Ukubekwa iliso komthetho kudla ngokubhekisele kumbuzo wokuba unyango lomntu owoniweyo lufanele luthini. Unyango lomthetho lunika iinkundla zomthetho ezisebenzisa ukunyanzelisa amalungelo, ukubuyisela umonakalo, nokugcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo. Ukuba ungumfundi womthetho wokwakha ulwazi olusisiseko, umfundisi-lwazi lwezifundo, okanye ugqirha ofuna umqalisi, ukuqonda intlu - nqanaba lonyango olupheleleyo. Olu khokelo lunikela uhlolisiso olucokisekileyo lwendlela yokunyanga esemthethweni, ukusuka kumahluko ongokwesithethe phakathi konyango olusemthethweni nolufanelekileyo kwinkundla eziluncedo uyavavanyanisa xa kusenziwa uncedo.

Ziziphi Iindlela Zokulungisa Imeko Esemthethweni?

Unyango olusemthethweni luyindlela inkundla eyahlula ngayo iingcango ezibanzi, enyanzelisa isohlwayo, okanye yenza umyalelo wokunyanzela okanye ukukhusela isenzo. Umiselo lungumphumo wesimangaliso soluntu, isiphumo esibonakalayo esisombulula impikiswano. Kwimbali, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wahlula amayeza abe ziindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: amayeza ahlukeneyo [iiimali] [iiimali] [iziphumo zemali] [iziphumo zemali] kunye [iindlela] ezingenakulinganiswa namthetho [iindlela] ezikhoyo ezikhoyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunyanga.

Kuqheliselo lwangoku, iinkundla zinengqiqo ephangaleleyo yokulungisa intelekelelo efanelekileyo. Amayeza akhoyo kwityala elinikiweyo axhomekeke kwindlela ekhoyo, ingozi evalelweyo, kunye nemimiselo yemithetho yetyala. Ugqirha makaqonde kungekuphela nje iindidi zonyango kodwa kwanemithetho yenkcubeko elawula ukufumaneka kwazo, kwakunye nokuqwalasela okucwangcisiweyo njengokuqokelelwa nokunyanzeleka.

Kwinkcazelo ezigunyazisiweyo zonyango lwasemthethweni, iCornell Information Institute inika icebo elithembekileyo. "iinkcukacha zomthetho ezicacileyo kunye namakhonkco kwimithombo engundoqo.

Iintlobo Zokulungisa Ngomthetho

Ukwahlulwa konyango kusekelwe kumthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa ezi ntlobo zimbini zingundoqo zisemthethweni kwaye zilingana, nganye iqulethe iindidi ezincinane ezisabela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zengozi.

Unyango Olusemthethweni (Umonakalo)

Amayeza asemthethweni phantse asoloko ethatha uhlobo lwembuyekezo yemali, eyaziwa ngokuba . Umonakalo lunyango olungagqibekanga kwizenzo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni kuba imali idla ngokuthatha indawo yelahleko efunyenweyo. Injongo kukwenza umbulali uphelele .ukubuyisela indawo ebeya kuyisebenzisa ukuba ibingakhange yenzeke. Iziphumo zahlulwe ngokweentlobo ezininzi:

  • [[NTLA] Umonakalo ohlahlelayo: Olu lumonakalo lokwenene olusetyenziselwa ukugquma ilahleko elinganayo efana nenkcitho yezamayeza, ingeniso elahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla, neentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Bazimisele ukubeka ummangalelwa kwimeko yemali ebengayi kuba yeyo ihambo yommangalelwa.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: Zikwabizwa ngokuba ngumzekelo womonakalo, ezi zinikwa ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa ngehambo engalunganga, enjengenkohliso okanye ubundlobongela, nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Imithetho emininzi yesohlwayo esikhutshwayo okanye ifuna umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina.
  • Umonakalo ongaphucukanga: Yimali encinane (iidola okanye intwana yexabiso) enikwayo xa ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni liphulwe kodwa kungekho nto imbi ikhoyo. Umonakalo wento eninzi ulwela ilungelo kwaye ungasebenza njengesiseko sokufumana kwakhona iindleko zenkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo oncitshisiweyo: Le ngumonakalo omiselwe kwangaphambili othe amaqela avuma ukuhlawula kwisiganeko sokwaphuka. IiNkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinyanzelisa iirejista zomonakalo ngaphandle kokuba zinkulu ngokungekho ngqiqweni kwaye zisenza isohlwayo kunokuba zibe noqikelelo lokwenyaniso lwengozi.
  • [[NTL:0] Jikelele. Umonakalo okhethekileyo:[[FT:1] Umthetho wetot, umonakalo jikelele ugquma ilahleko engasetyenziswanga kwi-monetal njengentlungu nokubandezeleka, ngoxa umonakalo okhethekileyo ugquma ukulahlekelwa kwezoqoqosho ngexabiso elithe ngqo le-dola, njengeendleko zonyango okanye iindleko zokulungisa.

Ubalo lomonakalo lunokuba luntsokothile kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ingeniso yexesha elizayo, ukunyanyekelwa kwexesha elide, okanye ukulahlekelwa okungaqondakaliyo. Ubungqina obucacileyo obuvela kwiingcali zezoqoqosho, iingcungela, kunye neengcali zezonyango busoloko bufuneka. Kwezinye iimeko, imimiselo ibeka iikepisi zokonzakalisa, njengakwizenzo zezamayeza okanye kwiimeko zokwenzakala komntu, ukulawula iindleko ze-inshorensi.

Imimiselo Elinganayo

Amayeza anokungalinganiyo ngawamaqhinga, imiyalelo engeyoyayo yezorhwebo ekhutshwa ziinkundla xa umonakalo ungaba owanele ukwenza i-axistaff iphelele. Asuka kumandla embali enkundla engqinelanayo ukwenza okusesikweni xa imithetho engqongqo yomthetho oqhelekileyo ithe yasilela. Amayeza aqhelekileyo aquka:

  • Iinformations: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okuthile (umyalelo womthetho) okanye ukunqanda ukwenza into (umyalelo we-progatensi). I-injnations zisoloko zifunwa kwinkathazo, iprografi, kunye nezivumelwano. Imiyalelo engaphambili igcina ubume be-modelime ngexa ithe ngqo; imimiselo esisigxina ikhutshwa emva kokuva okokugqibela.
  • [[NTL:0] Imisebenzi engaqhelekanga: Umyalelo onyanzelisa iqela ukwenza isenzo esithile, ngokufuthi ukuphumeza imbopheleleko edibeneyo. Umsebenzi okhethekileyo unikwa kuphela xa umba wento ungaqhelekanga, njengeceba elinqabileyo lomhlaba okanye umsebenzi wobugcisa obunye bohlobo, kwaye xa umonakalo wemali unganiki mbuyekezo owaneleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukucinywa: Ukcimo lwesivumelwano, ukubuyisela omabini amaqela kwiindawo zawo zangaphambili. Olu nyango lukhona xa isivumelwano siphululwe ngenxa yokuqhatha, impazamo, impembelelo engafanelekanga, okanye ukuswela amandla.
  • Ulungiso: Ulungiso lwekomiti olubonisa iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela xa impazamo kwimizobo iyenzeka (umzekelo, itypo etshintsha intsingiselo yegama elingundoqo.
  • Ikhampasi yetyala: Isicombululo esifuna iqela ukubonelela ngengeniso epheleleyo yemali okanye iimpahla. Kuxhaphakile kwiimpikiswano zomanyano, ukuphulwa kwemfuno yempatho yemali, kwaye uphazamiso lwepropati yenkcubeko apho ummangalelwa enelungelo lokufumana ingeniso yommangalelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Intelekelelo efundisayo: Yinkundla ebekwe intelekelelo ethintela umenzi wobubi ukuba azityebise ngokungekho sikweni ngokugcina impahla efanele ibe yeyomnye. Umenzi-bubi uba ngumphathi-tyala kwaye kufuneka adlulisele umniniyo ofanelekileyo.

Ngenxa yokuba amayeza alinganayo anokusetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, iinkundla zisebenzisa umxholo othi "izenzo zobulungisa ngokobuqu"""" eli gama lithetha ukuba inkundla iyalela umntu ukuba athabathe amanyathelo, hayi ukuhlawula imali kuphela. Iqela elilawulayo elingenakugwetywa lisenokujamelana nenkcaso, kuquka intengo okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Isibhengezo esiqhelekileyo "oza ngokungalungisi makheze ngezandla ezicocekileyo" sithetha ukuba ummangalelwa ofuna uncedo olufanelekileyo makangathatyathelelwa kwihambo elungileyo elungileyo.

Ukuntywila okunzulu kumayeza alinganayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo kwangoku, i- iMelika Bar Association's ubuncwane bonikezelo inika izikhokelo zokuqhelisa kunye nohlaziyo lomzekelo.

Injongo Yezicombululo Ezisemthethweni

Eyona nto iphambili efunwayo yiyo nayiphi na indlela yokunyanga kukulungisa imicimbi phakathi kwamalungu. Ngokukhethekileyo, unyango olungokwasemthethweni lusebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ubalo lwetyala: ukwenza iqela elilimeleyo liphele ngaphaya kwelahleko life ngenxa yesenzo esiphosakeleyo sommangalelwa.
  • I- I- Inqanda ummangalelwa kunye nabanye ekubenindakanyeka kwihambo ephosakeleyo efanayo.
  • Imposiso: Kwityala lelahleko, ukubeka isohlwayo ngehambo embi.
  • Ukuphumla: amaqela abuyela kwimeko ekhoyo, njengakuphinda asetyenziswe okanye umsebenzi othile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthethelela: Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo asemthethweni omntu oqhelekileyo nokuphawula ukuba ukwaphula umthetho akunakunyamezelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] ubuchule: Ukunika isiphumo esithe ngqo, esinyanzelekileyo esisombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuxabana okuqhubekayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha ezi njongo ziyangqubana. Umzekelo, umonakalo wesohlwayo ungahlawula ngaphezulu kwelahleko yazo, uphakamise inkxalabo efunekayo. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise ezi njongo ngaphakathi kwesiseko semimiselo kunye nemizekelo.

Indlela Amayeza Asemthethweni Azimisele Ngayo

Inkqubo yokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo ibandakanya uhlalutyo olungokwasemthethweni nesigwebo esisebenzisekayo. Iinkundla ziqwalasela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umonakalo nomlinganiselo womonakalo: Okukhona kuyingozi kwaye kulingana, okukhona umonakalo uzakunikezelwa. Kwimeko zomonakalo oqhubekayo, umyalelo usenokuba yimfuneko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibheriji kunye nenjongo yommangalelwa: ihambo engalunganga okanye enobungozi ingathethelela ilahleko yesohlwayo okanye isiqabu esingenakulinganiswa. Ukholo olulungileyo lunganciphisa amayeza.
  • Ukufumaneka konyango olusemthethweni: amayeza angenakulinganiswa afumaneka kuphela xa umonakalo ungaphelelanga. Umzekelo, ukuba isivumelwano sibandakanya into eyodwa, umsebenzi othile ungayalelwa; kungenjalo, inkundla iza kufumana ingxeba yomonakalo.
  • Imizekelo esemthethweni kunye nemimiselo: Iinkundla zibotshelelwe zisigqibo sangaphambili kunye nemigaqo yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amagunya anemimiselo enomda okanye adwelise amayeza akhoyo ukwenzela iingxelo ezithile.
  • Unyanzelo oluzenzekelayo: Inkundla ayiqhelekanga ukuyalela unyango ukuba lunganyanzeli. Umzekelo, umyalelo onyanzelekileyo ofuna ulawulo oluqhubekekayo ungangamkeleki.
  • Ubuninzi bobunzima: Kwindawo epheleleyo, iinkundla zivavanya umonakalo kumchasi ukuba uncedo lukhanyelwe nxamnye nengozi kummangalelwa ukuba unikezelo lunikiwe. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko ezicwangcisiweyo.
  • Imfundiso yezandla ezicocekileyo: Umkhandi owenze ngokungalinganiyo angathintelwa ekulungiseni okungalinganiyo.

I-polantiff inomthwalo wokungqina ilungelo lokufumana isicombululo kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo woncedo. Amangqina aluncedo, ubungqina bengxelo, kunye nohlalutyo lwemali olunenkcukacha zidla ngokubaluleka kwiimeko zomonakalo. Kwimeko ezithe ngqo, umchasi-mthetho makabonise ukuba akukho nyango lwaneleyo ekwakheni umthetho.

Ukubonelela ngendlela esebenzisekayo indlela iinkundla ezimisela ngayo amayeza, iwebhsayithi ye- yase-U.S. inika ucalulo lwenkqubo yetyala le-odoli kunye neziphumo.

Iindlela zokunyanga kwiContractic vs. Tort

Amayeza asemthethweni ahlukile ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni imvume ivela kwisivumelwano okanye kwi-tort. Kumthetho wesivumelwano, umlinganiselo oyintloko yinzala elindelekileyo ." Ukubeka iqela elingakhange lifumaneke kwindawo ebelinokuyibeka ngaphakathi kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano. Amanyathelo aquka ukuxhomekeka (ukubuyisela iqela kwindawo yalo yangaphambili) kunye nokukhusela (ukukhusela ukutyebisa okungekho bulungisa). Ukonakalisa okungahambelani nokunye kuyinto engaqhelekanga. Umahluko, ukujolise kwilahleko lomthetho obangelwa kukuphoswa kommangalelwa. Ukuchasa ilahleko kubandakanya imbuyiselo kunye nokubandezeleka kwemiva nokunganyaniseki kwezenzo.

Iingxaki Ekufumaneni Iindlela Zonyango Ezisemthethweni

Nangona kuphuhlisiwe unyango olusemthethweni, ucelomngeni oluninzi luyaqhubeka:

  • Ukungalingani komonakalo olinganiswayo: ingakumbi ngenxa yeengozi ezingacacanga ezifana neentlungu nokubandezeleka, udandatheko ngokweemvakalelo, okanye ukulahleka kwe-comium, iinkundla zixhomekeke kwimiqathango yejaji nemizekelo enokuvelisa iimbasa eziguquguqukayo.
  • Ulibaziseko kwinkqubo esemthethweni: I-Iefficiencies kwinkqubo yenkundla ingalibazisa unyango kangangeminyaka, icuthe ubuchule bayo. Ukukhululeka komphambili okanye phakathi kwemiyalelo ethintelayo okwethutyana) ingathetha ngongxamiseko oluthile kodwa ifuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo.
  • [[NTLA:0] I-Inconcentinfectes kwimithetho yenkundla: abagwebi abahlukeneyo okanye amajaji angafumana umkrwelo wokonzakalisa okufanayo, ukunyusa inkxalabo ezisesikweni nokukhuthaza ukuthenga into elungileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] IPhondo elikwindawo ephambili yezibheno kunye nolunye ulungiso: Isicombululo asisosiphelo de isibheno siphele. Ukuba unyango lwenkundla evavanyiweyo lutshintshiwe okanye lulungisiwe, amaqela angafuna iziphumo ezongezelelweyo.
  • Imibandela ecacileyo: Umgwebo womonakalo awusebenzi ukuba ummangalelwa akanazo iimpahla okanye ukhuselekile ekuphumezweni. Amatyala kufuneka aqwalasele indawo yemali yommangalelwa phambi kokuba aqhubeke nokwenza igalelo.
  • Ukunyanzeliswa kwemiyalelo elinganayo: Ukufumana umyalelo kusisiqingatha sedabi; ukuwumisa ngentengiso kusenokuba yixabiso eliphezulu kwaye kufuneke ixesha elininzi.
  • [ Sta sta spoolts nemilinganiselo: Amanye amazwe abangela umonakalo ongengoqoqosho kwiimeko zonyango okanye kwilahleko yesehlo jikelele, alinganisela imbuyekezo ekhoyo nangenxa yengozi egqithisileyo.

Ezi zingxaki zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokucwangcisa kwilitha. IiAttorney kufuneka ziqwalasele kungekuphela nje umthetho ongaphantsi kodwa kwanobungozi obusebenzisekayo bokufumana nokumisa isicombululo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwemimiselo Engokwasemthethweni Nenokulingana

Kwizityholo ezininzi, abamangaleli bafuna amayeza asemthethweni nalinganayo. Intsingiselo yale mihla kukuba iinkundla zisebenzise zombini iiseti zonyango phakathi kwesenzo esinye. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa othe gqolo-gqa ekwaphuleni isivumelwano angafuna umonakalo welahleko yangaphambili kunye nomyalelo wokunqanda uqhawuko lwexesha elizayo. Noko ke, imigaqo embalwa ebalulekileyo ilawula esi sixhobo sidibeneyo:

  • Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala: Phantsi koMphetho-mvakalisi wesixhenxe kwiinkundla zetyala ze-U.S., izityholo ezingokwasemthethweni (ukulungisa umonakalo) zawagunyazisa amaqumrhu kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ngoxa iingxelo ezilinganayo zivavanywa kumgwebi. Xa zidityanisiwe zombini, inkundla izama iimbambano zomthetho kuqala, kwaye aziphumo zejaji zibopha inkundla ngemibuzo eyinyaniso eqhelekileyo kubo bobabini.
  • Unyulo lwamayeza: ngokwembali, umchasi maxa wambi kwakufuneka akhethe phakathi konyango olusemthethweni nolunokulingana. Imithetho yangoku ithambe ngakumbi; amaqela angafuna amayeza amaninzi kwenye indlela, kwaye iinkundla zinganika eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokukhululeka.
  • Ukungagunyaziswa konyango olusemthethweni: ihlala iyivalvulo yokhuseleko. Ukuba unyango olusemthethweni lukhona kodwa aluphelelanga, /mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba umonakalo awunakubalwa okanye ngenxa yokuba ummangalelwa ukwi- enjululiweyo/iintenkitha-/iindlela ezingenakulinganiswa zinganikwa.

Ukuqonda lo mdlalo kubaluleke kakhulu kubachotho. Isikhalazo esifuna isiphumlisi esilinganayo kuphela singalichaphazela ngempazamo ilungelo lokuchophela ityala letyala. Ngokuchasene noko, ukufuna umonakalo kuphela kusenokushiya ummangali-mali ngaphandle konyango lomonakalo oqhubekayo onokuthi umyalelo ucombulule.

Ukuqalisa Kwemikhwa Nokucingela Abanye

Unyango lwasemthethweni luyaqhubeka luvela ngokuhambelana nobugcisa obutsha, imigaqo yentlalo, kunye notshintsho lowiso-mthetho.

  • [[NTLA:0] ulwaphuko lwezijungqu kunye nonyango lwabucala: Iinkundla ziyangqubana nendlela yokulinganisela umonakalo wokonakaliswa kogcino-lwazi okanye ubusela bolwazi. Ezinye iinkundla azivumi ukuma ngenxa yokungaphazanyiswa kwengozi yokwenene, lo gama ezinye zifumene umonakalo omkhulu ekubandezelekeni ngokweemvakalelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amayeza angundoqo: ngokuqhubekayo, umyalelo wenkundla ofuna isicombululo esifuna ulungiso lweendawo ezonakalisiwe okanye unciphiso lwemiphunga, maxa wambi ukudibanisa umonakalo nemiyalelo elinganayo yokujongwa okuqhubekayo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isenzo sonyango: kwizenzo zodidi ezisikali esikhulu, amayeza adla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwemali yokuhlalisa, ukuqesha, okanye unikezelo lwangaphambili (apho imali engafakwanga kwinjongo zoncedo). INkundla ePhakamileyo inemithetho eqinisiweyo ejikeleze ezo ntlobo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isisombululo sempikiswano esikwi-Alternal ayibanga nakufezekisa (ADR): kunye nokuhlahlela kusoloko kuvumela unyango oluninzi lokwendalo kuneenkundla, olunjengentethelelo, amalungiselelo eshishini elizayo, okanye izicwangciso ezicetyiweyo zokuhlawula. Izivumelwano zingavuma ukunyanzela inkundla ukuba ingakwazi ukunyanzela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iziguquli ezingundoqo: Imigudu yotshintsho lweTort iyaqhubeka isonga imilinganiselo yokuncenga engaphezulu, okanye ilinganisela imilinganiselo yokunyanzelisa, okanye idityaniswe neengxaki ezininzi. Amayeza angenakulinganiswa aye achaphazeleka kakhulu kodwa aphantsi kotshintsho olusemthethweni kwiindawo ezinjengeziphawulo kunye namaphepha amalungelo ombhali.

Ukuhlala usebenza ngezi zicwangciso kubalulekile ekucebiseni abaxhasi kunye nokwenza iindlela ezisebenzayo. Imithetho esetyenziswayo yeProcedture yangaphakathi inika ulwakhiwo lweprocedrol olulawula amayeza kwinkundla yequmrhu, kwaye oogqirha kufuneka basoloko bekhangela uhlaziyo.

Isiphelo

Amayeza asemthethweni asisiseko somthetho wasekuhlaleni .Iindlela zokulungisa amaxabiso ziguqula amalungelo angabonakaliyo abe yiziphumo zekonkile. Ukusuka kumonakalo wemali ohlawulela ukulahlekelwa kwimiyalelo enyanzelisa isenzo esikhethekileyo, intlobo-ntlobo zonyango ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zinokulungisa ukukhululeka kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga zetyala ngalinye. Ukuqonda iintlobo, iinjongo, kunye nemiqathango yezonyango esemthethweni nengenakulinganiswa iyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yezobulungisa.

Njengoko umthetho uqhubeka uguquka, oogqirha kufuneka bahlale bephaphele utshintsho lwemimiselo, imizekelo, kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo. Ngokunolwazi lwezixhobo zonyango, iingcali zomthetho zinokubaxhasa ngokunempumelelo abaxhasi bazo kwaye zifak ’ isandla kwinkqubo esesikweni nesesikweni esemthethweni. Ukuba usenza isikhalazo, uthetha isigqeba, okanye uphikisana phambi komgwebi, ukuqondwa ngokunzulu konyango olusemthethweni kuya kusebenza njengesiseko sempumelelo yokufumana inkxaso-athomovocation.