneyo. Iimeko ezininzi ziconjululwa ngokuthethana, apho amatheko avumelanayo ukulungisa amanyathelo ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokumisa. Izivumelwano zokuhlala zisenokuquka isicombululo semali kumaxhoba, iinguqu zenkqubo, iimfuno zoqeqesho, kunye namalungiselelo okuhlola.
Ukuba uthethwano aluphumelelanga, amaqumrhu asenokulandela imicimbi yolawulo okanye ukubekwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ezi ziganeko zibandakanya ukunikela ubungqina, ukuxilonga amangqina, nokufumana imiyalelo egunyazisayo efuna ukuthotyelwa nokunikwa uncedo kumaxhoba.
Ukugada Nokulandelela
Isisombululo sesikhalazo asisoloko siphelisa inxaxheba yombutho. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya izivumelwano zokuhlaliswa okanye imimiselo yokuvuma, abameli basoloko beqhuba isalathisi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphendulayo bayavumelana namanyathelo avumelanayo okanye alungelelanisiweyo enkundla. Olu hlolo lungaqhubeka kangangeenyanga okanye iminyaka, kuxhomekeke kwindlela eyaphulwa ngayo nokuntsonkotha konyango olufunekayo.
Imisebenzi yokuhlolwa isenokuquka ukuhlolisisa iingxelo ezinikelwe ngabaphendulayo, ukutyelela abantu, ukuhlalutya inkcazelo nokuphanda ngezikhalazo zokungabikho kokuthobela. Ukuba abaphulaphuli abaphumeleli bathobela imiyalelo yenkundla, abameli basenokufuna ukunyanzeliswa ngokujongelwa phantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo okanye ngezinye iinkqubo ezisemthethweni.
Imithetho emikhulu yamaLungelo aMasipala enyanzelwa yimikhosi yamaPhondo
Ukuqonda le mithetho kusinceda siqonde umlinganiselo nemilinganiselo yokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu.
ISihloko se-VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964
Isihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 sikwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukucalula umntu ngenxa yesizwe, ibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, imbonakalo yesondo, imvelaphi yesizwe), okanye imvelaphi yesizwe). ISihlomelo VII sisebenza kubaqeshi abane-15 okanye abaqeshwa abangaphezulu kwaye sigubungela zonke iinkalo zengqesho, kuquka ukuqesha, ukudubula, ukunyusela, ukunyusela, nokusebenza ngokwezimo zemali.
Lo mthetho awuvumi ukuba abantu bangabaniki nxaxheba (abacalucalucalulo ngabom) kunye nempembelelo engqubanayo (imigaqo-nkqubo yobuzwe eyingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kumaqela akhuselwe ngaphandle kokuthethelela ishishini).
AmaMerika Anesenzo Sokukhubazeka
I-ADA Act (ADA) yalela ukuba abantu abakhubazekileyo bakhethe abantu abaneziphene emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezonxibelelwano. Imisebenzi ye-ADA ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike abantu abafanelekayo abaneziphene indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubabangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko.
Amalungiselelo eendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke ze-ADA afuna amashishini kunye nemibutho engaveli ngeniso enceda uwonke-wonke ukususa imiqobo yokufumana nokubonelela uncedo oluncedisayo kunye neenkonzo ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nabantu abaneziphene. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zabo, iinkonzo, kunye nemisebenzi yabo ilula kubantu abaneziphene.
Ucalucalulo Olukhoyo Kwizenzo Zomsebenzi
IADEA isebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshwa abangama-20 000 okanye ngaphezulu kwaye iyaluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala beminyaka eqeshwayo, kuquka nemigaqo-nkqubo enyanzelekileyo yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi (ngaphandle kokwahlulwa).
Njengomxholo weSIVII, iADEA iyalwalela ucalucalulo lwangabom kunye nemigaqo echaphazela abasebenzi abakhulileyo.
Isenzo Sezindlu Esifanelekileyo
UMthetho weFair Houses Act uyalwalela ucalucalulo kwimicimbi enxulumene nezindlu esekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini, imeko yobufazi, kunye neziphene. Lo Mthendeleko ugubungela izindlu ezininzi, kuquka izindlu zokuqesha, ukuthengiswa kwezindlu, ukubolekisa ngemali, kunye ne-inshorensi yezindlu.
I-Fair House Act ifuna abagcini-zindlu ukuba bafumane indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala kubantu abakhubazekileyo baze bavumele utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwizindlu. Kwakhona iyalwalela ukubhengezwa korhwaphilizo, ukuqhutyelwa, kunye nezenzo ezikhuthaza ukuhlalisana kwabantu.
ISivumelwano samaLungelo
UMthetho weVoing Rights ka-1965 ulwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni kwaye uqulethe amalungiselelo akhethekileyo enzelwe ukuthintela ucalucalulo ngokusemthethweni kwimicimbi yezobuhlanga. Lo Mthetho uyalwalela iimvavanyo zokwazi ukufunda nokubhala, iirhafu zovota, nezinye izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukuphelisa ukuvota kwabambalwa.
ICandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo oKwalela uqheliselo lokuvota kunye neenkqubo ezicalucalulwe ngokwezizizinzi zohlanga, umbala, okanye amalungu kwiqela elincinane lolwimi. Eli lungiselelo liyasebenza kwilizwe lonke kwaye liye lasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuphinda-phinda ucalucalulo, iinkqubo zonyulo ezikhudlwana, nemithetho ye-ID yomvoti.
ISihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo
Isibizo seSibini siyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi efunyanwa ngurhulumente exhasa ngemali.
Umbutho ngamnye onika uncedo lwemali ujongene nokunyanzelisa isiHloko VI ngemfezeko kwabo sichongiweyo. Izikhululo-mali zingaphanda ngezikhalazo, zihlole imigaqo-nkqubo yokuthobela nokuphelisa inkxaso-mali kubamkeli abacalucalucalulo.
Isihloko se-IX soHlaziyo lwemfundo
Umthetho ugqubuthela abantu abavunyiweyo, babhaliswe, bafumane uncedo lwemali, bafumane uncedo lwemali, badlale, bahlaselwe ngokwesini, bakhutshwe nangumama.
Umxholo IX uye waba ngobalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwesondo kwimidlalo, ifuna izikolo zinike abafundi abangamadoda namabhinqa amathuba alinganayo emidlalo. Lo mthetho ukwathetha ngokuhlaselwa ngokwesini nogonyamelo ngokwesini kwimimiselo yemfundo, ifuna izikolo ukuba ziphendule ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo kwiingxelo zokungabi nasimilo ngokwesini.
ICandelo 504 loMthetho wokuLungisa
Icandelo 504 liyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiinkqubo zesiphene kunye nemisebenzi yokwamkela uncedo lwemali lwamagunya karhulumente. Lo mthetho wasebenza njengesalathisi se-ADA kwaye wamisela imigaqo emininzi esisiseko yomthetho wamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, kuquka nemfuneko yokubonelela iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kunye nofikelelo lwenkqubo yokufikelela.
Icandelo 504 libhekisela kumaqumrhu karhulumente, kumaqumrhu orhulumente nakumagunya afumana uncedo lwemali, kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene bayakwazi ukufumana iinkonzo neenkonzo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.
Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzeliswa Kwamalungelo Asekuhlaleni
Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo ebanzi yemithetho yamalungelo abantu kunye namaqumrhu okunyanzelisa amalungelo, iingxaki eziphawulekayo ziyaqhubeka ziphazamisa ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwamalungelo abantu bonke baseMerika.
Izilondolozi Zikavimba
Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu asoloko ejongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo elinganisela amandla awo okusebenza. Ukuthintelwa koqingqo-mali kuthintela inani labaphandi, amagqwetha, kunye nenkxaso ekhoyo ukuze kulungiswe izikhalazo, kuphandwe, kuphicothwe, kuphicothwe. Ezi zinto zingabangela ukuba kubekho uphando olukhawulezileyo, nezigqibo ezinzima ngokuphathelele iimeko zokubeka imbali kuqala.
Ukudityaniswa koovimba abalinganiselweyo kunye nokunyuka kwemfuno kumaziko kufuneka ubuchule obucwangcisiweyo nobolungelelanisiweyo, kwaye ukunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa koovimba bemali ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imali ekhoyo inikelwe kwimigudu enokuvelisa iingenelo ezinkulu ekufumaneni ithuba elilinganayo lomsebenzi.
Iindlela Ezitshintshayo Zocalucalulo
Ucalucalulo luyaqhubeka luvela, luthatha iindlela ezintsha nezichuliweyo ekunzima ukuzibona nokuzingqina. Ucalucalulo lwanamhlanje ludla ngokubonakala ngokuba nobukhethe obucacileyo, ucalucalulo olububundindi obukhuthaza ukungalingani ngokwembali. Amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqhubeke elungisa iindlela zawo zokunyanzelisa ezi meko zivelayo.
Ukwanda kobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo kubangela ucelomngeni oluthile, njengoko iziphumo zokwahlula-hlula zinokubangelwa luphawu olunekhethe kunokuba zibe lucalulo lomntu ngeqhinga. Iinkqubo zisebenzela ukuphuhlisa ubuchule kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba kusetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo enokuthi ngokunempumelelo ilungise ucalucalulo kwezi meko zobugcisa.
Uthintelo Olugqithiseleyo
Imithetho yamalungelo abantu ekhoyo inemiqathango eyahlukahlukeneyo ethintela amagunya athile nabantu abangayi kuqokelelwa. Abaqeshi abancinane, imibutho yonqulo, kunye nee-ofisi zangasese zisenokungahlawulwa kwimithetho ethile yamalungelo abantu, zidala izithuba ekukhuseleni. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iintlobo zocalucalulo, ezifana nokucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini okanye ubufana, zisandul'ukuqatshelwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente yaye zisenokungachazwa ngokucacileyo kuyo yonke imimiselo yamalungelo abantu.
Ukubonakalisa Ucalucalulo
Ukungqina ucalucalulo kusenokuba nzima ngokungaqhelekanga, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ucalucalulo oluchuliweyo okanye ucalulo olufihlelwe ngenyameko. Ubungqina obungqalileyo benjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho bunqabile, bufuna ukuba abakhalazi namaqumrhu axhomekeke kubungqina obuziinkcukacha kunye nohlalutyo lwezibalo. Abathathi-nxaxheba badla ngokunikela iingcaciso ezifanelekileyo, ezingenaluvo ngezenzo zokucelw'iciso, befuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo ukuze bafumanise enoba ezi nkcazelo zibhalwe kwangaphambili kusini na.
Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokungqina ucalucalulo iye yaguquka yaya kutsho kumashumi eminyaka eesigqibo senkundla, maxa wambi nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba abakhalazi baphumelele. Amaziko kufuneka aqulunqe iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zomthetho ngoxa eqokelela ubungqina obaneleyo ukuze afikelele iimfuno ezifuna ubungqina.
Ukuziphindezela Nokoyika Ukunikela Ingxelo
Nangona umthetho ungafuni ukuba abantu baziphindezelele, amaxhoba asenokujamelana neendlela ezichuliweyo zokuxhatshazwa ekunzima ukuzingqina okanye asenokuyitya imiphumo yamaziko anamandla okanye abaqeshi.
Oku kukoyika ukuziphindezelela kuthetha ukuba izihlandlo ezininzi zocalulo azichazwa, zithintela amandla amaqumrhu okubona nokulungisa ukwaphulwa. Iimeko zisebenza ukucombulula olu celomngeni ngokunyanzelisa ukuthintelwa kolawulo olunamandla, ngemfundo kawonke-wonke ngokuzikhusela, nemigudu yokuyila iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo ezikhuselekileyo.
Uphuhliso lwakutshanje kugunyaziswa kwamalungelo oluntu
Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, ukuphuhliswa komthetho, nezinto eziphambili. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakho inkqubela ephawulekayo echaphazela ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.
Ukwanda Kokhuseleko
Amasebe alawula amalungelo asekuhlaleni aye andisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu ukuze athethe ngeendlela zocalulo ezazingaziwa ngaphambili. IEOC iyakwazi ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwamaqela angakhange agqunywe ngaphambili, yaye ngo-2012, iEEOC igqibe kwelokuba iquke imo yokudlulisela amalungelo abantu kwenye indawo kunye nokuzichaza ngobufanasini phantsi kokhuseleko olunikwe yiSihlomelo VII, esaxhaswa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo.
Olu lwando lubonisa indlela oluya lutshintsha ngayo ucalulo kunye nezithethe ezitshintshayo zoluntu ngokuphathelele ukulingana nokufakwa. Ii-arhente ziyaqhubeka zichaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu ngokubanzi ukuphendula iintlobo ezivelayo zocalucalulo nokukhusela abantu abasengozini.
Ukunikela ingqalelo Kucalucalulo Olusemzimbeni
Imigaqo-nkqubo ibophelelekile ekusetyenzisweni kobuchule nokusebenza koovimba abaqeqeshiweyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uphando olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokubekwa kwemimiselo. Amanyathelo okunyanzelisa iinkqubo zokujoliswe kwimiboniso kunye noqheliselo localulo oluchaphazela inani elikhulu labantu, lunokufikelela impembelelo ebanzi kunesombululo somntu ngamnye.
Oku kuthabatha inyathelo elibandakanya uphando lwendlela yokwenza izinto lwamaziko okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza, uhlolo olungqinelanayo lwabaqeshi abakhulu okanye izikolo, kunye nokuchanabeka kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokungathobeli echaphazela uluntu lonke. Ngokugxininisa kucalucalulo lwenkqubo, amasebe ayakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezizathu ezisisiseko zokungalingani kunye nokuphumelela kotshintsho kwizakhiwo.
Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa
Iinkqubo zokufaka izicelo zekhompyutha zibangela ukuba kulula ngabantu ukuchaza ucalucalulo, inkcazelo echaza ucalucalulo, nokufikelela kwizifundo zezemfundo.
Kwangaxeshanye, amasebe alwa nocalucalulo olulula ngobugcisa, kuquka ukucalucalucalulo, ukuhlaselwa nge-algorithm, nemiqobo yokufumaneka kwamanani. Uphuhliso lobuchule kule mimandla lubaluleke kakhulu ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu kule mihla.
Ukulungelelana
Amaqumrhu ancedisana aqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu ahlala ehleli.
Oku kulungelelaniswa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zocalulo olunqamleza imida. Umzekelo, ucalulo nxamnye nabantu abaneziphene lungabangela ukuba iEEOC, iSebe leMithetho, iSebe lemfundo, kunye ne-HUD, kuxhomekeke kumongo. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphi abanoncedo abaqalayo ukukhalazwa ngabo.
Indima Karhulumente Neenkqubo Zoluntu
Nangona amaqumrhu karhulumente efeza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni kwamalungelo abantu, amasebe karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni nawo anegalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Amaphondo amaninzi nemimandla iye yamisela imithetho yamalungelo abantu ekhusela abantu ngaphandle kwalawo akhoyo phantsi komthetho karhulumente, equka iimpawu ezingakumbi ezikhuselweyo, abaqeshi abancinane okanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zocalucalulo.
Iikhomishini zikarhulumente namalungelo abantu basekuhlaleni, imibutho ejongene nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kunye neeofisi zamalungelo abantu ziphanda izikhalazo, zinyanzelisa urhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, kwaye ngokufuthi zisebenza ngokunxulumene namaqumrhu karhulumente ngezivumelwano zolawulo lomsebenzi. Ezi zivumelwano zivumela oorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukuba ahlole izikhalazo ezikwaphula umthetho karhulumente, ukunciphisa ukwenziwa kwamanani omthetho nokwandisa ukwanda kwawo.
Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho worhulumente noworhulumente ludala inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho abantu banokufuna ukhuseleko kwimigangatho emininzi karhulumente. Kwezinye iimeko, imithetho karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo okanye imigaqo elungileyo ngakumbi kunomthetho wesizwe, isenza amaqumrhu karhulumente abe nguvimba obalulekileyo wokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu.
Indlela Abantu Abanokufumana Ngayo Ukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Abantu
Ukuqonda indlela yokufumana ukhuseleko kubaluleke gqitha kubantu abacalucalulwayo.
Ukubona I-arhente Efanelekileyo
Inyathelo lokuqala ekufuneni ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu libandakanya ukuchaza umbutho ofanelekileyo wokusingatha isikhalazo. Uhlobo localulo kunye nomongo owenzeke kuwo umisela ukuba yeyiphi intlangano elawulayo. Izikhalazo zocalulo lomsebenzi zidla ngokuya kwi-EOC, izikhalazo zokucalucalucalulo eziya kwi-HID, izikhalazo zemfundo kwiSebe lezemfundo yamalungelo abantu, izikhalazo ezibandakanya ukuvota, ulawulo, okanye ezinye ii-amalungelo abantu ezibandakanya ukuchasana neSebe leSigwebo.
Amasebe amaninzi anika abantu izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye neefowni ezishushu ukuze bafumanise ukuba izikhalazo zabo zixhomekeke kusini na kwigunya lombutho. Xa izikhalazo zibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi zocalucalulo okanye imida enqamlezeneyo, abameli banokunikezela ngeminye imiqathango efanelekileyo yokunyanzelisa.
Ukuqonda Abafileyo
Ukubekwa kwamalungelo abantu kufuneka kubekwe kwizakhelo ezithile zonyaka emva kocalulo olutyholwayo. Le mihla yokwahluka ngokommiselo nangemibutho, ukususela kwiintsuku ezili-80 ukuya kwiminyaka eliqela kuxhomekeka kumthetho osebenzayo. Ukungalufumani olu xesha lungaphumela ekulahlekelweni lilungelo lokunyanzeliswa okanye ukulifumana.
Abantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bajamelana nocalucalulo bafanele bathabathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza ukuze balondoloze amalungelo abo, baqhagamshelane nesebe elifanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze baqonde ixesha elifanelekileyo lokufika nokubhala izinto ezifunekayo.
Iqokelela Uxwebhu
Izikhalazo ezinamandla zixhaswa luxwebhu olucokisekileyo localulo. Abantu kufuneka baqokelele baze bagcine ubungqina obuquka ii-imeyili, iileta, ukuvavanywa komsebenzi, iingxelo zobungqina, kunye nezinye izinto ezixhasa iziphumo zabo. Amanqaku achazayo ngeziganeko zokukhupha izithuba, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo namangqina, anokuba luncedo kakhulu ebudeni bophando.
Ngoxa abasemaqulwini benokuphanda ngezikhalazo nangona bengakhange bafumane bungqina buninzi, ukuba nobungqina obunamandla kunokwenza abantu bafumane isigqibo esifanelekileyo baze baqonde umlinganiselo opheleleyo wocalucalulo.
Ukufuna Uncedo
Akuyomfuneko ukuba abantu baqhube inkqubo yokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu bebodwa. Imibutho emininzi inikela uncedo olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi ngezikhalazo ezithe ngqo, kuquka imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, amaqela alwela amalungelo abantu, nemibutho esekelwe kuluntu.
Kubantu abanqwenela ukunikela ingxengxezo yangasese ukongeza okanye endaweni yezikhalazo zolawulo, ukudibana negqwetha elinolwazi ngemithetho yamalungelo abantu kunokunikela ukhokelo olubalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ukhetho olungokwasemthethweni namaqhinga.
Impembelelo Yamalungelo Abemi
Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kufikelele kwinkqubela ephawulekayo ekulweni nocalucalulo nokukhuthaza ukulingana kwiminyaka eliqela edluleyo. Izenzo zonyanzelo-mthetho ezingundoqo ziye zaphelisa ucalucalulo kwizikolo, zavula amathuba emisebenzi, zaqinisekisa ukuba kulula ukufikelela, zakhusela amalungelo okuvota, zaza zamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni eqhubeka imisela amalungelo abantu.
Ngaphandle kwamatyala ngamanye, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwanegalelo ekutshintsheni kwenkcubeko kwindlela abantu abajonga ngayo ucalucalulo nokulingana.
Noko ke, kusafuneka umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokufikelela umgangatho olinganayo nokuphelisa ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iintlobo. Ukungacalucalulo oluqhubekayo emsebenzini, kwimfundo, kwizindlu nakwezinye iindawo kubonisa ukuba ucalulo luyaqhubeka lusikel ’ umda amathuba kubantu abaninzi baseMerika. Amasebe alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka aqhubeke ezama ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanyanzeli bawo bazama ukuhlangabezana nocalucalulo oludala noluvelayo.
Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lokunyanzelwa Kwamalungelo Abemi
Ikamva lokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu liya kuphenjelelwa ziimeko ezininzi, kuquka ukutshintsha kobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani, ukutshintsha kweenkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nemigaqo ephambili.
Ukuthetha ngocalulo lwemithetho yokuziphatha
Njengoko ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo zisanda kakhulu emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwityala, nakwezinye iindawo, amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka akhulise ubuchule bokuchonga nokulungisa ucalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko. Oku kuya kufuna ubuchule bobugcisa, iindlela ezintsha zokuphanda, kunye nemigaqo emitsha esemthethweni yokulungisa ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwikhowudi kunye nogcino-lwazi.
Ukuya kumda
Ukuqonda ukuba abantu badla ngokucalucalulwa ngenxa yokujongana neempawu ezininzi kukhokelela kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba uhlanga, isini, iziphene nezinye iimpawu zidibene ukuze zibangele ucalucalulo olukhethekileyo.
Unikezelo oluzenzekelayo
Kunokuba athembele kuphela ekunyanzelweni komthetho okhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubhenela, amaziko agxininisa inyathelo eliphambili lokuthobela elinceda amaqumrhu ukuba athintele ucalucalulo ngaphambi kokuba luvele.
Unyanzeliso logcino-lwazi
Inkcazo eqhubela phambili inceda amaqumrhu achaza iindlela zocalulo ezingenakubonakala kwizikhalazo zomntu ngamnye. Ngokuhlalutya inkcazelo enkulu, amaqumrhu anokuhlasela ugcino-lwazi kwiindawo apho ucalucalulo lubonakala luxhaphakile kwaye alinganise ukuphumelela kongenelelo lokunyanzelisa.
Oovimba ababalulekileyo kulwazi lwamalungelo oluntu
Ii-ofisi zoManyano zigcina iiwebhsayithi ezinenkcazelo ebanzi emalunga nokuncitshiswa kwezikhalazo, ukuqonda amalungelo nokufumana uncedo.
ISebe le-Cuvil Rights Repart lewebsite ye-EEOC linika ulwazi malunga nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu kunye namanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu ayamkeleka e-https /wwww. jasti.gov/crt. I-EOC inika ubuncwane obuninzi malunga nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi https.w.eoc.v.] ISebe le-ofisi yemfundo yamalungelo e-Octal amalungelo emfundo ligcina ulwazi malunga nemfundo e-e-luntlukwano kwi-webhsayithi yabo, ngelixa inika izibonelelo zendlu ezifanelekileyo kunye nezikhalazo zokukhala.
Ngaphandle kwamaziko karhulumente, imibutho enjenge-American Civil Liberties Union, iNaACP Legal Defense, iNational Women’s Law Center, kunye neminye imibutho emininzi yamabhinqa exhasayo inikela inkcazelo, uncedo, kunye nomelo kubantu abajamelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni idla ngokunikezela ngesisa iinkonzo ezisemthethweni kubantu abafumana iziphumo eziphantsi.
Ulwazi ngokubanzi olumalunga namasebe karhulumente kunye namalungelo awo oluntu, iUSA.gov igcina uvimba wefayili obanzi http://www.usa.gov enokunceda abantu baqonde umbutho ofanelekileyo wenkxalabo yabo.
Isiphelo
Amasebe karhulumente asebenza njengabagcini bamalungelo abantu ababalulekileyo eUnited States, emisela imithetho elwa ucalucalulo nekhuthaza amathuba alinganayo kuwo onke amacandelo ebutho. Ngokukhalazela, ngokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo, ngemfundo, nangokuhlola, la masebe asebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi baseMerika ngaphandle kokucalucalulwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, isini, unqulo, ubulwelwe, ubudala okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo.
Nangona kuye kwafunyanwa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekuqhubeni phambilini ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu, ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lufuna ukuhlala luphaphile yaye lukwazi ukuqhelanisa. Ukunqanda izinto, iindlela ezitshintshayo zocalulo, nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kufuna ukuba amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu aqhubeke elungisa iindlela zawo zokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafanele banyanzeliswe yaye andise amandla abo okulungisa ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iindlela ezibonakala ngayo.
Ukusebenza kwamalungelo abantu ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezininzi: ubuncwane obaneleyo babanyanzeli bomthetho, imigaqo engqongqo elwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo, ukhokelo olugunyazisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokuthelekisa abemi abawaqondayo amalungelo abo nabakulungeleyo ukuwaxhasa xa kuqalisa ukwaphulwa.
Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, amaziko alwela amalungelo abantu kufuneka ahlale esabela kwimingeni evelayo ngoxa egcina imbopheleleko yawo esisiseko yokulingana nokusesikweni. Ngokuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo aba bameli, imithetho abayisebenzisayo, kunye nendlela ekhoyo yokunikela ingxelo nokunyanga ucalucalulo, abantu banokuwakhusela bhetele amalungelo abo baze babe negalelo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha ibutho elinokulingana ngakumbi.
Ulungiselelo lokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu lumele inxalenye ephambili yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ibandakanya ukuzinikela kwesizwe ekuphathweni ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Nangona umsebenzi wokufumana ukulingana okupheleleyo ungekagqibeki, ubukho benkqubo yokunyanzelisa ezimandla bunika izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokulwa nolwahlulo nabaphulaphuli abanokuphendula. Ngokuqhubeka bexhasa amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu nokuzibophelela ngokuqhubekayo kwimigaqo yokulingana nokusesikweni, inkqubela ebhekisa kwibutho elilungelelene ngokwenene elilinganayo lihlala lingenakushenxiswa.