Ukwazisa kwiiNdlela zoMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziyimibutho yolwakhiwo oluphezulu lwemigaqo-nkqubo elawula iMelika, ilungiselela imithetho ethetha ngayo yonke into ukususela kwimfundo ukuya kwimiqathango yoluntu. Ngoxa iKhomishini yase-U.S. isebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko omnye, ngalinye lamazwe angama-50 liyila umatshini walo wowiso-mthetho, okuphumela ekuphuculweni kweenkqubo, amagunya, nemigaqo yenkcubeko. Kubafundi benzululwazi yezopolitiki, abafundisi bezopolitiko, besenza iprojects-avations, kunye naye nawuphi na onomdla kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko oku. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo oluluvo olululwelwahlulo lwemithetho, ukuvavanyanisa izakhiwo, amanyathelo angaqhelekanga adlalwa ngamabamba, iikomiti, iikomiti, kunye nabemi abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikumazwe ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuhlola ezi nkcukacha, ukuqwalasela ezi ngxelo zelizwe zelizwe leMelika.

Imithetho yeSizwe: IBhameralism neNkxaso yayo

Olona khetho lusisiseko lwayo nayiphi na indlu yowiso-mthetho kukuba ingaba igumbi elinye okanye ezimbini. Uninzi lwamazwe lulandela imodeli karhulumente ngenkqubo ye-bidamaral: Indlu yabameli (okanye iNdibano) kunye neNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso. I-Badameralism isekelwe kumgaqo wokunikezela ngomlinganiselo oninzi wemingxube, negumbi ngalinye elisebenza njengokhangelo kwelinye. I-gcitha ngulo ngulo ukuba amagumbi amabini anee-contitue, ubude, kunye nemithetho ye-procedism ayidluliseli msinya okanye umthetho ongenziwanga kakuhle.

  • Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zeBHAYIBHELI: Ezikhoyo kumaphondo angamashumi amane anesine. Igumbi elisezantsi likhulu kwaye limela abantu abaninzi, ngelixa igumbi eliphezulu linika uluvo lwexesha elide.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indlu yowiso-mthetho yase-Unicameral: iNebraska isebenza kuphela indlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe engekho mgaqweni eUnited States. I-Nebraska imiswe ngo-1934, inkqubo eyodwa ye-kambindi i-Nebraska yaxhaswa ngu-U.S. Umphathi George Norris njengotshintsho lokwandisa impumelelo, ukubonakala, kunye nokuphendula. I-Legastillature, ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuba yi-"Unicameral," i-49 enyuliweyo kwi-partarianballots, uphawu oluyibeka isuka kwilizwe ngalinye. Uphatho lwesizwe lwe-SGenesalatures (NCSL) lucebisa ukuba iindleko ze-onke i-octivel, nangona ingazange isetyenziswe kwimodeli ye-Fognetic.[5]

Ummandla, Iimfaneleko, Nobude Bexesha

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zahluka kakhulu ngokobungakanani, ukusuka kwiNdlu eMpumi yabameli abaTshami abaTshaziweyo abanama-400 ukuya kwiNdlu yase-Alaska enamalungu amane kuphela. Isizathu sale mahluko singokwembali namanani abantu, kodwa ineziphumo zokwenene zendlela umthetho ohamba ngayo kwinkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amagumbi asezantsi anamaxesha amafutshane obude obufutshane beminyaka emibini, ngoxa amagumbi aphezulu esebenza iminyaka emine, nangona ekhona ngaphandle: i-Alabama, iLouisiana, Maryland, neMississippippine anemida yeminyaka emine yamalungu omabini.

  • Amanani athelekisayo: Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emine, kodwa amaphondo ali-12 asebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibini kumaqumrhu. Kumanqaku anokusindeka, malunga nesiqingatha se-sentete ixhomekeke kunyulo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, inika inkqubela phambili.
  • Amagama endlu:[ Igama eliqhelekileyo yiminyaka emibini kumaphondo angama-44. Iimeko ezintlanu `Alabazama, Louisiana, Maryland, Missississippi, kunye neNorth Dakota/sebenzisa amagama eminyaka emine kumagumbi asezantsi.
  • Ubalo-lwazi:[ Lonke amazwana afuna ukuba abamisi-mthetho babe ngabemi besithili sabo kunye nabavoti abafanelekayo. Obona buncinci bobudala obufunekayo: uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ukuba abameli babe ngama-21 ubuncinane, kunye nabaququzeleli-mali-mali abangama-25, kodwa imida iyahluka, namanye amazwe angenayo imfuneko ecacileyo yobudala basemva kokuba evoti.

Izahlulo zexesha v. Imithetho yexesha elipheleleyo

Ifekta yesakhiwo esoloko ikhangelwa kukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ithathwa njenge "yokuhlala ixesha elipheleleyo" okanye "inxalenye yexesha". Oku kuhlela kuchaphazela ixesha abamisi-mthetho abanokulinikela ekwenzeni nokuphikisana ngeendleko, kunye nembuyekezo yabo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-NCSL idityaniswe kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu:

  • Ixesha elipheleleyo (eliluhlaza) indlu yowiso-mthetho: iKhalifoniya, iNew York, iPennsylvania, kunye nezinye apho abalungisi-mthetho badibana khona unyaka jikelele kwaye benenkxaso engundoqo yabasebenzi. La mazwe atyekele ekuveliseni umthetho ongakumbi kwaye abe neenkqubo ezintsokothileyo zeekomiti.
  • Ixesha lendlu yowiso-mthetho elibomvu: Montana, Nevada, Texas, kunye neWyoming, apho iindlu zowiso-mthetho zidibana khona iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela emva kweminyaka emibini okanye minyaka yonke kwiintlanganiso ezimfutshane. Abaphathi-mthetho kula mazwe basoloko benomnye umsebenzi onzima kwaye bexhomekeke kakhulu kwiikomiti ezidibeneyo ukulungiselela umthetho phakathi kweentlanganiso.
  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho: Liqela eliphakathi eliquka amaphondo anjenge Colorado, iFlorida, neOhio, apho abamisi-mthetho bachitha ixesha elininzi kwimisebenzi yemithetho kodwa basasebenza ngaphandle.

Umahluko phakathi kwexesha elipheleleyo nenxalenye yendlu yowiso-mthetho uneziphumo ezinzulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elipheleleyo, amatyala angaziswa nangaliphi na ixesha aze ashukunyiswe kwinkqubo yonyaka-wonke. Kumaphondo abonisa ixesha elicinezelweyo elithetha ukuba intshayelelo yengxelo yesivumelwano, ujongisiso lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokudlula konke kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwefestile emxinwa, ngokufuthi kukhokelela kwilogjams kunye nentlawulo yeseko ye-omnis.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwimeko Yomthetho Ukusa Kwimithetho

Ngelixesha irhintyela elisisiseko lifana kuwo onke amazwe, uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, kunye nerhuluneli isenzo sokhetho, uMtyholi ukwinkcukacha. Inyathelo ngalinye linokwahluka ngendlela ezichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amathuba okudlula kwemali.

Ukwazisa Ngelixa: Ngubani Onokumisela Umthetho?

Kuwo onke amazwe, umthombo oyintloko wezindululo zemali ngabamisi-mthetho ngabanye. Noko ke, umlinganiselo womntu onokuthi amisele umthetho uyahluka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Isiqalo esisemthethweni: kuwo onke amazwana angama-50, nawuphi na ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho lingazisa umthetho. Amanye amazwana afuna iindleko ukuze zibhengezwe kwiiveki ezimbalwa zokuqala zentlanganiso okanye ngexesha elithile elikhethekileyo, ngelinye ixesha, ngelixesha ezinye zivumela iintshayelelo kuyo yonke intlanganiso.
  • Intshukumo yeGovernor: Kumazwe amaninzi, irhuluneli ingamisela umthetho, mhlawumbi ngokunikezela uxwebhu lwedrafti kumxhasi wemithetho okanye ngokuhambisa umyalezo osemthethweni. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge New Jersey neKentucky, irhuluneli inegunya lokuzisa amatyala ngqo.
  • Inyathelo lokuqala elisebenzayo: kumaphondo angama-24 kunye neSithili saseColumbia, abemi bangayigqitha ngokupheleleyo indlu yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo yokuqalisa. Oku kuvumela abavoti ukuba bacebise baze bavumele imithetho ngqo kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo. Inkqubo yokuthatha inyathelo isebenza kakhulu kumazwe anjenge California, Colorado, kunye ne-Oregon, apho imiba entsokothileyo efana nokwenza umbango ngokomthetho, inkqubo yerhafuthe, kunye notshintsho lwempilo igqibileyo igqitywe yivotiotatootery. Imithetho inokuba nguRotatotaliotary (ucreamsmsmostry) okanye umGaditry (umela umgaqo-siseko wezwelo).
  • Ifilifi-yangaphambili: Amazwana amaninzi avumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba banikezele kwityala langaphambi kwefayile ngaphambi kokuba intlanganiso iqalise ngokusemthethweni, banika abasebenzi bekomiti kunye nabagcini-xesha elininzi ukuhlalutya izicelo. Umboniso wangaphambili uqhelekile kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yexesha elipheleleyo kwaye usetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kumazwana okwahlula ixesha ukuqhubela phambili inkqubo.

Ukuqulunqwa komthetho yinkqubo yobugcisa. Amazwa amaninzi anesiluleko somthetho esingathabathi nxaxheba okanye iofisi yezomthetho encedisa abalawuli ekuguquleni iingcamango zomthetho kulwimi olusemthethweni. Le ofisi iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala ahlangabezana neemfuno zobume, angazingqubani nemimiselo ekhoyo, kwaye avakala ngokwemithetho-siseko.

Impinda yeKomiti: Apho Iibhili zixhotyiswa khona

IiKomiti zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba "ngamahashe asebenzayo" endlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye ngesizathu esilungileyo. Uninzi olukhulu lwamatyala . Ngokufuthi 90% okanye ngaphezulu(die) kwikomiti. Iikomiti zivumela uhlolo olukhethekileyo, ubungqina basekuhlaleni, kunye nokubuyiselwa okuneenkcukacha phambi kokuba isiko lifike kumgangatho.

  • I-Referral: Emva kwesiqalo, amatyala anikwa ikomiti enye okanye ngaphezulu esekelwe kumbandela obalulekileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, umphathi owongamelayo (Othetha kwindlu okanye uMongameli weNdlu yeNtlanganiso) unengqiqo ephawulekayo, enokusetyenziswa ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukubulala ulawulo. Kumanye amazwe, irhafu ixhomekeke kwimithetho.
  • IiKomiti ezivayo: zibamba amatyala kawonke-wonke apho abamisi-mthetho beva ubungqina kubaxhasi, abachasi, abameli besizwe, kunye neengcaphephe zephondo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ixesha elincinane lokuqaphela ukuchongwa, ngoxa amanye evumela ukuva kwisaziso esifutshane.
  • Izivumelwano:[ amalungu eKomiti angacebisa utshintsho ukuze alungise uxwebhu. Kwamanye amazwe, iikomiti zingabhala kwakhona ngokunempumelelo ityala, zisenza "izibambiso" kwezinye, izilungiso zilinganiselwe kwaye kufuneka zidibane nomxholo wokuqala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unyuso kwaye unike ingxelo: Emva kokuqwalasela, ikomiti ivota nokuba ingasichaza isibhengezo esifanelekileyo (ukuncomela isicatshulwa), okanye ngaphandle kokuncomela. Ingxelo elungileyo ithumela irekhodi ephantsi, kodwa kwamanye amazwe, kufuneka igqithe kwimithetho okanye kwikomiti yekhalenda egqiba ukuba izakuxoxwa nini kwaye ukuba ngaba ityala lizakuxatyiswa kusini na.

Inani kunye nohlobo lweekomiti zohluka-hlukene kakhulu. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinkulu njengeKhalifoniya zineekomiti ezingaphezulu kwama-30 kwigumbi ngalinye, ngoxa amazwe amancinane afana noVermont esebenzisa amacandelo ambalwa. Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo eziquka amalungu akwiigumbi zombini, ngoxa inkoliso yawo igcina iinkqubo zeekomiti ezahlukeneyo zegumbi ngalinye.

Enye into ebalulekileyo yeprocedical eyahlukileyo yi "ikomiti eqengqelekayo yento yonke," esetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe anjengeMaine neMassachusetts. Kule ndlela, igumbi lonke lihlala njengekomiti ukuxoxa nokulungisa ityala elikwisicwangciso esisesikweni esincinane kunesehlo somgangatho, elivumela uqwalaselo olunenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Olu qheliselo lunqabile kwiindlu ezinkulu zowiso-mthetho kodwa lungasebenza kumazwe amancinci.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa isindululo sithe sacima ikomiti, sisiya kumgangatho wegumbi lokuqalisa ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Kwakhona, imithetho elawula eli candelo iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Imithetho eqingqiweyo: Amanye amajelo anemida engqongqo yexesha engxoxo, nesithethi ngasinye sabela inani elithile lemizuzu. Abanye bavumela ingxoxo engenasiphelo, enokukhokelela kubuchule be-filibuster. Umzekelo, kwiCatenal, ivoti ezimbini-3 iyafuneka ukuzisa umthetho phantsi, ivumela ngokunempumelelo iqaqobana ukuvala umthetho.
  • Inkcazo kumgangatho: Kumazwe amaninzi, ukubuyiselwa komgangatho kuyavunyelwa, kodwa kufuneka zidibane nombandela womthetho. Amanye amaphondo avumela ukungalungisi kwemali, nto leyo ekhokelela "kumthi weKrismesi" iindleko ezitsala izinto ezininzi ezingahambelaniyo. Imithetho malunga nokungaguquguquki kwemiqathango iyahluka kwaye inokuba ngumthombo wendlela yokusebenza.
  • Imigaqo yokuvota: Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zikarhulumente zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvota ze-electronic, kodwa ezinye zisasebenzisa iivoti zelizwi okanye ukuma amavoti kwimicimbi eqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwamalungu akhoyo ludla ngokwanela ukudlula, kodwa amanye amazwe afuna uninzi olusemthethweni (uninzi lwamalungu anyuliweyo, hayi nje lawo akhoyo) kwiintlobo ezithile zemali, njengalawo anyusa irhafu okanye agunyazisa umanyano.
  • Imfuno zobuNtloko: Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ii-3-3 okanye isithathu--5 soninzi lwezenzo ezithile zowiso-mthetho. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukubekwa kwerhuluneli kwiveto, ukudlulisa umthetho wexesha likaxakeka, ukuvuma ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, kunye nokumiswa konyuko. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ifuna ii-3 ezimbini zovota yerhafu kunye nemimiselo ethile yongxamiseko, ngelixa i-Arkansam ne Nevada ifuna ivotiota ezimbini-3 ukukhulula i-e.

Emva kokudlula kwigumbi lokuyila, ingcaciso isiya kwelinye igumbi, apho iqhuba inkqubo efanayo yokuhlola ikomiti kunye nengxoxo yomgangatho. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo, umahluko kufuneka ulungiswe ngekomiti yengqungquthela (eqokelelwe amalungu aphuma kuwo omabini amagumbi) okanye ngenkqubo yokutshintshisana.

Uthelekiso lweMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko phesheya kwamaZwe

Ngoxa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo jikelele kungaguquguquki, iinkcukacha zenkqubo zingenza okanye zaphule imimiselo yemithetho. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zibalulekileyo kuye nabani na olandela inkqubo kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo.

Ixesha lelayini

Enye yezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo zokwahluka ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo yikhalenda yowiso-mthetho:

  • Intlanganiso zexesha elide. amaphondo angama-44 aba neentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho zaminyaka le, ngeli lixa ama-6 ethetha ukuba ``Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas,/hoverbing, intlanganiso zexesha eliqhelekileyo, ezidityanisiweyo zidala uxinzelelo lwexesha elinzima, njengoko lonke ishishini kufuneka ligqitywe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. La maphondo axhomekeke kakhulu kwikomiti ze-interim ukufundisisa imiba phakathi kweentlanganiso.
  • Imilinganiselo yobude beseshini: Amanye amazwana anyanzela umGaqo-siseko okanye imida yemithetho kubude bentlanganiso. Umzekelo, iTexas ivumela iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo ukuba zihlale iintsuku eziyi 140 kuphela emva kweminyaka emibini. Colorado ilinganisela intlanganiso yayo yonyaka ibe yimihla eli-20. Amanye amazwe, njenge New York nePennsylvania, akanamda osisigxina kwaye anokudibana ngokungenasiphelo, nangona imigaqo eluncedo iqhele ukusebenza.
  • Intlanganiso ezikhethekileyo: Abalawuli kuzo zonke iindawo bangabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo ukuphendula imiba ethile, kodwa imithetho iyahluka. Kwamanye amazwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazibiza kwintlanganiso eyodwa, nangona oku kudla ngokufuna ivoti enkulu. Iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo ziqhelekile xa kuvela imicimbi engxamisekileyo, njengoqingqo-mali, iintlekele zendalo, okanye imiqathango yemali yezwelo.

Imithetho Ephathelele Ukuhlaziywa Nempikiswano

Imithetho yendalo ibumba imekobume ecwangcisiweyo yabamisi-mthetho:

  • Imithetho yobuJamani: kumaphondo amaninzi, ukubuyiselwa komgangatho kufuneka kusebenze kumbandela wemali. Noko ke, amazwana ambalwa, anjengeTennessee neKentucky, avumela ukungalungisi kwenqanawa phantsi kweemeko ezithile, okungakhokelela kwityala elithwalwe yimiqathango engadibaniyo.
  • Izifuno zokufunda: Iimeko ezininzi zifuna iimvo ukuze "funda" kwiintsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo phambi kokuba kudluliswe, umthetho owenziwe emva kwisithethe samaNgesi. Ukuqhelisa, ezi zifundo zenziwa ngesihloko kuphela, kwaye amazwe amaninzi avumela imfuneko ukuba ikhutshwe yivoti enkulu. Amanye amazwe, njengoOhio, asuse umthetho wokufunda ezintathu weminxeba ngaphandle kwalawo abandakanya iirekhothi zengozi.
  • Filibusters: Ngelixesha ii-finbuster zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu neNdlu yeNdlu yeQela yase-U.S., ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyabavumela ngokufanayo. Indlu yendlu yowiso-mthetho yeTexas inesithethe esiphawulekayo se-monicbuster, nesithethe esidumileyo sika-2013, sikaSenator Wendy Davis itsa ingqalelo yesizwe kumthetho wokuqhomfa. IKhalifoni kunye namanye amazwe athe ngokuqhelekileyo akhupha i-ebaccoster ngokufuna kuphela ivoti enkulu yokubuza lo mbuzo.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Yaye Ubonakalisa Imbonakalo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zithathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kuwonke-wonke:

  • Ubungqina obucacileyo: Uninzi lwamazwe luvumela abemi ukuba banikele ubungqina kwiikomiti ezichongiweyo, mhlawumbi ngokobuqu okanye ngokubhalwa. Amanye amazwe, njengoFlorida noWashington, aye amkela ubungqina obukude, nto leyo ekwenza kube lula kubemi abasuka kwiindawo ezikude zelizwe ukuba babe nenxaxheba.
  • Imithetho ebhadulayo: Zonke iirejista zifuna abangenisi ukuba babhalise kwaye batyhile imisebenzi yabo, kodwa ubungqongqo bale mithetho buyahluka. Amanye amazwe anemithetho engqongqo yogunyaziso nemilinganiselo engqongqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ngexa amanye anemithetho evumela uvuselelo.
  • Ukuqukuqela kunye noovimba: Inani elikhulayo lamazwe linika uthotho oluphilayo lweentlanganiso zomgangatho kunye nee-komiti zokuva, kunye noovimba abanokuphengululwa bevidiyo kunye nesandi. Ama-United States anjengeKhalifoniya, Texas, ne-New York anendawo ebanzi yokubotshelela kwi-intanethi, ngeli lixa amanye esavelisa izibonelelo zawo zezemichiza.

Imizekelo Yezinto Ezingafaniyo Eziphawulekayo

Iimeko eziliqela zibalasele kwiinkqubo zazo ezahlukileyo:

Indima yeRhuluneli kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Abalawuli abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho; bangabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo abanamandla abalulekileyo asesikweni nangacwangciswanga. Umlinganiselo wegunya le-gabernarsator wahluka kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile, ubumba impembelelo yonxulumano lowiso-mthetho olunqamlezayo.

Amandla eVeto

Elona gunya lingqalileyo lowiso-mthetho lerhuluneli lingumphetho. Onke ama-50 anikela igunya kumabamba awo lokwenza umthetho, kodwa umlinganiselo waloo mandla uyahluka:

  • Esezantsi iveto: Kuwo onke amaphondo, irhuluneli ingawulawula wonke umthetho wayo. Ukulawula iveto, uninzi lwamazwe lufuna isithathu esikhulu samagumbi omabini, kodwa amanye amazwe asebenzisa uninzi lwesithathu (umz., Maryland, ne Nevada) okanye kwananoninzi olulula (umz., i-Alabama, i-Indiana, neTennessee ukwenzela iintlobo ezithile zeminxeba).
  • [[FLT: 0] Umgca-okanye umba othe ngqo: Kumazwe angama-44, irhuluneli inamandla okubeka izinto ezithile zomgca ngaphakathi kweminxeba enika imvume, ivumela umphathi oyintloko ukuba anqumle okanye alungise umntu ngamnye ochitha amalungiselelo ngaphandle kokulahla uqingqo-mali lonke. Eli gunya alifumaneki e-Indiana, Nevada, New Hampshire, umNtla Carolina, iRhode Island, kunye neVermont. Ilungu lomgca-iveto linika irhuluneli enkulu yoqingqo lwabiwo-mali, njengoko benokusongela ukususa imisebenzi yerhafu kwimali echizamali.
  • Repuce wito: Amazwe ambalwa, kuquka New Jersey ne Maryland, nikeza iijaji amandla okucutha umlinganiselo wobalo oluthile, kunokuba nje zibethe ngokupheleleyo. Oku "````````''' sisixhobo esijoliswe kulo ludwe loqingqo-mali''.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] i-Pocket vento: Kwezinye iindawo, ukuba irhuluneli ayibonisi miqondiso okanye ikhupha umlomo ngexesha elibaluliweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 5 ukuya kumashumi amathathu), ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Noko ke, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho i-Phondo i-IP i-awudiskeds phambi kokuba ixesha liphelile, ityala lingafa nge "pocket veto" ngokwendlela ekwalatha ngayo eligunya. Ingxowa iqheleke kakhulu kumgangatho wolawulo lwamazwe, kodwa amanqaku ambalwa, njenge New York, ineenguqulelo zalo msebenzi.

Ubuchule bokuyigqitha iveto yenye yezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo kumandla e-gabernarial. Ama- States anemiqobo engaphantsi engaphezulu (umz., uninzi olulula) anabalawuli ababuthathaka, ngeli lixa iimeko ezinemiqobo ephezulu (umz., iisithathu ezibini zamalungu anyuliweyo) zinika irhuluneli isandla esinamandla ekuxambuliseni. [FLT:] ukufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-gubernatorial vento kunye neenkqubo ezisemgangathweni e-NCSL.[FL:1]

Amanye Amandla Okudala

Ngapha koko, abalawuli baphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngezinye iindlela ezininzi:

  • Isizwe sedilesi yeRhulumente: Zonke iirhuluneli zinika idilesi yonyaka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho echaza izinto eziphambili zenkqubo. Ngelixesha ingabopheleli, le ntetho icwangcisa udweliso lwemithetho kunye nemiqondiso ejongene nemfuno yerhuluneli njengeyona ibalulekileyo.
  • izicelo zogwebo: Kuwo onke amaphondo ngaphandle kweMississippi neTexas, irhuluneli inomthwalo wokunikezela uqingqo-mali lwemeko ecetyiweyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Uqingqo-mali lulona lubalulekileyo kwintlanganiso nganye, kwaye izicelo zerhuluneli zilungisa amabinzana engxoxo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaluguqula uqingqo-mali lwerhuluneli, kodwa izicelo zokuqala zegunya limisela isiseko.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: IGavera-mikhosi ephetheyo ingakhupha imiyalelo enomthetho olawulayo ekwimimandla ethile, njengolawulo longxamiseko, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nemigaqo yezolawulo yabameli bakarhulumente. Le miyalelo ngamanye amaxesha ingakhulula okanye imongezo-mthetho.
  • Ukuphelisa iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo: Amandla okubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo avumela abalawuli ukuba banyanzele indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba baphendule imiba ethile ngexesha lerhuluneli. Le inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokwaphula iintambo zomthetho okanye ukuhambela phambili komthetho ophambili oye wanqandwa ngexesha lentlanganiso eqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kurhulumente wezwe ayiveli kwi-monlithic. Ukusuka kwimodeli yeNebraska ye-namear nortarian isuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho eqeqeshiweyo yonyaka-nyaka ejikelezayo yaseKhalifoniya, ukusuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho e-i-Bilial kushicilelo lwe-Texas ukuya kwindlela yomyalezo-enzame-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe-ethe tha, i-mosracracki nganye iphuhlise indlela engaqhelekanga yokwenza umthetho, ebonakalisa imbali, impucuko, kunye nemilinganiselo yezobupolitika. Abafundisi kunye norhulumente abafunda urhulumente abafunda urhulumente, banikezela ngendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nobuthathaka babo.

Njengoko abafundi bebandakanyeka kwezi ngcamango, baza kuphuhlisa ukuqonda okunzulu ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kunye nendima karhulumente kwibutho labantu. Ngokuhlolisisa imithetho ekhethekileyo, iinkqubo, kunye namandla achaza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente ngamnye, umntu angakuxabisa bhetele ukuntsonkotha nobungqabade be-operalism yaseMelika. Ukuba ulandela umthetho ngekomiti kwiNdlu yeTexas okanye uhlalutya umgca werhuluneli kwiNew Jersey, ufundo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho lunika iwindow kwicandelo elisebenzayo ledemokhrasi.

Ukuhlahlela ngokubhekele phaya iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, iNgqungquthela yesiZwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) igcina izibonelelo ezibanzi kwisakhiwo sowiso-mthetho, ucwangciso lwentlanganiso, kunye nemithetho elandelelanayo. ukutyelela i-website ye-NCSL ukuthelekisa okunenkcukacha zemeko.