Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni Kubaluleke Kwibhokisi Yebhola

Wonke umthetho ochaphazela ubomi bakho, ukusuka kwisantya esisesitratweni sakho ukuya kumlinganiselo werhafu kwi-check yakho yomrhumo, uqala njengengcinga yenkqubo ehamba kwinkqubo yomthetho. Abavoti abaninzi baphatha inkqubo yomthetho njengebhokisi emnyama, into ethile kumagqwetha nabagwebi ukuba bayiphathe, kodwa le mbono ibashiya bexhotyiswe kakubi ukuvavanya okanye ukuqonda iziphumo zomlinganiselo werhafu. Ulwazi olusebenzayo ngendlela imithetho esenziwe ngayo, etolikwatolikwa, etolikwanokunya unika amandla okunqumla ngephulo lephulo kwaye ivavanya oko ngokwenene ithelwe yipolitiki. Eli nqaku libaphula phantsi kwezakhiwo kwaye lisebenzisa izithembiso zezobupolitika ukuze zikwazi ukubhatala, ngoko ke ungavota ngokucacileyo nangentembelo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwendlela Esemthethweni

Inkoliso yamazwe olawulo-bume asebenza phantsi kobume obumabini obusemthethweni obahlula igunya phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye noorhulumente bengingqi. EUnited States, oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho wesizwe unxulumene nomthetho karhulumente, yaye ngalinye linenkqubo yalo yenkundla, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, kunye namaqumrhu okuqinisekisa ukuba kukho utshintsho. Umgaqo ofanayo, ngomahluko, ubonakala kumazwe afana neKhanada, i-Australia, iJamani, neIndiya. Ukuqonda eli candelo kubalulekile ngenxa yokuba limisela ukuba liliphi umgangatho likarhulumente onegunya lokusebenza na na.

Igunya Lomanyano Nemida Yalo

Imithetho yomanyano isebenza kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye isoloko igquma imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe: ukufuduka, urhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi, imali, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nezinto zenkcubeko. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ubala amagunya akhethekileyo karhulumente wesizwe, kwaye nasiphi na isenzo esingaphaya kwalawo magunya sinokucelwna ityala enkundleni. Inkqubo yenkundla yequmrhu, ekhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, isombulula iimpikiswano zokuba ngabalawuli besizwe bangaphezulu kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko. Xa uvota kunyulo lwesizwe, ukhetha abameli abaza kubumba imithetho kule mbambano zesizwe baze bamisele abagwebi abawachazayo.

Igunya likarhulumente nelasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente banento abathi amagqwetha agunya-mthetho [[FLT: 0]: igunya eliphangaleleyo lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu. Oku kugubungela imfundo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wempahla, umthetho weentsapho, ubuchule, kunye nemimiselo yelizwe. Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zenkundla zawo zenkundla ezilawula uninzi lwamakhaya nolwabaphuli-mthetho. Ngoorhulumente bengingqi, abanoburhulumente, abanobugxwayiba noorhoxi, bafumana igunya labo kwilizwe, bagcina umthetho wasekuhlaleni, izikolo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nolawulo lobundlobongela. Xa uvota kwilizwe okanye kunyulo lwengingqi, usoloko wenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bakho ngokuthe ngqo kunokuba urhulumente, ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawule ulawulo, kunye neendlela zokuzikolo, kunye nokhuseleko lwezikolo, ulawulo lwendawo, kunye nolawulo lwendawo.

" Oorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente eneneni bangabameli abahlukeneyo nabaphathisiweyo babantu, abakhiwe ngamagunya awahlukileyo." — James Madison, Amaphepha aMalungiselelo, Hayi. 46

Indlela Ibhili Eba Nguyo Umthetho: Inkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo

Ukwenza inkqubo kunqabile ukuba kube ngumgca othe ngqo ukusuka kwingcamango ukuya kummiselo. Le nkqubo iquka amaqondo aliqela ahlukeneyo, kwaye iqonga ngalinye linikela iingongoma ezininzi zolwazi olungelulo lukawonke-wonke, ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika, kunye nokulungisa. Abasebenzi abaqonda la maqondo bangabona apho impembelelo yabo inamandla khona nalapho abameli babo bajamelana nelona ngcinezelo lisuka kumaqela enzala.

Umlinganiselo Wokuqala: Ucwangciso lweAgenda noyilo

Phambi kokuba kubekho umthetho, kufuneka ubani aphawule ingxaki aze acebise isisombululo. Oku kunokwenzeka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kumbutho ophetheyo, iqela lezobupolitika, iqela lobugcisa, okanye kwanangentshukumo yengca. Ummisi-mthetho okanye abasebenzi bekomiti badla ngokuyila umbhalo wokuqala wetyala. Kweli nqanaba, abavoti bangaphembelela udweliso ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiiholo zedolophu, okanye imibutho exhasayo exhasa i-arhente yeembambano ezithile. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngu: ngoobani abafumana ingqalelo, yaye ngubani ongayihoya?

Icandelo lesibini: Uhlolo lokwazisa nolokusebenza kweKomiti

Xa kuvezwe isibham kwigumbi lowiso-mthetho, sabelwa ikomiti ejongene nemeko enxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo. Iikomiti zibamba iindlebe apho iingcaphephe, abagcini-matyala, namagosa karhulumente angqinelana. Oku kusoloko kulapho owona msebenzi usezantsi wezomthetho uyenzekayo: lo mthetho uyaphawulwa, ulungiswe, ubhekiswe phambili, okanye ubulawe. Izihlalo zekomiti zinamandla amakhulu okulawula amatyala aqhubela phambili. Ii- Voter kufuneka zinike ingqalelo kwizabelo zeekomiti ngenxa yokuba zityhila inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko nomkhuthumeli.

Icandelo lesithathu: Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ukuba ikomiti iyaqhubeka isebenza, iya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo kunye nevoti. Imithetho elawulayo iyahluka-hluka kakhulu: amanye amagumbi avumela impikiswano engaphekwanga (iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNkulumbuso yase-U. ngumzekelo odumileyo), ngoxa amanye emisela imiqathango engqongqo yexesha. Iziphene zinokunikelwa phantsi, kwaye ityala kufuneka lidluliswe ngabantu abalula (okanye ubuchule obuphezulu beentlobo ezithile zemithetho) ukuze lifudukele kwelinye igumbi. Ukuba la maqela amabini adlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela ixolelana. Eli qonga libona kakuhle, kwaye abavoti bayakwazi ukukhangela indlela abavotela ngayo abameli babo kwisigaba sokugqibela.

Isigqeba sesine: Igunya eliphetheyo

Emva kokuba la magumbi omabini edlulise imali efanayo, iya kumphathi-mikhosi (umongameli, irhuluneli, okanye usodolophu). Umphathi-mandla angasayina ityala kumthetho, okanye kwimimandla ethile, alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. I-veto idla ngokungachaphazeleki yivoti enkulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukuvunywa kwegunya legunya ngummiselo wezopolitiko njengalowo osemthethweni, kwaye liphenjelelwa luluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukhuthuzo, i-medipola, kunye nokuncedwa.

Icandelo lesihlanu: Ukuphumeza

Umthetho ngokwawo usoloko uyisiseko. Amasebe alawulayo kufuneka abhale imimiselo enenkcukacha ukuze azalisekise injongo yomthetho. Le nkqubo yomthetho iphantsi kokuqaphela iziphumo kunye nokusebenzisa izithuba, ngexesha apho uluntu lunokunikezela ingxelo. Iinkonzo zikwanyanzelisa umthetho ngokuhlola, iintambo, kunye nezinye izenzo. Abameli basoloko bewubetha ngoyaba lo mgangatho, kodwa kulapho iziphumo ezisebenzayo zomthetho zimisiwe. Umthetho ojongeka ngokuqinileyo ephepheni ungonakaliswa yimithetho evumela uvuneleke, kwaye umthetho ongacacanga ungaqiniswa ngomthetho onyanzelelwa ngogonyamelo.

ISithandathu: Ingxubusho yezeNkcukacha

Iinkundla zinamandla okuhlola imithetho nokuyibetha ukuba zaphula umthetho okanye zagqitha igunya likarhulumente. Uhlolo lwejaji luvavanyo olupheleleyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho kunye nelolawulo. Izigqibo zenkundla zingadala inkqubo entsha ngokuchaza imithetho ekhoyo ngeendlela ezintsha. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. uluvo lwamalungelo omtshato ofanelekileyo kumtshato omnye [[FLT: 0]] Obergecread v. Hodges[ (20) ngokunempumelelo ukuguqula inkqubo yomtshato ngaphaya kwelizwe ngaphandle kwesenzo somthetho. Ulwimi oluqonda indima ye-judiary lunokuvavanya izicwangciso ezicwangcisiweyo zenkundla zezomthetho kunye nee-bolottelothi ezicelela ukuguqula iprojectal.

Izixhobo Zomsinga: Indlela Inxaxheba Yakho Eyiyo Ijinga ngayo Inkqubo Yasemthethweni

Abaxhasi abasebenza nje abafumana inkqubo. Banenxaxheba kwinkqubo enika impembelelo kumajelo amaninzi. Inkqubo yomthetho iyasabela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kwaye ingcinezelo yezobupolitika ixhomekeke kubemi abathembisileyo.

Ukhetho Luyeyona Nto Iphambili

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuyilo lwabavoti kukukhetha owenza imithetho nowayitolika. Unyulo olusemthethweni lumisela uninzi olulawula iikomiti, olumisela ucwangciso, luze ludlulise amatyala. Unyulo olulawulayo lugqiba ukuba ngoobani abamisela okanye abamisela umthetho kunye nabagwebi. Unyulo lwejaji, apho lukhona, lugqiba ukuba ngubani na ohlola imithetho. Kwizigwebo zekomiti, abavoti bangasusa aba izigqibo zabo azivumelani nazo.

ngapha kweBalot: Ukubhalisa nokwenza ucwangciso

Ukuqamba kuyimfuneko, kodwa akwanele. Phakathi konyulo, abavoti bangaphembelela inkqubo yezinye iziqhagamshelanisi ezininzi:

  • Abameli abahambelanayo: Yi-imeyili ephengululwe kakuhle okanye umnxeba osuka kwi-activation uthwala ubunzima obungaphezulu kunokuba abantu abaninzi becinga. Abasebenzi abasemthethweni bafumana iileta zeposi ze bayinike ingxelo kubalawuli babo.
  • Ukuncedisa ekubekeni imithetho: amasebe oManyano norhulumente apapasha imithetho ecetyiweyo kwaye ameme amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Igqabaza elinolwazelelelo elivela kummi okanye kwiphulo elilungelelanisiweyo leqela lomthetho lingayitshintsha injongo yomgaqo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukurhweba okanye ukuphikisa amanyathelo okuthatha ibhola: Kumazwe amaninzi, abavoti bangamisa okanye bafake imithetho ngqo okanye baphinde basebenzise imilinganiselo yokufaka ibhola. Oku kugqitha indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo kwaye kunika abavoti inkcazelo yokugqibela kwimiba ethile.
  • Ukungena okanye ukuxhasa imibutho yezobugcisa: Amaqela anjenge Inkululeko yamakhaya yaseMelika ye-, i-Brennan Center yeJaji[[FLT:], kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente, i-ligatate, i-sportant, kunye nokufundisa uwonke-wonke kwimicimbi yomthetho.

Ukurhoxa Kwabantu Kwiimbambano Zemithetho Nezomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuma komvotelwa kwimibandela ethile yezomthetho, kodwa kukwanjalo nokuqonda kwabo indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo. Abalawuli kufuneka babuze:

  • Ngaba lo mntu uyayiqonda imida yesikhundla abafuna kuso? Irhuluneli ayinakuwutshintsha umthetho wengingqi wokufuduka, yaye ilungu leNgqungquthela alinakukwazi ukulawula ukuhlaliswa kwezakhiwo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Ukujonga njani oko kuthethwa ngabagwebi? Ngaba baxhasa ijaji elizimeleyo, okanye bakholelwa ukuba abagwebi bafanele bathobele amasebe ezobupolitika?
  • Yintoni ingxelo yomntu oza kungenelela kumalungelo abantu kunye nokusesikweni okusesikweni? Inkqubo yomthetho isebenza kuphela xa iphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.
  • Ingaba lowo uza kubhaptizwa unecebo elifanelekileyo lokuzalisekisa? Ukubekwa komthetho yenye into; ukukhusela ukubonelelwa kwemali nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo ngelinye

" uvotelo sesona sixhobo sinamandla esakhe sayilwa ngumntu sokwaphula ukungabikho kobulungisa nokutshabalalisa iindonga ezoyikekayo ezivalela abantu abangafaniyo kwabanye abantu." — Lyndon B. Johnson

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Imele Igatyiwe

Ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho kubangela ukungaqondani okuye kwaxhatshazwa ngamanye amaxesha ngabezobupolitika nangamajelo eendaba.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo Eyokuqala: "INkundla Ephakamileyo yenza isigqibo sokugqibela, ngoko akukho nto ibalulekileyo.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lunemida. Iinkundla zingamisela kuphela amatyala aziswa phambi kwazo, kwaye zidla ngokuthobela umthetho kwiimeko ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukwaphulwa okucacileyo komGaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga maxa wambi lingabhukuqa utoliko lwemithetho ngokumisela umthetho omtsha. INkundla kukumiswa komthetho, hayi umenzi wenkqubo ongundoqo.

Umbono wesibini wobuxoki: Ukuba umthetho uthe wadlula, unyanzelekile kwaoko.

Ukuphumeza kuthatha ixesha. Iziko kufuneka zibhale imithetho, abaqeshi, zimise iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, kwaye zisoloko zikhusela umthetho enkundleni ngaphambi kokuba usebenze ngokupheleleyo. Ukunqanda uqingqo-mali kusenokulibazisekisa okanye kunciphise ukugcinwa komthetho namhlanje. Umthetho ogqithisiweyo usenokuba awunalo ifuthe lokwenene leenyanga okanye iminyaka.

Ingcamango Engunobangela Owokuqala: Olunye unyulo luya kuyilungisa yonke into.

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo lusandisiswa. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni yenzelwe ukuxhathisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo oluphuma kwiingqikelelo kunye nolwahlulo, ububhinada, kunye nohlolo lokugweba. Unyulo olunye lungaguqula ezona zinto ziphambili, kodwa ukukhuthaza imigaqo emitsha kufuna umgudu wezobupolitika oqhubekayo kunomjikelo wonyulo oluninzi.

Uluvo oluphosakeleyo lwesine: "Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ayithathi cala kwaye ayithathi cala."

Imithetho ibonisa imilinganiselo yabantu abayibhalayo, kwaye abagwebi bamiselwa ngeenkqubo zobupolitika. Inkqubo yomthetho ayingumatshini ovelisa iziphumo ezinenjongo; liqumrhu loluntu elinekhethe, eliphembelela, nelokuzama ukuphatha. Ukuqonda oku akuthethi ukuchasa inkqubo, kodwa kuthetha ukuthandabuza amabango athi iziphumo ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni azinakuphepheka okanye zingobuchule.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuhlala Unolwazi

Umvoti onolwazi akafuni zidibi zomthetho, kodwa ufuna indlela ethembekileyo yokuhlala ekhoyo. Ubuninzi bomthetho neembono ezigwebayo bungakongamela, kodwa imikhwa ecwangcisiweyo yenza umsebenzi ukwazi ukuphunyezwa.

  • elandela ubulayishi bomthetho obaziwayo: Imithombo efana SCOUSBOlog (kwindaba yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.) kunye nomgangatho wemicimbi yomthetho wemeko yorhulumente unika uhlalutyo olufikelelekayo lwezigqibo zenkundla kunye nophuhliso lwemithetho.
  • Sebenzisa izixhobo zokubonisa ngaphaya kombane zikarhulumente: njenge-Congress.gov (kumthetho we-U.S.) kunye nee-database zomthetho wolawulo zikuvumela ukuba ulandele ii-all ngesihloko, inkxaso, okanye isimo. Ungacwangcisa izilumkiso ngamagama ayintloko omba kuwe.
  • Iintlanganiso ezithe gqolo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni: ibhunga lesiXeko, ibhodi yengingqi, neentlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo zisoloko ziqukuqela kwi-intanethi. La maqumrhu enza izigqibo ngokubekwa, uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali, kunye nemigaqo yasekuhlaleni echaphazela ungingqi wakho ngqo.
  • Funda amanyathelo apheleleyo: Phambi kokuvota kwinyathelo lokuvota, funda umbhalo opheleleyo womlinganiselo kunye nesishwankathelo esisemthethweni. Amaqela akwagunyaziso adla ngokuseka amanyathelo ngokwendlela yokulahlekisa, kwaye ulwimi lokwenene maxa wambi luneziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.
  • Ngaphantsi kwemithetho yenkundla yelizwe lakho: Funda ukuba urhulumente wakho ukhetha okanye umisela abagwebi, kwaye oko kukhangeleka yinkqubo yenjongo. Unyulo lwejaji luneemeko ezidume kakubi, kodwa luneziphumo ezinzulu zamalungelo oluntu kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiphelo: Umthetho Yiwo Owenzayo

Inkqubo yomthetho ayisebenzi kwindawo engenanto. Iphendula abantu ababandakanyeka kuyo, kwaye idiliza ngokwayo lukhetho olunika amandla abo bathabatha inxaxheba. ivoti nganye, amanqaku kawonke-wonke, ileta nganye kummeli, kwaye yonke incoko ebhaliweyo nommelwane inegalelo kucotho, ngokufuthi edimazayo, kodwa inkqubo enamandla yokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda indlela yenkqubo esemthethweni nentsingiselo yenkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ayikolwazi nje lwemfundo; sisixhobo esisebenzisekayo sokukhusela amalungelo akho, ukwandisa amaxabiso akho, nokubamba kwakho urhulumente wakho ozazisa ngako. Ibhokisi yesandla iqala, ayisokuphela, iyaphela, iyawugcina umsebenzi wakho kwinkqubo yomthetho.