Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla alawulayo

Umongameli we-United States uchazwa ngumGaqo-siseko, omisela isebe elilawulayo, onika amagunya akhethekileyo kwiofisi. Inqaku II lomGaqo-siseko lichaza indima yomongameli njengentloko karhulumente norhulumente, ojongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, oyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, oqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, ojonge nesebe elilawulayo. Abaquluneli benziwe yisakhiwo sobumongameli ukuba babe namandla kwaye banyanzelwe, bayixhobise kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa okuquka iBhunga kunye nemithetho yephondo. Esi siseko sivumele iofisi ukuba ilungele ukutshintsha iinkulungwane ezimbini, indlela abachaza ngayo igunya kunye nenkqubo yomongameli ngamnye.

Amandla kamongameli akangomda; aphantsi kwemida yesiseko kunye nolawulo lombutho. Umzekelo, xa umongameli ekwazi ukubeka umthetho weveto, iBhunga lingawulawula loo mithetho ngevoti yoninzi olubini lwesithathu. Ngokufanayo, umongameli angaququzelela izivumelwano, kodwa afuna ukwenziwa kocalulo ngesithathu seBhunga. Ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla olawulo oluphezulu ahlala exhomekeke kwamanye amasebe nakubantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni i-Preciece.

Amandla KaMongameli

UmGaqo-siseko unika umongameli amandla amaninzi adwelisweyo, asebenza njengesiseko sesenzo sokulawula. La mandla aphinda anwenwe ngokutolika, imizekelo, kunye nomthetho. Ngapha koko, ngawona mandla angundoqo omgaqo-siseko achaza umongameli.

Umyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiNtlanganiso

Njengenkomfa yomkhosi wemikhosi exhobileyo yaseUnited States, umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi. Eli gunya liquka ukugqiba ukusetyenziswa kwamajoni, ukuyalela, kunye nokuseka ubuchule bokukhusela. Ngelixesha iBhunga linamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, umongameli usoloko eqalisa umkhosi phantsi kwegunya lakhe okanye igunya lakhe njengomphathi-ntloko, ophantsi kwesigqibo semfazwe yeGunya leMikhosi yemfazwe yowe-1903, esifuna ukuqulunyelwa nokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano. Oomongameli abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kwixesha langoku baye basebenzisa eli gunya kwiimfazwe ukusuka kwiQuasi-Rhayida kunye neFrance ukuya kwimisebenzi yaseIraq naseAfghanistan.

Amandla Edinga

Umongameli umisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, amalungu ekhabhathi, oonozakuzaku, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka izikhundla. Oku kumiswa kufuna ukuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, inika icebiso ngokhetho lwegunya. Amandla okumisa abumba isebe lejaji lesizwe kunye nelolawulo oluphezulu kangangamashumi eminyaka, njengoko amadinga eekomiti ewonga ahlala ehleli. Imizekelo engenakukhanyelwa iquka uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt izama ukuqesha iNkuQumrhu eliPhakamileyo noMongameli Ronald Reonagean Reancian njengesigwebo sokuqala sobufamastie.

Umbane weVeto

Umongameli angawunika umthetho odluliselwe yiKhongosare, awuthumele ngokuphikisa. IKhomishini ingawulawula umgangatho ongaphezulu kunye noninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini, kodwa oku kunqabile ngenxa yemfuno ye-automasti. Iveto inika umongameli isixhaso esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ibavumela ukuba bavimbele amatyala abawajonga njengangawafaneleyo okanye angalumkanga. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, ukusuka kuAndrew Jackson's Jackto weBhanki yesibini yeUnited States ukuya kumthetho wemali yemali yemali neyonyango.

UTyelelo loLuntu

Umongameli uthethana nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, afuna ukuhlawuliswa ngesibini sesithathu seBhunga. Eli gunya livumela umongameli ukuba alungise ulwalamano lwehlabathi lonke, ukusuka kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ukuya kulawulo lwezixhobo. Iintsebenziswano ezifana ne-North Atlantic Treaty (1949) neParament yeParis (20) zibonisa umlinganiselo weli gunya. Noko ke, oomongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo, ezingafuni nqamza-mfa yeBhunga, ukuvala imiqobo yemithetho elawulayo kwimicimbi efana norhwebo kunye nolawulo.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo yabalawuli basemthethweni yenye yezixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu ekulahlweni ngumongameli. Le miyalelo ilawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye inamandla omthetho, nangona iphantsi kokuhlola nokuthatha inyathelo lolawulo. Oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuzalisekisa inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga, ingakumbi kwimiba efana nokufuduka, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Umzekelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman wakhupha umyalelo wegunya lomkhosi olawulayo ngo-1949, kwaye uMongameli u-Babama wasebenzisa imiyalelo yesikhulu esilawulayo ukuzalisekisa iSekelo soLawulo lweNtlangalala (DACA). Noko ke, imiyalelo yezolawulo lungabhukunywa ngumongameli olandelayo okanye inkundla evavanywayo, njengoko kuboniswe ngoluvalwa komndululo lobuMongameli u-Donalden Crun Brackins.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kuye kwakhula ekuhambeni kwexesha, okubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwemithetho karhulumente. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kwandiswa kobungozi bokuqhathwa kwegunya eliphezulu, ngoxa abaxhasi bema ngelithi kuyimfuneko xa iBhunga libekwa ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. Ukulungelelana phakathi kolawulo olunempumelelo nomgaqo-siseko kuseyingxoxo ephambili kwezobupolitika zaseMerika.

Iimbopheleleko Zomongameli

Ngaphandle kwamagunya omgaqo-siseko, umongameli uneembopheleleko ezibanzi ezilawula inkqubo yesizwe nokuma komhlaba wonke. Ezi mbopheleleko zidla ngokufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto eziphambili, ukusuka kwintlalontle yasekhaya ukuya kukhokelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukhuseleko nokhuselo lwesizwe

Umongameli ujongene nokukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo ezingaphandle, ujonge abameli abanobukrelekrele abafana neCIA ne-NSA, kwaye enze izigqibo eziqatha ngexesha leengxaki. Oku kuquka ukugunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga, ukusabela kuhlaselo lwabagrogrisi, kunye nokulawula igunya lenyukliya. Umongameli usebenza neSebe loKhuselo lwe Homeland ukuphendula izisongelo ezifana nokuhlaselwa kwekhompyutha kunye nezifo ezimandunduma. Uxanduva lukhulu, njengoko kubonwa kwiCuban Missile Crisis phantsi koMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy kunye nokusabela ku-9/11 phantsi koMongameli George W. Bush.

Ukhokelo Lwezoqoqosho

Umongameli uphembelela inkqubo yezoqoqosho ngezicelo zeBhunga, izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kurhwebo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ziquka ukumisela uqingqo-mali, ukusayina umthetho werhafu, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezivumelwano zorhwebo. Oomongameli badla ngokubeka izinto eziphambili zezoqoqosho, ezifana nokudalwa komsebenzi, ulawulo lokwehla kwemali, kunye noxanduva lobukho bemali. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt's uqulunqe iinkqubo zokuLawula-mali okuKhulu, ngoxa uMongameli Ronald Reagan's'inter Reagean ithelekelela ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukukhula.

ISebe libonise ukuba

Umongameli uthetha ngemiba yentlalo ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, izindululo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nokugunyaziswa kukawonke-wonke. Oku kuquka ukunyamekela impilo, imfundo, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa iqonga labo ukuqhubekisa iinguqu ezinkulu, njengoMthetho wamaLungu phantsi kweLyndon B. Johnson (isebe elityikitywe yiBhunga) kunye noMthetho weSiphatho-Affordble phantsi kweBack Obama. Ubuchule bomongameli bokubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngentetho nangemibutho yezentlalo-ndaba bungaphembelela iziphumo zomthetho kunye nemibutho yezentlalo-ntle.

Umelo lweDiplomatic

Njengonozakuzaku omkhulu, umongameli umele iUnited States kwelinye ilizwe, edibana neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle, ehlanganisa iincopho zezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ekhuthaza inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle. Le ndima iquka ukuphatha izivumelwano, ukukhuthaza iimfazwe, nokukhuthaza amaxabiso amaMelika. Oomongameli abasuka kuThomas Jefferson Purchase ukuya kuRichard Nixon basebenzise unxulumano lwelizwe lonke. Umongameli uququzelela ii-ofisi kwaye uqaphela oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, enza umbutho wesiswano wolawulo olungundoqo.

Ukulungelelana Kwamandla: Iindlela Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Umongameli usebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela eyenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe lingalawuli. UmGaqo-siseko usasaza amandla phakathi komphathi olawulayo, owiso-mthetho, namasebe ejaji, edala uxinezeleko olunamandla olufuna intsebenziswano nolalanisa.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini ihlola igunya lomongameli ngokuchonga ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ulawulo, kunye nesenzo sowiso-mthetho. INdlu yeNdlu yeMali iqinisekisa ukumiswa nokuhlawuliswa kwezivumelwano, ngelixa iNdlu iqalisa iinkqubo zokutyunjwa. IBhunga lingakwamisela imithetho yokumisela igunya elilawulayo, njengeSigqibo seWatergate, kunye noLawulo loLawulo lweMpatho-Rhwe noLawulo lwe-Impostament. Uphando kwizenzo zolawulo, ukusuka kwihlazo leWatergate ukuya kwikomiti ye-Januwari ye-6, ibonisa indima yeBhunganiso ekubekeni koomongameli ityala.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uvavanyo lwejaji luhlola amandla omongameli ngokuchaza ubugqeba bezenzo zolawulo. Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo, zithintele izenzo zikarhulumente, zikhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iimeko zophawulo olufana ulutsha olusemgceni shell & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952] [1952] ukuxhuzula komongameli Truman kwemiliyeye yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, kunye United States v. Nixon[FLT][1277]) umongameli u-19740) onyanzelekelelwe ukukhupha iiteyiphatho zamanzi. Uphengululo luqinisekisa ukuba oomongameli basebenze kwimidathanga elisemthethweni.

Umbuzo

Unyulo, uphando, uphando lwezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke lubalulekile kwigunya lomongameli. Umongameli kufuneka ajongene nabavoti rhoqo kwiminyaka emine, kwaye irejista yemvume ingaphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zisebenza njengesixhobo sokugada, ziphanda izenzo zolawulo kwaye zizise uluntu. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle ziye zayinyusa le ngxaki, zivumela abemi ukuba balungelelanise kwaye bathethe ngqo imicimbi. Iziganeko zembali ezifana nemfazwe yaseVietnam kunye ne-Iran-Centra zibonisa indlela uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke olunokulawula ngayo inyathelo lomongameli.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kolawulo

Umongameli uye waguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni, ukwanda komkhamo kunye negunya. Oomongameli bokuqala njengoGeorge Washington bamisela imizekelo yamandla olawulo olulinganiselweyo, ngeli xesha kamva iinkokeli ezifana noAbraham Lincoln noTheodore Roosevelt zayichaza kwakhona iofisi kwiingxaki kunye notshintsho oluqhubekayo. Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukunyuka komongameli wale mihla phantsi kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, owasebenzisa iNew Develop ukwandisa igunya lesizwe nokumisa indima yesebe eliphetheyo kulawulo lwezoqoqosho.

Ixesha lasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II elibhekele phaya ligunya elisembindini kumongameli, ngemfazwe yoMmandla, izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nokhokelo lwehlabathi lonke. Oomongameli abafana noDwight Eisenhower, uJohn F. Kennedy, kunye noRonald Reagan babumba inkqubo yamanye amazwe ngesenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Noko ke, imfazwe yaseVietnam kunye namanyala amanzi akhokelela ekuguquleni igunya lolawulo lwezikhundla, njengeMkhosi wemfazwe kunye neMithetho yeMithetho kuMthetho kaRhulumente. Inkulungwane yama-21 iye yazisa imingeni emitsha, kuquka ubugrogribi, ubugrabha, ubugrabha, kunye nokuvavanywa kwemi kulawulo lomongameli.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Isekela lomongameli ligosa eliphezulu lesibini elinolawulo oluphezulu, elinendima ekwalathiseni iBhunga kunye nokulandela umongameli. Isekela lomongameli lisoloko licebisa umongameli lize lithathe imimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo, njengomsebenzi kaJoe Biden kwimithetho yamanye amazwe phantsi kolawulo lukaBarack Obama okanye iKamara Harris ukujolisa amalungelo okuvota nokufuduka. Ikhabhathi, equka iintloko zesebe njengonobhala-Rhulumente noNobhala-Sizwe, ucebisa umongameli kunye noomatshini. Ikhabhinethi zigcwaliswa ngomthetho weBhangelwano olunolwazi oluno kuqikelelwa kwiNqikelelo, kwaye uqululo lwazo lubonakalisa izinto eziphambili zomongameli.

Ukuziphendulela

UmGaqo-siseko unika imvume yokungagunyaziswa njengovavanyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yomongameli. Indlu yabameli ingamtyumza umongameli "ngesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingagqibekiyo," kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho ivavanya ukususwa. Oomongameli abathathu baye banyanzelwa: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (209 kunye no-2021). Akukho nanye eyagwetywayo, nangona uJohnson wasondela. Inkqubo yokungagunyaziswayo inguwo ingumsebenzi osemthethweni kunye nesixhobo sezobupolitika, ibalase ukucinezelwa kobucala phakathi kobupolitiki.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nolawulo

Oomongameli banamhlanje bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi olubangela umahluko, ukususela kukwahlukana kwezantlukwano ukusa kwiingxaki zomhlaba wonke.

Name

Ucalucalulo olukwiBhunga ludla ngokuphazamisa ucwangciso lomongameli, lukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kweqhina eliphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kwemiyalelo yezolawulo. Ukwanda kwengqiqo ehlukeneyo kwenza ulalaniso lwabanzima, nomongameli bethembele kumavoti eqela kunye nesenzo esingathathi ncam. Oku kusingqongileyo kungaphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kunye nomlinganiselo wempumelelo yenkqubo yexesha elide, njengoko kubonwa ngokulandelelana komthetho wesikhathalelo kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Uphando lwamajelo eendaba nolwamaqumrhu

Umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 weendaba kunye nezixhobo zezentlalo zonxibelelwano ezithe zaqondwa. Ukugquma okungachaphazelekayo kungalonakalisa umlinganiselo ovunyiweyo kunye noqhubeko-phambili lwenkqubo, ngoxa oomongameli benokukhuthaza inkxaso entle. Kufuneka baququzelele iimposiso, uphando, kunye nokusabela kwabantu ngokukhawuleza. Ulawulo lweClinton lwajongene nophando olunzulu lonxibelelwano kumahlazo omntu ngamnye, ngeli lixa ulawulo lwe-Obama lunokugxekwa ngokubhekiselele unyango kunye nenkqubo yangaphandle.

Iziganeko Neentlekele Zehlabathi

Oomongameli kufuneka bathabathe amanyathelo kwiziganeko ezingalindelekanga, ukusuka kwintlekele zendalo ukuya kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi. Uhlaselo lwe-9/11 oluchazwe kwakhona kwinkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngeli xesha isibetho se-COVID-19 sasifuna ukuba kusetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusebenzisana kwentsebenziswano koorhulumente. ICrisris isoloko yandisa igunya lomongameli okwexeshana, kodwa ikwabhenca ubungangamsha kunye nokhokelo oluvavanyayo. Ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo zesandi phantsi koxinzelelo luphawu oluchaza ukuba ngabalawuli abaphumelelayo.

Iliso Lale Mihla Nekamva

Umongameli uyaqhubeka eqhelanisa nezinto ezintsha, kuquka utshintsho lobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, kunye nezisongelo ezitshintshayo. Ukwanda kwamandla okulawula ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, imigaqo-nkqubo elawulayo, kunye neenkqubo zamanye amazwe kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemida yomGaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo ngemida yexesha, ukhuseleko lonyulo, kunye ne-Electoral College ekwili yesikhululo. Njengoko i-United States ijongene neengxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulingana kwengeniso, nokhuphiswano lwe-Phondo, i-quacity yaya kuhlala ingundoqo kulawulo lwesizwe.

Ukuqonda amagunya, iimbopheleleko, kunye nezithintelo zobungangamsha kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Iofisi ibonakalisa amandla neenkxwaleko zedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ilungelelanisa amabhongo nokuziphendulela. Ngokuhlolisisa imbali nemiba yanamhlanje, abemi banokubuqonda ngakumbi ubugocigoci bolawulo oluphezulu.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lobungangamsha nolungelelwaniso lwe-United States luyisikhundla esinamandla kodwa esilawulwayo, esichazwa ngumGaqo-siseko kwaye sibunjwe yimbali. Amandla alawulayo anembopheleleko enkulu, ukukhusela uhlanga ukukhuthaza impumelelo nokuphakamisa umthetho. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuquka ulawulo lombutho kunye nojongo lolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mongameli oba namandla kakhulu. Noko ke, iingxaki ezifana nokubekwa kwe-transcation ganting, ukuhlolwa kolawulo, kunye novavanyo lwezingxwabangxwaba zehlabathi lonke. Ngokufunda umongameli ngokusondelele, sifumana ukuqonda indlela ulawulo oluzivelelayo nendlela oluchaphazela ngayo izigidi zabantu. U-CHPube uhlala usisibonelo olunamandla kakhulu, olulungele ukuqhelanisa isigaba ngasinye ngexa ugcino lwesiseko solawulo lwaseMelika.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa ingqikelelo yendlu emhlophe yesebe eliphetheyo, iNkatheliso yeNkcubeko yeSiqendu II [, kunye [[FLT] kwiphepha logcino-lwazi loMgaqo-siseko . Ezi zinto zinika uluvo olunzulu kwiziseko ezingokwasemthethweni nezembali zamandla omongameli.