Isiseko Senkqubo Elindelekileyo: Asingobuchule Obusemthethweni

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomgaqo womthetho nje; lidinga eliphilayo lokuba urhulumente uza kuphatha wonke umntu ngokusesikweni. Lisekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine, usebenza njengekhasi lokulwa namandla angekho ngqiqweni. UMthetho wesihlanu ohlaziyiweyo usebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, uvakalisa ukuba akukho mntu “ongamele ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” UMthetho wokuHlayisho lwe-14th udlulisela olu khuseleko lunye kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukuqaphela amasebe ayo amabini ahlukeneyo: athe tye kunye nangaphantsi. iProjectedical system ixhalabisa inkqubo efunekayo ye ye[]]. [amanyathelo kwaye akhusela urhulumente kufuneka alandele phambi kokuba asuse icebo okanye angenelwe. ] Substantieeeeeeeeeeee projects ezifanelekileyo zobomi obunzulu. Zombini amasebe aneziphumo ezinzulu.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Imithetho Yomdlalo Olungileyo

Inkqubo esesikweni efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente eqhubana nomntu, wenza njalo ngenkqubo ecace gca, exeliweyo, nefanelekileyo. Iimfuno ezingundoqo ` ilotice, i-'popution' ukuze ivakale [[, kunye umenzi wesigqibo sobukhomo-bucala []] [ayiyo intelekelelo.]

Ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise amalungelo omzali okugcina umntwana, kufuneka azise umzali ngetyala aze alivumele ukuba linikele ubungqina namangqina. Ngokufanayo, umntu ojoliswe ekugxothweni kufuneka afumane isaziso esibhaliweyo kunye nethuba lokuphikisana enkundleni. Ngaphandle kwezi ntaba. Ngaphandle kwezi ntaba, igunya likarhulumente linokusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni, lishiye abemi bengenamandla.

  • Iphepha loncedo: urhulumente kufuneka akwazise izityholo okanye izenzo ezithile ezithathwa kuwe, ngokweenkcukacha ezaneleyo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportiny ezakuva: Kufuneka ube nethuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela icala lakho, kuquka ukubiza amangqina, ukwazisa ubungqina, kunye nabamangaleli abanqumlayo.
  • Inkundla engokwahlulelwano: Umgwebi okanye umphathi ovayo kufuneka abe ngoondilele kwaye angabi namdla wobuqu okanye wemali kwiziphumo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. imisele uvavanyo oluthambileyo lokufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo efunekayo kwimeko ethile, ukulungelelanisa umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wokunqanwa ngempazamo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo. . [Umgangatho] wamaqumrhu] `Mathews v. [1997], iNkunkundleni ibambelele ekubeni ukuva okupheleleyo akusoloko kuyimfuneko; umgangatho wenkqubo uxhomekeke kumongomo. Le nkqubo i-FRAGMAT iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyiyo isayizi-efak-ell kodwa ilungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo apho zininzi khona.

Inkqubo Esisiseko Elindelekileyo: Ukukhusela Inkululeko Esisiseko

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo igqitha kukhuseleko lwamalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente/*.Nkundla Ephakamileyo itolike indlela elungileyo ngayo le nkqubo. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike iDiketh Amendment ukuze ikhusele inkululeko “esekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe salo hlanga.” Ezi ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Ekunene ukutshata – kuquka umtshato wezinhlanga (] ukuphuma v. Virginia, 1967]) kunye nomtshato ofanayo ([[FLT:]4]]Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015).
  • Ekunene ukuvelisa nokukhulisa abantwana – kuquka izigqibo ezimalunga nokuthintela ukuvaleka kwenzala nokuvala inzala.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwingqibelelo yomzimba – kuquka ilungelo lokwala unyango.
  • ekunene kwimfihlo kulwalamano olusondeleyo – kuquka nokuziphatha okungagqibekanga kwesondo (Lawrence v. Texas, 2003]).

Inkqubo esisiseko ephambili idla ngokuphikiswa kuba kufuneka iinkundla zifumanise ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo “asekelwe kulwazi.” Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi basenokugqitha ngokufunda amalungelo kumGaqo-siseko angachazwanga ngokucacileyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa into yokuba iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko kufuneka zizenzekele ukukhusela inkululeko kumaxesha atshintshayo. Nokuba yiyiphi ingxubusho, inkqubo efunekayo encinci ephambili kulona mpumelelo lukhulu lwamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika.

“Inkqubo elindelekileyo yomthetho yisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko esithintela urhulumente ekunqandeni nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo zobulungisa nezimiselwe ngokomthetho. Sisikhuselo kwisenzo sikarhulumente esingekho ngqiqweni nesingekho ngqiqweni." - [ IQUMLT-SELELLLLT Information Institute[]

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho kulapho ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lubonakala kakhulu khona, kwaye olona lubalulekileyo. Xa urhulumente etyhola umntu wolwaphulo-mthetho, izibonda ziquka inkululeko, igama elihle, kunye nobomi ngamanye amaxesha. Inkqubo efunekayo yokugweba iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa akaphathwa nje njengento yamandla karhulumente.

Ukufanelekela Isiluleko Netyala Elifanelekileyo

Ityala lephawu eliphawulayo Gideon v. Wainwright (63) yaqinisekisa ukuba uLawulo lweSithandathu lokuLandliswa lunelungelo lokunika isiluleko luyasebenza kumthetho ogqitha kuMphetho-Mdangaliso we-14. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi ummangalelwa ojongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu angenakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha. Phambi [[FLT:]] Gideon[[, abaninzi abamangalelwa-mthetho banyanzelwa ukuba bazimela, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni bagwetyelwe iityala ezixatyiweyo nezigwebo eziphosakeleyo.

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke likwaqinisekisa ukuba ityala limele lithatyathwe. Iingxoxo eziyimfihlo zikhuthaza ukuxhatshazwa, ngoxa ukuvalwa komlomo kuvumela uluntu ukuba luphawule enoba okusesikweni kuyakwenziwa kusini na. Ukudityaniswa kwamalungelo okudibana namangqina nokukhusela, ezi zikhuseli zidala inkqubo apho ityala kufuneka liqinisekiswe ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Ukhuseleko ekuzichaseni: Amalungelo eMiranda

Abemi abaninzi bayasazi isilumkiso esiqhelekileyo: “Unelungelo lokuthula. Nantoni na oyithethayo ingasetyenziswa kuwe enkundleni. Kodwa ityala elisemva Miranda v. Arizona (66] limalunga negama elingaphezulu. uErnesto Miranda wagwetywa ngokuqweqwediswayo nokudlwengulwa okusekelwe kakhulu ekuvumeni kwakhe emva kweeyure ezimbini zokuncinwa ngamapolisa ngaphandle kokuxelelwa ngamalungelo akhe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalulela ukuthembeka kwakhe, igqiba kwelokuba ukukhuselwa koMbeko wesihlanu woMdalelo-mda-mda-mda-mdaka kufuneka kwamapolisa axelele abakrobe ngamalungelo abo phambi kokuncinwa kwe-mvume.

Intsingiselo esebenzisekayo: Ukuba ubanjwa uze uncinwe ngaphandle kokufunda amalungelo akho eMiranda, nawaphi na amazwi owenzayo asenokucinywa xa uvavanywa. Lo mthetho uyawathintela amaqhinga amapolisa ancedisayo kwaye unika abantu amandla okwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo enoba bamele bathethe kusini na.

Umthetho Wokuphanda Nokuphanda

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ikwamisela amandla amapolisa phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. UMthetho wesine Wokwenziwa kwemida ukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kufuna amagosa ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo phambi kokuphendla ikhaya okanye impahla. Ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni ngokomthetho (umzekelo, ngexesha lokuphengulula ngaphandle kweemeko ezingagunyaziswanga) umthetho wokuzikhulula unqanda ukusetyenziswa kwayo enkundleni.

Lo mthetho usebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla kukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. Ngaphandle kwawo, abaphathi bebengayi kuba nasizathu sakwenza ulandele umthetho xa kuqokelelwa ubungqina. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zakhupha iintambo, ezifana “nokholo olulungileyo” olungaqhelekanga (xa amagosa ngokufanelekileyo exhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso esibonakala singasebenzi kamva) kunye“ nokufunyanwa okungenakuphepheka” okungaqhelekanga (xa ubungqina bebunokufunyanwa ngokusemthethweni). Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kunceda abemi baqonde xa amalungelo abo ephulwe naxa benokuphika ucelomngeni.

INkqubo eBambeleyo Ngaphaya Kwegumbi Lenkundla: Ulawulo Nemeko

Izenzo ezifanelekileyo aziphelelanga kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Isebenza nanini na urhulumente efuna ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuquka ukunxibelelana norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente.

ISebe

Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banemdla wempahla kwimisebenzi yabo, -- abanakugxothwa ngaphandle kwenkqubela. Ngaphambi kokuba batshatwe, banelungelo lokuqaphela izizathu, ithuba lokuphendula, nokuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, oogqirha, amagqwetha, kunye namasebe eefama abanakuphulukana nelayisensi zabo ngokusemthethweni. Urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezinika imvume ithuba lokwenene lokukhuphisana nezityholo zokuziphatha okubi.

Iingenelo Zokhuseleko Nentlalo - ntle

Urhulumente akanakuphelisa iinzuzo zesiphene okanye uncedo lokutya ngaphandle kokwazisa kuqala umamkeli nokunika ukuchophela. Goldberg v.Kelly (1970), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabonisa ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle banelungelo lokuvalwa ngaphambi kwexesha ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu obubangelwa kukulahlekelwa ziingenelo zemali. Le meko ibonisa indlela iqondo lenkqubo elifunekayo elixhomekeke ngayo kukubaluleka kwenzala esibondeni.

Ulwandiso

Ukususwa kwetyala kwimicimbi kunelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo, kuquka isaziso sezityholo, ilungelo kwigqwetha (ngendleko yalo), kunye nethuba lokunikela ubungqina. Noko ke, umgangatho wokhuseleko ungahluka. Ngokususwa okucwangcisiweyo kweendidi ezithile zokufika, inkqubo iyatshintsha. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele inkqubo yokufuduka igxininisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Uphawu lwetyala lwemeko elwenze ukuba kuxoxwe inkqubo elindelekileyo

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, eli tyala laqinisa imfuneko yokuba amapolisa axele abantu amalungelo awo ngaphambi kokuba ancinwe.Isigqibo saguqula uqeqesho lwamapolisa nenkcubeko, sabangela ukuba iMiranda ilumkise ukuba ibanjwa rhoqo.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Gideon wayelihlwempu elingekho mgangathweni elityholwa ngokuqhekeza kwigumbi lokugcina iimpahla. Wagwetywa igqwetha ngenxa yokuba iFlorida kuphela eyayimiselwe kumatyala abulalayo, wazikhusela kwaye wagwetywa. Entolongweni, wafaka isicelo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Inkundla yavumelana ngazwi linye yagqiba kwelokuba uMphengululo weSithandathu onelungelo lokucebisa ubalulekile kwaye uyasebenza kumazwe. UGidiyon wabuyiselwa kwigqwetha kwaye wakhululwa. Ityala lisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuba inyathelo elifanelekileyo liyilungelo, kungekhona ilungelo.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Nangona Isigqibo sarhoxiswa ngo-2022, sisengumzekelo obalulekileyo wohlalutyo lwenkqubo efunekayo. INkundla yaqonda ukuba imbono yenkululeko yeshumi elinesine yobuqu iquka ilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuba angaluphelisa na ukukhulelwa. Isigqibo sixhomekeke kwimiqathango yangaphambili yangasese enjengo Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:3] [1955], eyathintela ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yezibini ezitshatileyo. Iimfazwe ezingomthetho eziqhubekayo ngenxa yokukhupha isisuko zibonisa indlela okuqhubeka ngayo inkqubo yokuyila.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Kule meko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ilungelo lokutshata linelungelo elisisiseko eliqinisekiswe yi-Act Procession Claus, elinwebela izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Uluvo lweJaji Kennedy lugxininise ukuba inkululeko ekhuselwe nguMphengululo weshumi elinesine iquka ilungelo lokhetho lobuqu olusemgangathweni womntu ngamnye. Obergewe . lubonisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo enokunwebeka ngayo ukuqaphela imilinganiselo emitsha yenkululeko njengoko ukuqonda kwebutho ngomlinganiselo wolingana kukhula.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Ngelixesha ifulelwe njengetyala lokhuseleko olulinganayo, Brown inawo nawona mlinganiselo wenkqubo ofanelekileyo. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba izikolo ezigwetyelweyo zahluba abantwana abambalwa abanamathuba alinganayo okufundisa, okubangela umonakalo wengqondo. Isigqibo sixhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukukukhanyela ngokuphandle ukufikelela abantwana ekudibaniseni imfundo kawonke-wonke--a undoqo lwenkqubo efunekayo. Ihlala ingusiciko lokunqamla inkqubela efanelekileyo yenkqubo kunye namalungelo abantu.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo vs. Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke: Ungqinelwano

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayiphelelanga. . "njengesifo esibulalayo okanye isisongelo sabanqolobi" urhulumente kufuneka athabathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Iinkundla zidla ngokuvumela imiqathango yokwexeshana logama nje igcinwa isisiseko sokhuseleko lwendalo. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, imiyalelo emiselwe ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kodwa ifuneka ukuze kunikelwe iindlebe kubantu abanocelomngeni lokwahlukaniswa.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ludla ngokubethwa nguMathews v. Eldridge , olunobunzima bonobangela abathathu: inzala yobuqu echaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokungafunwa ngokuphosakeleyo phantsi kwenkqubo ezikhoyo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo. Olu cwangciso lunika isiqinisekiso sokuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyondlela eqinileyo kodwa imilinganiselo eguqukayo.

Abemi kufuneka baqonde ukuba kwanakwimeko eziphezulu, banelungelo lokukhuphisana nenyathelo likarhulumente. Umzekelo, umntu ophantsi komyalelo wokukhusela okanye ukuzinikela kwamakhaya ekunyangweni ngempilo yengqondo unelungelo lokuphawula nokuchongwa. Ukwazi la malungelo kunokwenza ubomi buqhubeke.

Icebiso Elisebenzisekayo Kubemi: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Afanelekileyo

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo linyathelo lokuqala; elesibini kukukwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho. Nawa amanyathelo anokuthatha inyathelo:

  • Ukuba ubanjwa, Qhuba ilungelo lakho lokuthula ucele igqwetha ngoko nangoko. Musa ukusayina nantoni na ngaphandle kwecebo lomthetho elikhoyo.
  • Ukuba ujongene nesenzo sikarhulumente: funda zonke isaziso ngenyameko. Iilayini ezifileyo zempendulo zingqongqo. Nkszzn. umhla wokuva, kwaye ungalahlekelwa lilungelo lakho lokuviwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuba iinzuzo zakho zisongelwa: Cela ukuchotshelwa ngokukhawuleza. Amasebe amaninzi anika iifomu nemiyalelo kwi Internet. Gcina imibhalo yazo zonke iileta.
  • ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umthetho uphule amalungelo akho asisiseko: Ukubuza igqwetha lamalungelo abantu. Imithetho icela ucalucalulo okanye imithetho egqwethekileyo ixhomekeke kwiingxoxo ezingeyonkqubo efunekayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ifundisa abanye: Yabelana ngoko ukwaziyo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ikhusela wonke umntu, kodwa kuphela ukuba abemi bayayifuna.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwamalungelo akho okuzichaza, tyelela ingcaciso yejaji yesizwe yenkqubo eyiyo. Ukuntywila nzulu kwinkqubo efunekayo, i izinika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha [.

Isiphelo

Le nkqubo ayiyondlela nje engaqhelekanga elungiselelwe iincwadi zesikolo zomthetho. Sisikhuselo esiphilayo abemi abasisebenzisayo yonke imihla, enoba balucel ’ umngeni ukhupho olungekho mthethweni, bafuna ityala elifanelekileyo, okanye banyanzelisa ilungelo lokutshata. Sisilumkiso esiya nelungelo lokucebisa, ekukhuseleni ekuphandeni ngokungekho mthethweni, ekuzifuneni, kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ebumba ulwalamano phakathi komntu norhulumente.

Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iqhubeka ichaza umgangatho wezi ntaba, abemi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile. Isiqinisekiso senkqubo efunekayo somelele kuphela njengoko abantu abayiqondayo nabayinyanzelisayo bewaqonda. Ngokuwazi amalungelo akho nokuthetha ngokuphandle xa besongelwa, uyanceda ekulondolozeni idinga elisisiseko lokusesikweni kwamaMerika: ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, yaye wonke umntu ufanele ukuba afumane ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuviwa.