Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Imothelo yomgaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo efezwe ngokungqinelana nemithetho emiselweyo. Imiswe kwiMagna Carta (1215) kwaye ibekwe kwiMiqathango yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine yeMigaqo-siseko yase-U.S., inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele ingqinelane, imithetho ecacileyo phambi kokuba enze isenzo esichaseneyo nomntu othile. Isebenza njengembombo yenkqubo yomthetho eMelika, iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente umisela imbeko esisiseko kwanaxa usebenzisa amandla awo onamandla awo anamandla.

Kukho amasebe amabini angundoqo enkqubo efunekayo: i-procedtural kunye nethuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa. iProjecteology inkqubo eyiyo ibuza how[[ urhulumente uthatha umsebenzi `womntu ngamnye .' wafumana isaziso kunye nethuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa? [[FLT:]] Spubstantieeeeeeeeeeeeenkqubo efanelekileyo ubuza [ into urhulumente uzenza imithetho ngokwayo ingekho ngqi, ingabalulekanga, okanye ngaphandle komsebenzi ofanelekileyo wegunya? Zombini amasebe asebenza kunye ukukhusela ekuphumeleni kwesenzo. Ukuqonda oku, nangajongana nangalo naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi olubalulekileyo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: Ubuchule bokungalungi

Inkqubo yenkqubo yendalo efunekayo ilawula amanyathelo urhulumente amele awathabathe ngaphambi kokuba athintele amalungelo akho. Iinkundla zikudala zikholelwa ukuba iimfuno ezithile ziyahluka ngokwemeko, kodwa iziqalelo ezithile zisoloko zifuneka.

Phawula Inyathelo

Kufuneka ufumane isaziso esicacileyo, esifike ngexesha, nesingqalileyo salo naluphi na ulawulo olujongene nolusongela izilangazelelo zakho. Isaziso esilahlekisayo okanye isaziso esilahlekisayo sophula inkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, isaziso sokumangalelana kufuneka sichaze uhlobo lwento efunwayo, isiqabuliso esifunwayo, kunye nommiselo wokuphendula. Kwisithuthwane sempahla, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kunikezele ukuva kwangaphambi kokuba iimeko ezizinzileyo zikho. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo, naluphi na ugwebo olulandelayo lunokuba luzedwa.

Ithuba Lokuviwa

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ithuba lakho lokunikela ubungqina, iphikisana nesikhundla sakho, kwaye iphikisa amatyala karhulumente. Oku kuvakala kufuneka kube nentsingiselo, hayi isitampu serabha. Unelungelo lokubiza amangqina, amangqina aphikisanayo, kwaye unike ubungqina bengxelo. Mathes v. Eldridge[[FLT] [1997]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokufumanisa okokuba yintoni efunekayo, ulinganisele umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wobungozi bokungahoywa phantsi kwenkqubo yangoku, nomdla karhulumente wokusebenza kakuhle.

Umenzi wesigqibo ongenamkhethe

Umgwebi ongacaciyo, igosa elivayo, okanye ijaji alikwazi ukugwetywa. Nayiphi na imbonakalo yekhethe //inkcaso yetyala, intiyo, okanye ukugwetywa kwangaphambili kwezibakala ngezantsi."Inokuba sisizathu sokuphinda ibekelwe ityala. Kwimimiselo yezolawulo, umenzi-sigqibo makahlulwe kumtshutshisi okanye umkhalazi. Ilungelo kwinkundla engenamkhethe liqinisekisa ukuba ityala lakho ligqitywe kwiimfanelo, hayi kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle.

Umelo olusemthethweni

Nangona uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ukuba iziluleko zamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asenokuphumela ekuvalweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikwakhusela ilungelo kwigqwetha kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni. Kwanaxa urhulumente engenayo imbopheleleko esemthethweni yokunika igqwetha, unelungelo lokugcina elinye nokulibuza kuyo yonke imiba. I-Attorney inceda ekulawuleni imithetho entsonkothileyo, igcine iimpikiswano, kwaye iqinisekise ukuba aniwachasi amalungelo agxekwayo ngokungazi.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Inkqubo engafanelekanga efunekayo ithintela urhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho engekho ngqiqweni, ecinezelayo, okanye ephazamisayo kwiinkululeko ezisisiseko .Njengokuba iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo azinasiphako. Eli sebe liye lasetyenziswa ukukhusela amalungelo anjengengqibelelo yomzimba, ukuzimela kwabazali, umtshato, ukuthintela inzala, kwaye, eyona nto idumileyo, ukhetho lokuzala Roe v. [ (umthetho kodwa umfuziselo wemfundiso).

Ngokomongo wezomthetho, inkqubo encinci efunekayo ethetha ukuba imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ayinakuba nentsingiselo okanye ingasebenzi, kwaye imimiselo yabemi kufuneka ifezekise injongo esemthethweni karhulumente. Ukuba umthetho ungenangqiqo kangangokuba ungenalo ulwalamano olufanelekileyo nomdla ofanelekileyo kurhulumente ofanelekileyo, iphazamisa inkqubo efunekayo. Kubamangalelwa, oku kunika indlela yokucel

Amalungelo Akho Ebudeni Bexesha Lezaphuli - mthetho

Imigaqo elindelekileyo yokhuseleko olomeleleyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokuba izibonda ``iincaso zenkululeko, ihlazo, kwaye maxa wambi ubomi buphezulu. Amalungelo alandelayo akhuselwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko ngamanqanaba awahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana i-Innocence: urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ukuziva unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Akufuneki ukuba ubonise ubumsulwa bakho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene Ukuhlala Uthulile: Phantsi koHlaliso lwesihlanu, awunakunyanzeleka ukuba unikele ubungqina ngawe ngokwakho. Kwanokuhlala uthulile ngexesha lokuncinwa akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina bokwenza ityala.
  • Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo: Imiyalelo yeSithandathu yoLawulo oluLandliweyo enika imiyalelo yokuba ukuvavanywa kufanele kuqalise ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungekho ngqiqweni. Ukuvalelwa ngokugqithisileyo kwaphambi koshicilelo kusongela umgangatho othe ngqo wezoqulo.
  • Ilungelo lokujongana namaNgqina ajongene noMbindi: Unethuba lokunqumla amangqina onke anikezelwe ngabatshutshisi. Indlebe engathi ayinyanzelekanga ukuba inqamleze ukuvavanya amacala ayisetyenziswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kwiNdlela yokunyanzelisa:[[FT:1] Ungangqina iponti kunye nobungqina obukukholisa, nokuba loo mangqina ayathandabuza ukungqina.
  • Ekunene kwityala le Jury: Ngezo tyala ezinzulu (ezo zigwetywa ziinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu entolongweni), unganyulwa ukuba ugwetywe lityala loontanga bakho. Abagwebi kufuneka bamele bamele icandelo elifanelekileyo elinqamleze uluntu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo oluchasene nobuphindo obuphindwe kabini: Xa uthe wangenatyala (okanye wagwetyelwa) lolwaphulo-mthetho, awunakuphinda ubekwe icala kwakhona ngenxa yetyala elifanayo.

Ukongezelela, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba nakuphi na ukuvunywa okanye ubungqina kufumaneke ngokuzithandela. Ukuvunywa kwezono, ukuphengululwa okungekho mthethweni, kunye nokuncinwa okuchasene [[FLT: 0] Miranda v. Arizona (666]] kungacinywa, ngokufuthi kukhokelela ekugxothweni kwetyala.

Imodeli Elindelekileyo Komzekelo Wangaphakathi

Imicimbi yamakhaya `njengezivumelwano, ukugxothwa komnini-ndlu, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nokungakhuselwa' kunye nokuxhokonxa ukhuseleko olufunekayo, nangona ezo ziququzelo zinokungabi nakuqina kunakwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isaziso Nethuba Lokusabela

Phambi kokuba inkundla ingenise ugwebo olungagqibekanga, kufuneka unikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngesikhalazo kunye nezimemo. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkonzo kufuneka ibe yeyobuqu okanye ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo; ukushiya amaphepha phantsi komnyango okanye ukuwathumela kunganele. Unalo ixesha elicwangcisiweyo (ngokunjalo 20-30 iintsuku) uku bhala impendulo ebhaliweyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kungenza ugwebo olungagqibekanga olukususa impahla okanye lubeka izibophelelo ngaphandle kokuba ukhe wakhusela.

Ukuziva Ngasekunene

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala lisenokuphelela ekuthobeleni imithetho ebhaliweyo, kodwa iimpikiswano ezinzulu ezibandakanya inkululeko okanye impahla zidla ngokuvumela ukuthethwa ngomlomo. Umzekelo, kwiimeko zentlalo-ntle yabantwana, abazali kufuneka banikwe ithuba lokuphikisa izityholo zokungakhathali ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise amalungelo abazali. Ngokufanayo, kwiimeko zokuzibophelela kwamakhaya, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ubungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiseleyo .

Ukufanelekela Ukululekwa Kwimibandela Yeminye Imibandela Yamakhaya

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingaliqondi ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lomGaqo-siseko lokucebisa kwiimeko zabemi, amazwe amaninzi anika abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke okanye amagqwetha amiselwe yinkundla kwiingxoxo ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekuboshweni (njengokungahlonelwa kwamakhaya ngenxa yenkxaso yabantwana engahlawulwayo) okanye ukuphulukana namalungelo asisiseko (ukubekwa kwamalungelo abazali).

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kulawulo

Luninzi lwabasemagunyeni abaLawuli boKhuseleko, abafuduki, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, iibhodi zoogxa boomatiloshe ezisebenza ngezakhono, kwaye lwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela abantu ngendlela ephawulekayo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iyasebenza nalapha.

  • Ukuva okunePrevision: Phambi kokuba urhulumente anqamle iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle, ahluthe ilayisensi yokuqhuba, okanye ancame iphepha-mvume lobugcisa, kufuneka anikezele ukuva kwangaphambi kokukhupha isilumkiso.
  • Ekunene ukuphinda uhlole: Ungabhenela kwizigqibo ezininzi zolawulo kwibhodi yezibheno zangaphakathi kwaye emva koko kwinkundla. Inkundla iza kuhlola ukuba isibonelelo silandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokuba isigqibo saso sixhaswa ngobungqina obucacileyo kusini na.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Unyango olubalulekileyo: inkqubo elindelekileyo iyalela abameli ekusebenziseni imithetho ngokungenamdla okanye ekufakeni inxaxheba kumsebenzi wokugcina iliso olukhethiweyo. Ukuba ungabonisa ukuba umbutho ukujonga ngokwahlukileyo kubantu abakuwo ngaphandle kwesiseko esifanelekileyo, unokuba nentengo efanelekileyo.

Ukuqonda iindlela ezingqalileyo zombutho obandakanyekileyo kubaluleke gqitha; ukuphoswa lixesha okanye ukusilela ukuphelisa unyango lolawulo kunokuliphazamisa ilungelo lakho lokuhlola ikomiti.

Kwenzeka Ntoni Xa Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo Iphazanyiswa

Xa abadlali bakarhulumente bengasikeli inkqubo efunekayo, iinkundla zifumana amancedo amaninzi:

  • Ukukhutshwa kobungqina: iingxelo ezifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, iziqhamo zokufuna okungekho mthethweni, okanye ukuvuma izono okunyanzelekileyo kokwaphula inkqubo efunekayo kuyacinywa xa kuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungaqiniseki kwezityholo: Ukuba ukungaziphathi kakuhle umtshutshisi okanye ukulibaziseka kwenkqubo kubangela ukuba ukhuseleko lungalungiseki, ijaji ingayikhupha loo meko ngekhethe (ukuphinda ifumane).
  • [[UMTL:0] Icala kwisibheno: Ulweyiseko olufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye umelo olufanelekileyo lungabuyiselwa, kwaye ityala liphinde liguqulelwe ukuvavanywa okutsha.
  • Amayeza eCIIL:[ Abantu ngabanye bangamangalela amagosa karhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo ongaphantsi kwama-42 U.S.C. . . 1983 ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili efanelekileyo yokwaphulwa, ukuba ilungelo lamiselwa ngokucacileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiqabu esingeyongozi:[[FT:1] Inkundla ingayalela urhulumente ukuba anikezele inkqubo elahlekileyo (umzekelo, ukubamba ukuchongwa okanye ukhulule amaxwebhu avinjweyo.

Asiyompazamo yomthetho efana nolwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziqwalasela ukuba impazamo “ayinakuphikwa ngokusengqiqweni” kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye enoba ichaphazela iziphumo kwiimeko zamakhaya. Noko ke, ukungahoywa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo eyiyo kungunobangela onamandla wokukhulula.

Indlela Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho Kuyo Yonke Inkqubela

Ukusoloko usebenza kungenza umahluko phakathi komphumo olungileyo nokulahlekelwa okutshabalalisayo. Nawa amanyathelo anokuphunyezwa:

  1. Yazi oko kufunekayo. Ukuba unikezelwe ngamaphepha asemthethweni, wawafunde ngoko nangoko. Ukubizwa kuza kukuxelela ixesha elipheleleyo lokuphendula. Phawula kwikhalenda yakho. Ukuba isaziso simfiliba, jonga igqwetha ukushukuma ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ecacileyo.
  2. chaza ilungelo lakho lokucebisa kwangoko. Ixesha osisisulu okanye umbutho, qhagamshelana negqwetha. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula ucele icebiso phambi kokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo. Kwimicimbi yengingqi okanye yegunya, kwanodliwano-ndlebe olufutshane lungakhusela iimpazamo ezibiza imali eninzi.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Uxwebhu lonke. Gcina ingxelo ebhaliweyo yazo zonke iincoko zababini nabasebenzi benkundla, icebo, kunye namasebe karhulumente. Gcina ii-imeyili, oonobumba, kunye nee-meyili. Qaphela imihla, amaxesha, namagama abantu othetha nabo. Le ngxelo inokuba igxeka ukuba kamva uthe wathetha ulwaphulo olufanelekileyo.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Ifake qho ukuva konke kwaye ihambelane nexesha eligqityiweyo. Ukungakho komhla wenkundla kungaphumela kugwebo olungagqibekanga okanye isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa. Ukuba awukwazi ukuvela, bhala intshukumo yokuqhubekeka okanye ubuze ukuvela ngemfono-mfono- mfono/video. Iinkundla zithatha indawo engcono yokuposa- i-pandemic, kodwa kufuneka ucele indawo yokuhlala ngaphambili.
  5. Ob yenzeka kwisiphene semvelaphi. Ukuba ukholelwa kwiqela eliphikisayo okanye inkundla iyasilela ukunikela isaziso esifanelekileyo, ukuvumela umenzi wesigqibo onekhethe, okanye ukuncama ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, into ebhaliweyo. Ukungaqiniseki kusoloko kuphenjelelwa ekubheneni.
  6. Cinga ngolunye uhlobo lwempikiswano lwesigqibo sempikiswano (ADR). Kwimeko zabemi, ukukhuthuza okanye ukurhoxiswa kungasombulula imiba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngentsonkothe encinci. Noko ke, qinisekisa ukuba nasiphi na isivumelwano se-ADR asiwahluli amalungelo akho afanelekileyo okubhenela okanye ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngaphandle kokuba uyiqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwixesha lamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buzisa imibuzo emitsha efunekayo. Umzekelo, izigqibo zolawulo ezizenzekelayo (umz., ezingenelwayo ngokuwa) azinakunikela luhlolo olunentsingiselo lomntu. Iinkundla ziqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna “ulawulo lomntu” xa izibonda ziphezulu. Ngokufanayo, ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroniki kwiliging kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngolwazi lobuqu olungaphaya koluvo. Unenkqubo efunekayo ukuvavanya ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhobo zamanani nokucinezela ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sezixhobo ezithile.

Enye into ephumayo kukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo ekugwebeni nasebheyileni. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukubonakala ngaphaya-kunye ``abancedisi-amanani kufuneka bakwazi ukuqonda nokukhuphisana nogcino-lwazi kunye nemithetho-manani esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubungozi babo. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukutyhilwa koonobumba abasetyenziswa ekuhlolweni kwengozi.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayiyoyo kuphela eUnited States. Isibhengezo soMalungelo Oluntu [iiNkqutyana] (iMicimbi 10 kunye ne 11) iqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nokubekwa kwetyala. i-Eupainan Convention on Human Rights [iiiiiiiintengiso] [iiindlela]] (ii-Artle 6) inikeza ukhuseleko oluneenkcukacha, kuquka ilungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko, ixesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela ukhuseleko, kunye necala elisemthethweni. Amazwe anesithethe somthetho esiqhelekileyo (iCanada, e-Australia, i-India, ineenkqubo ezifanayo phantsi kwemimiselo okanye ummiselo wamalungelo awo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunokukunceda ukuba iimeko zakho zibandakanya namazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo okanye athe athe athe athe athe athe angene.

Isiphelo

Inkqubela-nkqubo ayiyonto ibalulekileyo; ingukhuselo olusebenzayo onokulusebenzisa kwiinkundla zenkundla nakumatyala olawulo yonke imihla. Ngokuqonda umahluko phakathi kwendlela efunekayo nefanelekileyo, ukwazi amalungelo akho akhethekileyo kwizaphuli-mthetho, uluntu, kunye nezolawulo, kwaye uthabathe amanyathelo okugcina amalungelo, ungasebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni ngokuqiniseka. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo isongelwa, unobugocigoci obunamandla bonyango. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jongana noxanduva [[FLT: 0] [FLT]] I-Cornell Information Information Information formations [[FLT:]], [[FLT:]], i-ALLU' ulwazi lwephepha lakho [FFFLT] [FFLT]] [FFF:3]], okanye unxulumano lwe-ofisi yakho.