Ukuqonda ingqwalaselo ephindwe kabini: Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko neMigaqo yeQumrhu

Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezona zikhuseli zibalulekileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, uthintela urhulumente ekubekeni umntu kwityala eliphinda-phindiweyo okanye kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo. Olu khuselo lusekelwe ngokunzulu kwisithethe somthetho wasemaNgilani namaMelika, nemvelaphi yomthetho wamandulo wamaNgesi nomthetho oqhelekileyo umkhombo debet bis vivar pro ana eta ea causa.

EUnited States, ingozi ephindwe kabini ikhuselwa ngokucacileyo nguMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, onika ukuba akukho mntu “oya kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye ilungu.” Esi siqinisekiso sisebenza kumaphondo nge-Adth Rescreadment’s Procesting Claus. Injongo esisiseko kukukhusela abantu kwityala lemali, ngokweemvakalelo, nakwimithwalo edumileyo yokumangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo; ukulondoloza isiphelo semigwebo; nokukhusela ukuchuku okanye ukuhlaselwa ngabatshutshisi.

Ukukhusela oku kuncanyathiselwa xa ummangalelwa ebekwe engozini `````ityala''''' ngokomlinganiselo emva kokuba abachopheli-mgwebi befakelwe kwityala lejaji, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungqwa kwityala lejaji. Xa lithe lancanyathiselwa, ityala elixolelwayo okanye ityala elibhenqiweyo lilandelana libekwe kwityala elifanayo. Noko ke, intsingiselo ecacileyo yeli binzana elithi “ityala” kunye neemeko apho ubungqina obusuka kwityala langaphambili bungasetyenziswa kwityala lamva kufuneka uhlalutyo.

Isebenza nini i-ephardy ephindwe kabini? Imida engundoqo

Uncamathelo Oluyingozi

Phambi kokuba kuvele ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwengozi, umngcipheko kufuneka uxhulumaniswe. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi idibana xa ityala lifungqwe. Kwityala lebhentshi, lincanyathiselwa xa inkundla iqalisa ukuthatha ubungqina. Ukuba ityala licinywa phambi kokuba ityala lincanyathiselwe, urhulumente udla ngokuziphinda avule izityholo ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba umisela ukuba ityala elilandelayo lithathwa njengetyala “lesibini” elibethwa ngetyala elifanayo.

Ukugwetywa

Ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe (ukufunyanwa komntu ongenatyala), umngcipheko ophindwe kabini uvala ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphazamiso lungaphosakele kangakanani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba kwanommangalelwa osemthethweni akanakubhenela okanye aphinde axolelwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo , umzekelo, ngenxa yejaji exhotyiweyo okanye ebonakala ukuba uyimfuneko, ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo, ukuba ityala alivunywanga ngumthetho owe licetyiswa lize liquququle ummangaleli wetyala.

Ingcamango “yokucinywa kwegama”: Uvavanyo lwe Blockburger

Umbuzo ongundoqo kuhlalutyo oluphindiweyo lwengozi ngukuba izityholo ezikwityala lesibini zeze “ukumangalelwa” kunye nezikweyokuqala. Uvavanyo olukhokelayo luvavanyo lwe-' olunqabileyo oluyi-''''''', olusungulweyo' ku-'i-'i-'Stebber' v. i-United States' [1932]]. Ngaphantsi kwalo vavanyo, ityala linye ukuba ngalinye alifuni siqinisekiso sento enye engayenzeki. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luquka isisohlwayo esinye, ukusohlwaya kobabini kusenokuchasana ngokuphindwe kabini. Noko ke, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye luqwalahlulwane , lunokucinywa ngokunye ukuzama ngokulandelelana kwaye lunga.

Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekuphangeni kodwa kamva umangalelwe ngokuhlasela okuvela kwisiganeko esinye, inkundla kufuneka ihlole iziqalelo zomthetho. URobery ufuna ukuthatha impahla ngenkani okanye ngokusongelo, ngoxa ukuhlasela kufuna ukonakaliswa okanye uloyiko lokwenzakala komzimba. Ukuba uhlaselo alufuni kuthathwa, amatyala asenokungahluka. Kodwa ukuba isityholo sokuhlasela sisesona sibalulekileyo ihambo efanayo, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungasigcina phantsi kwemfundiso ye-

I-Estopel eColletal kunye nokhuphiswano oluphambili

Ingozi ephindwe kabini iquka umgaqo we-literanceral estoppel, maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba yimbambano engaphambili, ethintela urhulumente ukuba aphinde aqalise imbambano eyayigwetywe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa ekuqhubekekeni kwangaphambili. Ityala elingundoqo lingu-Ashe v. Senson[FLT][FLT] [1970] [1970], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathiwe ukuba emva kokuba inkundla igwebe ityala libande elinye lamaxhoba amathandathu, urhulumente akakwazanga ukumvumela ukuba arhwebelele elinye ixhoba ngenxa yokuba isigwebo sangaphambili safunyanwa singeso esinye sabaphangi. Collal ehlel ehlelval ukukhusela urhulumente ekungeneni kwetyala elinye kwityala lokurhwaqeqeshelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwizilingo ezilandelayo: Isakhelo sesakhelo

Kwanaxa iingozi eziphindwe kabini zingayi kuphinda zibekwe ityala elibini qha, ngenxa yokuba ityala lokuqala lisityala ngokwahlukileyo okanye ngenxa yokuba ityala lokuqala laphela ngaphandle komgwebo wokugqibela, umbuzo wobungqina obuvela kwityala lokuqala obunokuziswa kwityala lesibini uhlala ubalulekile. Iinkundla kufuneka zilinganise ixabiso eliphambili lobungqina obuchasene nomngcipheko wekhethe elingekho sikweni, ingakumbi ubungqina obungabonisa ukuba isigebenga sinotyekele okanye izenzo ezimbi zangaphambili.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubungqina obusuka kwityala langaphambili bungasetyenziswa kwityala elilandelayo ukuba: (1) izityholo zisemngciphekweni owahlukileyo kwaye azisebenzi kabini; (2) ubungqina buyimfuneko kwaye izinto zisemngciphekweni kwimeko yesibini; kunye (3) ixabiso lazo lengcaciso lingaphezulu kweziphumo zentelekelelo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obabunikelwe ngaphambili nobugatyiweyo, okanye ubungqina obuthi bungumbandela womthetheleli ongaphambili, bunyusa inkxalabo ekhethekileyo.

Ubungqina Behambo Engqineke Ilungile

Imbambano ephikisayo kukuba urhulumente unakho ukusebenzisa ubungqina behambo apho ummangalelwa akhululwa khona kwityala langaphambili njengenxalenye yobungqina obutsha. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha oku kwi- United States v. Watts (1997), ibambe ukuba inkundla egwebayo ingaqwalasela ihambo ephantsi kwetyala elimsulwa ukuba lingqiniswe ngokuchanabeka kobungqina obutsha. Kamva, Dowling v. United States [1990]), iNkuvumela ukunikezelwa kobungqina obumsulwa ngaphambi kokuba ibonise okanye injongo yemeko eyahlukileyo, lo gama umchopheli-mthetho eyayalelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lungahliswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olusebenzayo.

Kutshanje, iNkundla kwi Wiscon v. Mitchell (1993) yavumela ubungqina bentetho ekhuselweyo (ingxelo yangaphambili yommangalelwa) kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, nangona intetho ngokwayo yayingesosaphuli-mthetho. Isitshixo sikukuba ubungqina abusetyenziswanga ukohlwaya ihambo yangaphambili kodwa ukungqina iprojekthi entsha.

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Neemeko Ezikhethekileyo

Imfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Phantsi kwemfundiso yolawulo olubini, iinkosi ezahlukeneyo (umz., oorhulumente bephondo kunye norhulumente) zingamangalela umntu omnye ngenxa yehambo efanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukugwetywa kwenkundla yetyala akusibeki ityala lenkundla yesizwe elikwityala elifanayo, kwaye elichaseneyo nelinjalo. Umzekelo, umntu okhululweyo ekubulaleni enkundleni yenkundla yeli lizwe angabethwa ngetyala elinjalo. Le mfundiso igxekwe kodwa ihlala ihleli ihleli ingumthetho. Ubungqina obuvela kwityala lokuqala bungasetyenziswa ngokufuthi kwityala lesibini, ukuba nje imele ithethwe phantsi kwemithetho yenkundla yelo nkundla.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona Emva Komtsalane Onempumelelo

Xa ummangalelwa ebhenela ekumangalelweni aze aphumelele ekuvulweni kwetyala, urhulumente usoloko evunyelwa ukuzama ukuphinde axolele ummangalelwa ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Isizathu sikukuba ummangalelwa, ngokunomtsalane, asuse ukhuseleko kwityala lesibini. Ukulungelelanisa oku bekungabangelwanga bubungqina obunganelanga (obuya kuba bububububububuvunywa ngokungafanelekanga, bungenakuphinda busetyenziswe ngaphandle kokuba imposiso esemthethweni ilungisiwe okanye ubungqina bungachanekanga ngokuko oko bungachanekanga.

Ukungavisisani Okanye Ukupheliswa Kwetyala

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngenxa yetyala elixhotyisiweyo okanye ukubonakala okuyimfuneko kusoloko kuvumela ukuquluthwa kwakhona. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ubungqina obuvela kwityala elishenxiswayo bungabuyiselwa. Noko ke, ukuba ukumangalelwa okuphosakeleyo kubangelwe kukungalungisi okungaqhutywanga ngokomtshutshisi ocetyiweyo ngenjongo yokumcalula ummangalelwa, inkundla isenokuvala ukuqulunqa phantsi “kokucaphukisa ngenkani” umgangatho osuka [[FLT: 0] Oregon v. Kennedy[[FL:1]

Ubungqina Obungaphelelanga Kubo Bangaphambi Kokuba Buqhubeke: Iingxaki Eziluncedo

Kwanaxa umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungasibeki umtshutshiso, imithetho ecacileyo ingamisela oko kungaveliswa. Imithetho esesikweni yobungqina (nemithetho yesizwe eyingozi) icwangcisa imida. Umthetho 404(b) jikelele uthintela ubungqina bezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iimpazamo, okanye izenzo zokungqina iimpawu zolwaphulo-mthetho. Obu bungqina bunokuba bungakho ngokwezinjongo, ithuba, ukulungiselela, ulwazi, ukuphawula, okanye ukungakho kwempazamo. Ukuba ukuvavanywa kwangaphambili kubandakanya ihambo efanelana nezi zingaqhelekanga, ubungqina bungavela kwi-"inkundla kufuneka ilinganise ixabiso layo lokuzimonyolo phantsi komthetho wama-403.

Ukongeza, imigaqo yokuva ilinganisela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwityala langaphambili. Ukuba ingqina elingqinileyo kwityala lokuqala alifumaneki okwesibini, ubungqina bangaphambili bungabhaqwa phantsi komva wendlebe wobungqina bangaphambili (Rule 804(b)(1)), unikezelo lommangalelwa lunikwe ithuba nentshukumisa efanayo yokunqamla ubungqina kwityala lokuqala. Oku kusoloko kuvela kwimiba yangaphambili emva kokuba isiqinisekiso siphendulwe.

Ityala Eliyintloko Lenkundla Eliphakamileyo Liyayiphazamisa Imithetho

Dixon (1990) waseMelika

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yacacisa ukusetyenziswa kwengozi ephindwe kabini kumthetho owahlukeneyo. INkundla yathi uvavanyo lweBlockburger lukuphela komlinganiselo wokugqiba ukuba amatyala amabini ayafana kusini na ngeenjongo eziphindiweyo zobungozi, ukugatya “ihambo efanayo” kuvavanyo lwangaphambili. Esi sigqibo saxinga ukhuseleko kwiinkalo ezithile kodwa sanika ukhokelo olucacileyo kubatshutshisi neenkundla.

Grady v. Corbin (1990)

Kule meko, iNkundla yayibambe ukuba ingozi ephindwe kabini inqanda ityala lesibini elisekelwe kukuziphatha okufanayo nokuba iziqalelo zomthetho zahlukile. Noko ke, isigqibo sasingaphili iminyaka emithathu kamva kwi United States v. Dixon, iNkundla ilawula iGrady yaze yabuyiselwa kuvavanyo lwe Blockburger. Isifundo sisithi umthetho kule ndawo uqalile kwaye uyaqhubeka uxakiswa.

UAshe v. uSwenson (1970)

Eli tyala sele lichaziwe, lafumanisa ukuba ukumela i-estol estompl kuyinxalenye yokhuseleko oluphindiweyo lweMphetho-mda wesihlanu. Kuwuthintela urhulumente ukuba angaphinde azame ummangalelwa kwiziganeko eziye zalungiswa ngokusemthethweni kwanokuba ityala elitsha lahlukile ngokobugcisa.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zokhuselo Lolwaphulo-mthetho Nokutshutshiswa

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda iingozi eziphindiweyo kunye nemithetho elawula ubungqina kwiimvavanyo ezilandelayo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni abaxhasi ekufikeleleni kwityala. Ukuba umxhasi ukhululwe, ukhuseleko kufuneka aphaphele naliphi na ilinge lombuso lokuphakamisa imibandela efanayo kumongo omtsha. Ukuba ityala liphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye lipheliswa ngokukhutshelwa phantsi kwesibheno, icebiso kufuneka lihlolisise ngenyameko ubungqina obunokukhutshwa phantsi kwemigaqo eyingozi ephindwe kabini okanye imithetho ecacileyo. Imfundiso yokukhusela ukunqanda ukumiswa kwe-email estonel estomple inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela ukuphinda izibakala ezibakala ezigqitywe kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa.

Kumagqwetha, le mithetho ifuna ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo zobulumko. Ukuzisa izityholo ezahlukeneyo kwiityala ezahlukeneyo ezichasene nomngcipheko ophindiweyo onokuthi ukhokelele ekugxothweni nasekuchithweni kwemali. Ukuqonda uvavanyo lwe Blockburger kunye nemfundiso eyahlukeneyo yemithetho kuvumela abatshutshisi ukuba bamisele amatyala ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, xa besebenzisa ubungqina betyala langaphambili, abatshutshisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba bayayithobela imithetho ecacileyo baze baphephe “ukugweba" ubungqina obungenatyala bokuziphatha okungachananga okunokuthi kuvumele abagwebi ukuba bagwebi.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ubulungisa, Ukuphela Nokutshutshiswa

Imithetho ejikeleze ubungozi obuphindwe kabini nokusetyenziswa kobungqina kwiimvavanyo ezilandelayo ibonisa ulungelelwano olubukhali. Kwesinye isandla, icandelo eliphindwe kabini lengozi likhusela abemi kumandla olawulo acinezelayo, iqinisekisa ukuba ukugwetywa okanye ukuqiniseka kugqibekile ngokwenene. Kwelinye icala, okusemthethweni okuchaseneyo nokungavumelaniyo nemfundiso edibeneyo yolawulo, ukuvavanywa emva kokungagqibeki, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobungqina ekucinezelweni kwangaphambili, kuvumela imeko ukuba ilandele okusesikweni ngaphandle kokungagwetyelwa.

Ukumisa lo mmandla untsonkothileyo kufuneka uqoshelwe ngokuqinileyo umthetho womgaqo-siseko, imizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo elawula ubungqina. Iingcali zomthetho kufuneka zihlale zikho ngoku zichaza iinkcazelo ezigqwethekileyo, njengoko iinkundla ziqhubeka zichaza imida yoko kubumba “lo tyala” kwaye bubuphi ubungqina obunokubuyiselwa kwakhona. Kubo banomdla kufundisiso olunzulu, oovimba abasuka kwiZiko loLwiso olusemthethweni [ kunye nokhokelo olugunyaziweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, injongo kukuqhuba kakuhle okusesikweni, qha, ukukhusela ummangalelwa ekumangalelweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngeli xesha eqinisekisa ukuba umntu onetyala akaphumi kwityala lokuphendula ngokwendlela yokuphepha yesithethe. Icandelo lengozi ephindwe kabini, kunye nemithetho ebhalwe ngobuchule, lisebenza njengesiseko sobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kwibutho ledemokhrasi.