Imvelaphi Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo yeyamandulo, ilandela imvelaphi yayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani kunye neMagna Carta ka-1215. Olo xwebhu lwesiseko luvakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni, agxothwe, okanye agwetywe ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Kwiminyaka engaphaya kweenkulungwane, lo mgaqo watshintshela kwingcamango yale mihla yokuba urhulumente umele alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kwinkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika, ifakwe kwiSihlanu soMnyulo soMgaqo-mva-mthetho (usebenzela urhulumente woMgaqo-siseko) kunye noMmiselo we-Gaqo-mva-Mgaqo-siseko (omelele kumagunya). Ezi zivolu mithetho imisela isiqinisekiso esiphindiweyo: bakhusela kwiisenzo ezimgunyazantiweyo kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ngokwabo ingangqubani.

Ukuqonda imvelaphi yale mvelaphi kubaluleke kakhulu kumagosa asebenza ngomthetho kuba umzabalazo wembali nxamnye namandla azimeleyo ulolonga imigangatho yamapolisa yale mihla. Ukusuka kwisithembiso somgwebo soontanga ukuya kunyanzelisa amathanga aseMerika, inkqubo efanelekileyo ibisoloko iyisokhuselo ekulweni nengcinezelo. Namhlanje, kufuneka ukuba zonke izenzo zezomthetho zokwenza izithuthi zime zide zibambeke.

Iindidi zenkqubela elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomthetho omnye kodwa kukuqokelelwa kokhuseleko oluhlelwe kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo encinci efunekayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Zombini zimisela iimfanelo ezahlukeneyo kumthetho onyanzelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokugweba.

  • [[NTL:0] Inkqubo elindelekileyo - Ugaqo nxamnye nemithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezizinyanzelisi, ezingekho ngqiqweni, okanye ezichasa kumalungelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko. Ihlola [ ukudityaniswa komthetho ngokwawo, ibuza ukuba isebenza kusini na umdla osemthethweni karhulumente ngendlela ecutheneyo nengaphanga kakhulu.
  • Inkqubo eNikwayo eFunyenweyo - iqinisekisa ukuba [[FTL:2]] iimodys [ ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente zilungile. Oku kuquka isaziso esaneleyo, ithuba lokuviwa, ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, kwanelungelo lokunika umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka balandele iinkqubo ezithile xa besenza uphendlo, besenza izicelo, bevavanya, bebuza abakroti, beqokelela ubungqina.

Inkqubo ePhakamileyo eQumrhu kuMthetho onyanzelwayo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko kangangokuba akukho mthetho okanye isenzo esisemthethweni esinokuwaphula ngaphandle kwenzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana bakho, ukutshata, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngezonyango zonke zikhuselwe phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo. Kumongo wolawulo, inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwemithetho efunekayo ithintela amandla karhulumente okumisela imithetho yobuqu ngaphandle kwesizathu esifanelekileyo. Xa igosa linyanzelela umthetho osisigxina okanye ongekho mthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osebenzayo. Umthetho obonakalisa “ukuqhekeza i-anting'i" ngaphandle kwemigaqo ecacileyo umele ukwenze kube nzima. Ngoko umthetho umele uqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela ukuba umthetho awunyangenzeli mthethwe ngomgaqo osemthethweni.

Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo Nemisebenzi Yamapolisa

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yenkqubo ilawula indlela amagosa asebenzisana ngayo nabantu ngabanye kuzo zonke iinqanaba. Kufuneka ukuba ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, loo mntu makafumane isaziso ngesenzo kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuvavanya. Kumthetho, lo mgaqo ubonakala kwiimfuno eziliqela:

  • Ityala letyala: Umntu obanjiweyo makaxelelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile atyholwa ngalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Asekunene kwisiluleko: Abantu ngabanye kufuneka baziswe ngelungelo labo kwigqwetha, kwaye ukuba abanako ukulifikelela, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele omnye kwiimeko ezinzima.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportunit ezakuva: Phambi kokuba kunqandwe izinto ezithile (njengokuthimba impahla okanye ukurhoxa) ukuva makubekhona.
  • Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi cala: Igosa, umtshutshisi, kunye nejaji kufuneka abe nobundilele kwaye angabi namkhethe.

Inkqubo yentsingiselo efunekayo ayiyongcamango engabonakaliyo; ichaphazela ngqo ukubonakala kobungqina, ukuthembeka kokuvuma izono, kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo yezobulungisa. Xa abaphathi benqanawa bexhuma amanyathelo afunekayo . Ngokufana nokufumana isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla okanye ukusilela ukufunda amalungelo eMiranda . .i-uccourt zingabukhupha ubungqina okanye zikhuphe zonke izityholo.

Impembelelo Kwizenzo Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iphembelela ngokunzulu indlela abasebenzi bomthetho abaceba nokusebenza ngayo. Ukusuka kumaqhinga okugada ukuya kubuchule bokuphanda, imfuneko yokuhlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko alo lonke uhlobo lwamapolisa. Ngeli ngezantsi sihlola iindawo eziliqela apho inkqubo efunekayo inempembelelo ecacileyo nehlala ihleli.

Ukukhangela Nokushenxisa

Ukwalela kweSine soHlaziyo ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula kuyindlela ecacileyo yokusebenza komthetho. Amagosa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo phambi kokuphendla ikhaya lomntu, inqwelo-mafutha okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Oku kuvela ngezantsi njengokuvuma, imbono ecacileyo, iimeko, nokuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa kwe-(kodwa kodwa ityala ngalinye lichazwa ngokufutshane ngumthetho. [[FLT:]] . . .[FLT] [1961], iNkungathso yeNkundla isebenzisa umthetho ongekho mthethweni. Lo mthetho usebenza njengomthetho owenzelwe ukunqanda ukuziphatha okubi, nokuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, kuqeqesho olufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yomthetho. [FLT]

Imingeni yangoku iquka ukukhangela ngemivo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Riley v. California (2014] ikholelwa ukuba amagosa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okuqulethwe yifowuni yeselula ngexesha lokubanjwa. Esi sigqibo siyaqonda ukuba icell phone inee-data ezininzi zomntu ngamnye kwaye uphengululo olungagunyaziswanga luza kungqubana nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Amagosa omthetho amele alungelelanise imigaqo yawo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingqokelela yobungqina bekhompyutha idikshicine nemiqathango enxulumene nayo.

Ukubanjwa Nokubanjwa

Xa usibambile, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba balandele imithetho elandelwayo ekhusela amalungelo omkroti. Oku kuquka ukunikela isilumkiso sikaMiranda, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntu uyawaqonda loo malungelo, nokungawasebenzisi amaqhinga okuncina. Ityala lembali imanda v. Arizona[FLD:1] (196) imiselwe ukuba ukuncinwa kweliso kuyinto ezenzekelayo, kwaye ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo, naziphi na iingxelo ezifunyenweyo zicingelwa ngokungazibophelele kwaye zingabonakali. Isilumkiso ngokwaso sokuba unalo ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka, ukuba nantoni na onokuthi isetyenziswe ngokuchasene nawe, ukuba unelungelo lokusebenzisa igqhinga, kwaye enye iya kumiselwa ukuba ungenako ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi ukuyifumana ngendlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa.

Ukongeza kuMiranda, inkqubo efunekayo ilawula iimeko zokuvalelwa emva kokubanjwa. Ababanjwa bangaphambili akufunekanga bohlwaywe phambi kokuqinisekiswa; banelungelo lezinto ezisisiseko nenkululeko ekuphathweni ngenkohlakalo okanye ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abantu ababanjwayo bayakwazi ukunxibelelana ngesiluleko nangeentsapho ngendlela efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukulungiselela ezi khuselo zomthetho kungakhokelela kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ukugxothwa kwezityholo, kunye nokurhoxiswa kokholoso lukawonke wonke.

I-Ssipticion eQhubekekayo

INkundla ePhakamileyo Terry v.Ohio (1968) yadala umahluko omxinwa kwimfuneko yogunyaziso: igosa lingamisa umntu ngokufutshane ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo ukuba umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho unyanzelekile, kwaye lingasihlisa isinxibo esingaphandle ukuba igosa likholelwa ukuba umntu uxhotyiwe kwaye uyingozi. Le “Telth'imisa" ivumelekile, kodwa kufuneka isekelwe kwindlela ecacileyo, i-scricciocty. isixokelelwano sifuna ukuba izenzo zegosachoko zingqine ingqiqo kwaye umlinganiselo wokuma nokuzimela. Imikhosi yamapolisa emininzi ijongene nokugxeka nokuzimisa xa imiswe ngendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa okanye ukugwetyelwa.

Umthetho ongundoqo namanani aphambili

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukuqhelana nezigqibo eziphambili zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezichaze indlela ezihamba ngayo. La matyala awamiselanga nje imilinganiselo esemthethweni kodwa anika ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo kumagosa omthetho. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho amatyala amaninzi asisiseko aphembelela ngqo amapolisa anamhlanje.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Eli tyala laseka imfuneko ekhoyo ngoku yokuba amapolisa azise abarhanelwa ngamalungelo abo phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala. Inkundla yaqiqa ngelithi ukuncinwa okungaqhelekanga kungenza buthathaka ukukhutshwa kwamaxwebhu. Isilumkiso sikaMiranda siye saba simbombo senkqubo efunekayo. Amagosa omthetho aqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aqeqeshelwe ukudlulisela isilumkiso ngokuchanekileyo nokuhlonela ukurhoxa kwelungelo lokuthula okanye ukucebisa. Funda isigqibo esipheleleyo [[FLT: 0] [u-Oyez]: Miranda v.

UTerry v. Ohio (ngowe - 68)

Njengoko kuchaziwe, i-Terry egunyazisiweyo ukumisa-futh-frisk ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo. Isigqibo silinganisela umdla karhulumente ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye nelungelo lomntu lokukhululeka ekuphandeni ngokungekho mthethweni. Igxininisa ukuba kwanakwisifo sokuxhuzula okufutshane kufuneka sixhaswe zizibani zenjongo. Umba uhlala usemgangathweni wokuphikisana nge-proficing kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya lamapolisa. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezininzi, bona U.S. oovimba abafundisayo abakwi-Terverksi boMergen .]

Map v. Ohio (1961)

wasebenzisa umthetho wokususa umthetho kumazwe, ephethe ukuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasana noMphetho-mvakalisi wesine abunakusetyenziswa kumatyala karhulumente. Esi sigqibo somelezwa ngokumisela inkqubo enamandla yokuba amapolisa alandele umthetho. Kwakhona yaqinisa ingcamango yokuba ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko lusebenza ngaphaya kwemiqathango yonke. Umthetho okhutshelwayo usulungiwe kwiimeko ezilandelayo njengo United States v. Leon (19984) (ukholo oluhle) kunye .V[FLD][FLT]

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

Gideon yamisa ilungelo lokumisela icebo labamangalelwa abangenwayo kwiimeko zetyala lombuso, isiqalelo esisisiseko senkqubo efunekayo. Ngelixesha eli tyala lithetha kakhulu ngeqonga lokuvavanya, likwachaphazela uncinwa kwamapolisa: ukuba ucelo olukrokrelekayo lucela, yonke imibuzo mayiphele de igqwetha libe likho. Lo mgaqo waqiniswa kwii- ewards v. Arizonarizona (19981).

Jones (202)

Kweli tyala lokulandelela iGPS langoku, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukuqhobosha isixhobo seGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo yaso kubumba uphando phantsi koMphetho-mbongo wesine. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba ukungenelela komzimba kwimpahla yabucala lityala, kwaye uphando lukarhulumente kufuneka luvumelane nemfuneko yogunyaziso. Le meko ibalaselisa indlela ehambelanayo nobugcisa obutsha. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ukusebenzisa kwawo uphando lwe-elektroniki, ii-drons, kunye nendawo ejongela imidatho yemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Ekuxhaseni Inkqubo Efanelekileyo

Nangona kukho imigaqo ecacileyo esemthethweni, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kujamelana neengxaki eziqhubekayo ekuzalisekiseni inkqubo efanelekileyo. Olu celomngeni luvela kwizithintelo zoovimba, ubugcisa obujikelezayo, amandla entlalo, kunye nohlobo lwamapolisa anamhlanje.

IMiba yokuDibanisa kunye neeNkcukacha zoHlahlo-mali

Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa asebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo, enciphisa ixesha kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo bokuqeqeshwa komthetho-siseko. Amagosa amatsha asenokufumana iidipozithi kwizikolo ezinentsingiselo ephantsi nje yenkqubo efunekayo. Kuqeqesho lwamapolisa ludla ngokukhokelele ekuphuleni kwemiqathango ngengozi, njengoko amagosa eenqanawa engenakukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuvunywa kwemfuneko, ukurhanela okufanelekileyo, okanye imbopheleleko yokufumana imvume. Amasebe kufuneka afake inxaxheba ngokuqhubekayo, uqeqesho olusekelwe kwintelekelelo olusekelwe kwimicimbi yokuba abaphathi bayazi inkqubela ekhoyo kwehlabathi. Ukusebenzisa iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, ukusebenzisa uhlolo lwekhamera, kunye noqheliselo lwezimbo zomfeketho, kunye nokuzingxengxengxezo zokuthoma.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nemfihlo

Ukukhawuleza kwenkqubela yotshintsho lobugcisa kudala ucelomngeni olutsha olufunekayo. Umzekelo, iikhamera zelayisense ezisetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye, ukufundwa kwepleyiti yolwazi, i-software yolwazi olubonakalayo, kunye nemithetho-nkqubo yokusebenza kwamapolisa eqikelelwayo konke kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuhlola, ukubotshwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nelungelo lokuzimela. Iinkundla zisalwanisa nendlela imigaqo ekhoyo esebenzayo esetyenziswa ngayo kwezi zixhobo. Umzekelo, kukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwekhamera eqhotyoli ukuphendla? Ingaba urhulumente ufanele atyhile umngcipheko wemithetho ekhombekileyo kubamangali? Iinkokeli zomthetho kufuneka ziphucule iinkqubo zokukhusela ukukhulula abantu ngexesha ubugcisa bokuzibamba ukuze bakhusele abantu. Zikwanenxaxheba kwimibango zasekuhlaleni ukuze zithembe ababhexekisi abachayo.

Ukukholosa Ngoluntu Nokusesikweni Kwenkqubo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyomfuneko nje esemthethweni; ikwayisiseko sokulawula ngokusesikweni kweprocedal, ingqiqo yokuba inkqubo iphatha abantu ngokufanelekileyo nangentlonelo. Xa amagosa echaza izenzo zabo, ephulaphula abemi, kwaye ebonisa ukungakhethi, abantu basenokuba bayakwazi ukuthobela umthetho kwaye basebenzisane nophando. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abantu bevakalelwa ukuba amalungelo abo aye atyeshelwa, abasayi kuxhomekeka kwimigaqo engundoqo yamapolisa nakwinkundla. Amatyala aphezulu ehambo engafanele, njengokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, aye abangela ukuba abantu bafune ukuphendula nokulungisa ityala. Imibutho emininzi iye yamkela uqeqesho yokulungisa imicimbi engokomthetho ukuze iphucule imicimbi yoluntu kwaye icuthe izikhala izikhalaze izikhalazo. Oku kuhambelana nemigaqo engundoqo yenkqubo eluncedo noncedo.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Nezoqoqosho

Imigaqo elindelekileyo yokukhusela isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, kodwa ngokuqhelisela, abantu abaphantsi basoloko befumana ubuchule bobupolisa ngokwahlukileyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abantu abanemibala basenokumiswa, bahlolwe, babanjwa, kwaye abamangalelwa abaphantsi bajongene nemiqobo esemthethweni. Ezi zithintelo ziyasilela isithembiso senkqubo efunekayo. Abameli bomthetho kufuneka baqokelele baze bahlolisise iinkcukacha ze-statom, ukuphendla, nokuvalwa kwemiqathango. Bamele bamkele nemigaqo efuna ukuhlisa ikhetheko olupheleleyo, njengokufuna imvume ebhaliweyo phambi kokukhangela nokusebenzisa iibhodi ezincinane zokujonga ihambo yabaphathi. Injongo yemeko isukelonke ijongo.

Ulwalathiso Nezenzo Ezisemgangathweni

Ukuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukuzinikela kwabo bonke abanyanzeli bomthetho.

  • Inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo ecacileyo: Isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nemigaqo-nkqubo ebhaliweyo echaza ngokucacileyo iinkqubo zokuphengulula, ukubanjwa, ukuncinwa, kunye nokuphatha ubungqina. Le nkqubo kufuneka ihlaziywe rhoqo ukuze ibonise imigaqo emitsha yenkundla kunye nobugcisa.
  • Uqeqesho oluqatha: Uqeqesho lwesikolo lokuqala kunye neenkqubo zonyaka kwi-service kufuneka zigqume inkqubo encinci neyiyo efunekayo kubunzulu. Imithambo esekelwe kwimeko kunye nokuhlaziywa komthetho kubalulekile.
  • Ulwahlulo kunye nokuziphendulela: Abalawuli abaphezulu kufuneka bahlolisise ikhamera, iingxelo, kunye nogcino-lwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi balandela inkqubo efunekayo. Izindululo zokwaphula kufuneka zingaguquguquki kwaye zilungelelane.
  • Uphatho lwekommuni: lwezihlolo zoluntu okanye iibhodi zokujonga okuzimeleyo zinganika uphando lwangaphandle kunye nempendulo kumsebenzi wamapolisa. Amaqumrhu anjalo angakwazi ukuchaza iinkqubo ezifunekayo ezinokungahoywa.
  • Umahluko: Ukupapasha ugcino-lwazi lwe-aggreate kumameyi, ukuphendla, nokubanjwa (ngoxa kubhekisele kwimfihlo)) ivumela uluntu ukuba lugcine isebe linetyala. Ikwanceda abaphengululi nabenzi bemithetho baqonde indlela inkqubo enokwenziwa ngayo.

Isiphelo

Isehlo esifanelekileyo asingomqobo wenkundla ePhakamileyo; lukhuseleko olusisiseko oluqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni iphatha wonke umntu ngokufanelekileyo nangesidima. Ukugcinwa komthetho, ngokubhekisele kwinkqubo efanelekileyo kuthetha ukulandela iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngumthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nokwakha ukuthembana nabantu abakhonzayo. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yale mihla, umgaqo wokuba urhulumente asebenze ngokusemthethweni uhlale uhleli phakathi kwebutho labantu abakhululekileyo. Njengoko iprojectal iqala ngobugcisa obutsha kunye nolindelo lwentlalo, isibopho sokuhlala siqinile kwinkqubo efunekayo. Ngokuqeqesha, ukwamkela imigaqo ecacileyo, nokusebenza noluntu, ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi walo, kungayiphumeza umsebenzi walo ngoxa kuxhaswa iziqinisekiso eziyimfuneko. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda kwinkqubo yombutho phakathi kwenkqubo ephakathi kwendlela kunye ne-Phondo. [FFFoctalGeneral Servetics] [F] kunye neemeko ezithenjiweyo zeNt.[2]