Uhlaziyo lwamalungelo alinganayo: Umlo othabatha inkulungwane yeminyaka ukwenzela ukulingana kwesizwe esingumGaqo-siseko

I-Aumelt Rights Amentement Amendment (ERA) imi njengenye yezona zindululo zihlala zihleli nezinempikiswano kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Okokuqala yaziswa ngo1923, uhambo lwayo lokudlula kwiimeko zezobupolitika nezezomthetho lutyhila umzabalazo onzulu nozingisileyo wokulingana kwendoda nendoda eUnited States. Ngaphezu kombhalo osemthethweni, iERA iye yasebenza njengendawo ekhuthazayo kwizizukulwana zabaxhasi bombutho, isipili esibonisa isimo sengqondo sobudlelane ngeendima zamabhinqa, kunye nomthetho obonisa ukumanyana besizwe kwisibopho sobulungisa obusisiseko. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-ERA kwimbali yonke imbali kubalulekile ukuqonda indaleko yokulingana kwesini kunye nomsebenzi ongapheliyo.

Isiseko SoMthetho wamalungelo olinganayo

Iingcambu zeERA zilele ekuqaleni kombutho wamalungelo amabhinqa enkulungwane yama-20, osandul' ukuphumelela uloyiso olukhulu ngokukhutshwa koMphetho-mda we-19th WesiBritane ngo-1920, enika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. Kodwa iincwadi zakhawuleza zaqonda ukuba ilungelo lokuvota yodwa aliyi kuphelisa inkqubo enkulu yocalucalulo olungokwasemthethweni nolungokwentlalo eyathi ibekel ’ umda ubomi bamabhinqa. UAlice Paul, oligosathal ’ umbutho waseBritane nowakhiwo weSizwe samaNational Women’s Party, wakhuthaza umgudu wokulungisa i-ampempetho eya kuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho wesini.

Umbhalo wokuqala, owaziswa kwiKhompathimente ngo1923, wawuthe ngqo ngokuphawulekayo: “ ukulingana kwamalungelo phantsi komthetho akuzukukhanyelwa okanye kuvalelwe nguUnited States okanye nguRhulumente ngenxa yesondo.” Le ngxelo ilula kodwa ephenjelelwayo yavavanya wonke umthetho, inkqubo, kunye noqheliselo oluphatha amadoda namabhinqa ngokwahlukileyo. Ayicebisi nto engaphantsi kokubuyiselwa komthetho-siseko kobudlelane bobufana bendoda nebhinqa eMelika.

Inkcaso Yangaphambili Neengxaki Zangaphakathi

Kusukela ekuqaleni, iERA yajamelana nenkcaso enzima . hayi nje kuphela kwimikhosi echasene namabhinqa kodwa naphakathi kombutho wamalungelo amabhinqa ngokwawo. Abaxhasi abaninzi abahambela phambili nabasebenzi babesoyika ukuba ukupheliswa kwemithetho ekhuselayo elwelwe ngexesha leNkathi eqhubekekayo. Le mithetho yawamisela iiyure zokusebenza, eyalelwe ukusebenza ebusuku, kwaye yabeka imilinganiselo encinci yemivuzo yamabhinqa. Abaxhasi bezi zikhuseli zamalungelo zamalungelo e-ERA babecinga ukuba amabhinqa anokuwashiya ebuthathaka ekuxhatshazweni kwinkqubo elawulwa ngamadoda. Oku kwahlula phakathi [[FLT: 0] amalungelo alinganayo. kunye [FL:] kunye [FOL:]]

Iphulo Eliphakathi: Ukutshiswa Ngokucotha

Malunga neminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva kokungeniswa kwayo, iERA yatyhafa kwiikomiti zombutho. Yabuyiselwa kwakhona kwintlanganiso nganye, kodwa imozulu yezobupolitika yayingalungele ukuguquka komgaqo-siseko kulwalamano lweziintlobano zesini. Udandatheko olukhulu, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nokugxininiswa kwemfazwe yemfazwe esemva kwekhaya kwagcina ukurhoxiswa komxhasi wemithetho-mthetho. Kodwa, iQela leSizwe Lomfazi laqhubeka lisiza, kwaye ikhadi encinane kodwa elinikezelweyo lemibutho lagcina iphupha likaERA liphilile.

Impapasho kaBetty Friedan Imfuno yeFine Mystique ngo 1963 kunye nokusekwa kweSizwe se-National Organization for Women (NOW) ngo1966 yafaka amandla amatsha kwintshukumo. Ngoku yenza iERA enye yemfuno yayo esembindini, kunye nesaqhinga esitsha sokwenza umsebenzi waqalisa ukwakha. Umbutho wokukhululeka wamabhinqa ekupheleni ko 1960 kunye nasekuqaleni kowe1970 wadala imekobume yezobupolitika elungelelene ngakumbi kwingcamango yokulingana komgaqo-siseko.

Ummangaliso ka - 1972: Ingqungquthela

NgoMatshi 1972, zombini izindlu zeBhunga zavuma iERA nezinkulu ezinkulu ezikhulu ze-bipartisan,(354 ukuya ku-23 eMzini kunye namashumi asibhozo ukuya kuma-8 kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Ukulungisa kwandula ke kwaya kumaphondo ukuze kwakhiwe ulwandiso, nexesha elisisixhenxe elingusixhenxe leminyaka limiselwe yiBhunga. Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulungisa i-RA kwakhawuleza. Kunyaka nje, ama-30 kumazwe angama-38 ayevote ee. Ithemba laliphezulu; amaninzi aqikelel ’ ukuba i-ERA yayiza kuba nguMphengululo wama-2727 ngonyaka ka 1975. Kodwa ke, ukuhlazimkelwa kwe-mobil kwakudala kwakudala.

Iqela Elilwa Nee-ERA: Inkcaso Nokuchasa

Iphulo elichasene neERA laqhutywa nguPhyllis Schlafly, umxhasi ongaguqukiyo owabeka isisongelo njengesisongelo kumaxabiso entsapho, amalungelo amabhinqa (njengokungakhutshwa kwe-antium nokungakhutshwa kwe-droji) kunye nobungcwele bekhaya. Intlangano yakhe, iStop ERA, yaphikisa ukuba ukulungisa kungawalimaza amabhinqa ngokuwanyanzela ukuba asebenze, asuse ukhuseleko kuqhawulo mtshato nakulawulo, kwaye afune amabhinqa ukuba asebenzele emfazweni.

Iimpikiswano Eziphambili Zenkcaso

  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphelo zemithetho ekhuselayo: Abachasi bathi iERA izakuphelisa imithetho enika ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kumabhinqa emsebenzini, njengokuphumla nobuninzi beyure.
  • Inkonzo yothutho: Ithemba lokuba amabhinqa aza kujoliswa emkhosini nasemsebenzini wokulwa laliliqhinga elinamandla loloyiso elavakalayo ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo.
  • Ulwakhiwo losapho: Abaninzi babesoyika iERA iyakuphazamisa iindima zesithethe sobufanasini, nto leyo ekhokelela kwigumbi lokuhlambela elingangeni ebuxhutsheni, umtshato onobufanayo (ondulela iingxoxo zamva), kunye nokuxhasa ukuqhomfa kwesizwe.
  • Amalungelo esizwe: Abanye abachasi baphikisa iERA imele ukuphangwa kwesizwe, iphazamisa amalungelo karhulumente okulawula ulwalamano lwasekhaya.

I-Stop ERA ntshukumo yangqineka isebenza ngokuphawulekayo. Emva ko 1973, isantya sokuhluthwa komjelo sancipha ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe aqalisa ukubuyisela okanye ukoyisa utshintsho. Ngomhla wokuqala wexesha lokugqiba kweyesi-2, 1979, amaphondo angama-35 kuphela aye agunyazisa/3 isifutshane kwikota ezintathu ezifunekayo. Ingqungquthela yandisa ummiselo ukuya ku1982, kodwa akukho mazwe awongezelelekileyo agunyazisayo, kwaye iERA ngokusemthethweni yaphelelwa.

Imifanekiso Engundoqo Eyayitshintsha Inkqubela Ye - ERA

Ukuqonda iERA kufuna ukuba ubaqonde abantu ababeyixhasa okanye ababeyichasa, njengoko babebumba indlela yokuyilungisa necebo layo elide.

Alice Paul (1885-1977)

Umyili weERA, uAlice Paul wayengumbhali wesilwanyana owafunda iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwiBritane. Emva kokudlula koMphetho-mda we-19 wajolisa kwi-mGaqo-siseko olinganayo. Wabhala ulwimi lwantlandlolo lwe-ERA ngo-1923 wanyanzelisa ukuba luthandwe de kwafa ngo- 1977.

Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016)

Inkcaso ephumelelayo yeERA, uSchlafly walungiselela iqela elilawulayo elilawula ingca eliye loyisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-asethi kumgangatho wephondo. Waphikisa ngelithi i-ERA iza kususa iinzuzo ezisemthethweni kunye nenkuselo esele inanditshwa ngamabhinqa, kwaye umyalezo wakhe wachukumisa izigidi zamabhinqa ezazisoyika ukutshintsha.

Gloria Steinem (b. 1934)

Ilizwi elikhokelayo labameli benqanawa yoo1970, uSteinem wanikela ubungqina phambi kweKhompathiswa exhasa iERA, wabhala kakhulu ngemfuno yayo, kwaye wanceda ekuququzeleleni umnqophiso obanzi wabaxhasi. Umsebenzi wakhe ekusekeni M. IMagazini yanika iqonga leengcamango zabafazi.

Betty Friedan (1921-2006)

Umbhali we IMylo yeNtombi yeQela kunye noMsunguli okhoyo we-MOD, uFriedan wasetyenziswa ekwenzeni iERA ibe lusukelo olusemgangathweni lweqela lamalungelo amabhinqa aphambili. Wancedisa ekutyhaleni ukulungisiswa kwengqungquthela ngo1972.

Ilifa Elisemthethweni: Ngaba IERA Ibalulekile Ngaphandle Kokudubaduba?

Nangona iERA isilele ukufikelela kumda wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, impembelelo yayo kumthetho nakuluntu lwaseMelika inamandla. Umlo we-ERA ukhuthaze iliza lomgangatho wombuso olinganayo wamalungelo; amashumi amabini anesibini amazwe ngoku anamalungelo awo e-ERA afakwe kwimithetho-siseko yawo. Ngaphezu koko, iphulo lafundisa uwonke wonke malunga nocalucalulo lwendoda nebutho labantu kwaye labeka isiseko senkqubela phambili yamva esemthethweni.

Impembelelo Kumthetho WeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Idabi le-ERA ladala imeko yezobupolitika eyaphembelela ukucaciswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-14's Ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Claus. Kwimeko zophawu olufana no [FLT]]--eded v. [FLT][3] [197] [[FLT]][4] ne[FLT][FLT][5]]] Craig v. Boren[FLT][12], iNkuhlela ukubetha imithetho esekelwe kwiintlobano zesini, isebenzisa oko kwaziwayo njengokuhlola okuphakathi. Ngelixa iERA i-iced shortment yoluntslo oluphezulu lomthetho olunegosalulo olungundoqo kutolika kumgangatho osemthethweni osemthethweni.[FLT.][7], inkundla yaqala ukubetha phantsi okusekelwe kwimithetho esekelwe kwi-yokubalwayo.

Isigqibo esiye sagqitywa v. Isigqibo sokuphinda i- sasisokuqala iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus ukunciphisa umthetho owacalula amabhinqa. Kwaye Craig v. Boren wamisela umgangatho wokuba icandelo elisekelwe kwisondo kufuneka “likwindawo enxulumeneyo” kwiinjongo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo. La matyala ayenziwa lula lidinga le ERA lokulingana ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuvuselelwa: Inkulungwane Entsha, Imomenti Entsha

Iminyaka emalunga namashumi amabini emva kowe - 1982, iERA yayigqalwa njengeyona nto ifileyo, kodwa ukususela ngowe - 2010, isizukulwana esitsha sabaxhasi bale phulo saphinda saqalisa.I - # Me Too, ukubonakala kwamabhinqa kwezobupolitika, nokuqonda okungakumbi izithuba zemali ehlawulwayo nocalucalulo, konke kwaba negalelo ekuvuseleleni umdla kwiERA.

Imitha Yeebhada Ne - Illinois

Ngo-2017, iNevada yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala wokufumana i-ERA emva kwexesha lonyaka ka-1982. Illinois yalandela ngo-2018. Kwangoko ngoJanuwari 2020, iVirginia yaba ngumbuso wama-38 wokufumana i-raybhith, idibana nomnyango wekota ezintathu okhankanyiweyo yiKhompathilo. Kodwa, ukudityaniswa kwemida kwafika emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kommiselo, kuphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo engobunyani bemeko.

Imfazwe engokwasemthethweni neyomthetho

Emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-radio, i-Ofisi yeSiluleko se-Trump somthetho yakhupha uluvo oluchaza ukuba ixesha le-ERA lokufika konyaka liphelile nokuba utshintsho alunakubuyiselwa ngaphandle kwenyathelo elitsha. Indlu yooMmeli yakhupha isigqibo ngo-2021 sokususa lo mqathango, kodwa iBhunga leNtlanga ayikhange iwuthabathe. Okwangoku, ityala lifuna ukunyanzela uArchivist waseUnited States ukuba avume ukuba i-ERA ibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko.

Ngo-2023, inkundla yesithili yengingqi yarhoxa ityala elinye elinjalo, iwisa umthetho wokuba abamangali-mthetho babengenawo amanyathelo okuma nokuba ixesha lokugqiba lifanelekile. Esi sigqibo sisasisisisicelo. Ukuma kwe-ERA kuseyeyona mibuzo ididane kakhulu eMelika namhlanje. Kwizindululo zangoku, bona iwebhsayithi ye- Amalungelo Amalungelo oMthethweno-Mdali [[FLT: 1]] ukwenzela ukuhlaziya okuqhubekayo.

Ukubaluleka KweERA Kumbutho Wanamhlanje

Kutheni iERA ibalulekile namhlanje, nokuba ayikadityaniswa ngokusemthethweni kumGaqo-siseko? Impendulo ixhomekeke kumahluko phakathi kokhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhoyo ngoku nesithembiso sokulingana kokwenene.

Ukulungisa Ucalulo Oluhlala Lukho

Nangona umthetho obalulekileyo njengoSihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1942 kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSihlalo se-IX soHlaziyo lwemfundo ka-1972 uye wakwalela iindlela ezininzi zocalulo lwesondo, le mithetho ingatshintshwa okanye ihlaziywe yivoti eqhelekileyo ekwiBhunga. Ngokwahlukileyo, iSihlomelo somGaqo-siseko, sinika isiqinisekiso esisisigxina nesiphakamileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange ivume ukuba iSikomkhulu ingumyalelo ofunekayo kumgangatho ophezulu wokuvavanyathiswa kwezo, njengohlanga nonqulo. IERA iya kutshintshwa, iqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umthetho ophatha amadoda namabhinqa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kufuneka usebenze inzala enyanzelwe ngurhulumente kwaye ukwenziwa ngokucothathyo ukuze ifikelele.

Imida Emitsha: Isazi Sesini NeERA

Ulwimi lwe-ERA lwalela ucalucalulo “ngenxa ye-intlobano zesini” lutolikwa ngabaphengululi abaninzi abangokwasemthethweni kunye nabaxhasi abaphambili bobuhlanga abathi bathambise ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwi-screens kunye nembonakalo yesondo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sama-2020 kwi-[FLT][FLT] BHOstock v. Clayton County[FLT][FLT], esithi ukuva kokunga ucalucalucalulo lwesondo kukhusela i-LGTQ+ abasebenzi, kuqinise esi sixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela abantu abavelayo, abajongenexabiso lobundlo.

Ugonyamelo Olusekelwe Kwisiko Leenqanawa

IERA ikwaza kuqinisa inkqubo esemthethweni yokulwa ugonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini. Maxa wambi iiNkundla ziye zabetha inxalenye yeSibheno soLonwabo KuMasipala njengegunya elingaphezulu leeCreaste Congress kaClaus. Isiqinisekiso esicacileyo somGaqo-siseko sokulingana kwesondo siya kunika iNgqungquthela amandla athe kratya ukulwa nogonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, nokuhlasela ngokwesini.

Isiphelo: Imvukelo Engenazintloni

I-Auncime Rights Amentement Amendment ayiyomilo yamandulo ekhoyo. Luxwebhu oluphilayo oluquka incoko eqhubekayo yamaMelika ngokulingana. Uhambo lwalo (ukusuka kwisiqalo salo sobukhali ngowe-1923, ukuphumelela okukufuphi kweminyaka yee-1970, ukoyiswa okubuhlungu konyaka ka-1970, kunye nemigudu yakutshanje yokuvuselelwa kwakhona, ibonakalisa amandla ahlalayo engcamango yokuba umthetho umele uphathe umntu ngamnye ngesidima nentlonelo efanayo.

Nokuba iERA ekugqibeleni iza kungena kumGaqo-siseko ayiqinisekanga, kodwa intsingiselo yayo ayiqinisekanga ukuba iziphumo zinjani. Iye yafundisa izigidi ngeenyaniso zocalulo lwesini, yashukumisela abaxhasi abaninzi ukuba bafune iinguqu, yaza yanyanzelisa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ukugqala ukulingana njengexabiso elingundoqo lomGaqo-siseko. Kubo baqhubeka bekholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko umele uqinisekise ngokucacileyo ukuba amalungelo awakhanyelwa ngenxa yesondo, iERA ihlala ingusukelo olufanelekileyo lokulwela iintlo.

Njengokuba Lungisa uRuth Bader Ginsburg wakha waphawulwa, iERA ayibhekiseli kumabhinqa , ithetha ngokuyila umGaqo-siseko ongowomntu wonke. Ibali layo liyisiqinisekiso sokuzingisa, ukubaluleka kokuxhathisa okucwangcisiweyo, nomsebenzi ongapheliyo ofunekayo ukwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Umzabalazo wamaLungelo alinganayo uyaqhubeka, kwaye kunye nalo, ithemba lokuba uhlanga ngenye imini luya kuzalisekisa isithembiso salo sokulingana kwabo bonke abantu.