Ukwazisa: Inyikima Engaphiliyo Ekwakunokuyitshintsha Indawo Esebenzayo

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, umthetho wemisebenzi wakhiwa ngokujikeleze izithuba zomsebenzi: ukungena kwabasebenzi abaselula abaneminyaka engama-55 nangaphezulu, basebenze ixesha elipheleleyo de baphume kwiminyaka yokuhlala umhlala-phantsi. Loo mzekelo uyawa phantsi kobunzima bomnye weendawo ezinamandla zokuma kaninzi kwimbali . Ukwaluphala kwamazwe ehlabathi lonke. Malunga nokwanda kwezoqoqosho, umlinganiselo wabasebenzi abaneminyaka emi-55 kunye nabangaphezulu uyanyuka kakhulu, ngoxa isabelo sabasebenzi abaselula sincipha. Ngokutsho kobunzima bobomi bomsebenzi. [[FLT: 0] [ECD], ngu 2050 kumsebenzi omnye kumazwe amane akwi OECD, uzakuba ngaphaya kweminyaka engama-5, ngokuthelekiswa nomnye kunyaka emithandathu namhlanje. Le yindlela ayinyuswangangoko kunyaka okwexeshana; ukwenziwa kobomi obunyuswayo, ngokomlinganiselo onyuswayo, kwaye kunyuswa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Okuthethwa ngumthetho wemisebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Imithetho eyathi yakha yathathwa njengethatha umhlala-phantsi eneminyaka engama-65, eyanikela ukhuseleko oluncinane kucalulo lobudala, kwaye enika abasebenzi abakhulileyo indawo yokuhlala encinane ngoku iphinda ibhalwe kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ukusuka eTokyo ukuya eStockholm ukuya eWashington, D.C. Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa kwemikhwa yokusebenza okwalupheleyo kunye nokuguqulwa kwasemthethweni kubalulekile kubaqeshi, abaphathi-maqumrhu eepolitime, nabasebenzi ngokwabo. Eli nqaku lihlola abaqhubi abaphambili beenguqulelo zomthetho ezikhoyo, imingeni ekhoyo, ucelomngeni kunye namathuba alo olu inguqulelo abangela, kunye notshintsho oludala, kunye nokwakhiwa komsebenzi wokwalu lwabantu abaluphele.

Iinguqu Zobomi Nempembelelo Yazo Kumsebenzi

Isizathu Sokuba Umsebenzi Usiya Ukhula

Ukwaluphala kwabasebenzi akuyonto ingaqondakaliyo, kwaye kungumphumo othe ngqo wokudityaniswa kwezimbini iziganeko. Okokuqala, abantu baphila ixesha elide. Ihlabathi lonke liphila malunga neminyaka engama-67 ngonyaka wama-2000 ukuya ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-79 ngo-202020, kwaye liyaqhubeka linyuka. Okwesibini, amanani okuzala aye ehla ngokuphawulekayo. Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, eJapane, eMzantsi Korea, kwanawaseziphelweni zoMntla Merika, umlinganiselo wokuzala ungaphantsi kakhulu komlinganiselo otshintshayo wabantwana 2.1 ngebhinqa ngalinye.

Oku kunyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba baphinde bahlolisise iminyaka yokudla umhlala-phantsi. Ngokomzekelo, iJapan, inomnye wabemi abadala kunanini emhlabeni, umalunga nama-30% abemi bayo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65. Urhulumente waseJapan uye waphakamisa iminyaka yomhlala-phantsi kwaye wadlulisela imithetho ekhuthaza abaqeshi ukuba bagcine abasebenzi de babe neminyaka engama-70. Ngokufanayo, eUnited States, uKhuseleko olupheleleyo lwezemfuza womhlala phantsi lunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe luya kutsho kuma 67, kwaye amaMelika amaninzi asele ehambe kade ngenxa nje yokuba engakwazi ukuyeka ukusebenza. .S. U. U ofisi yeMibaliso yemisebenzi yezemisebenzi izama ukuba abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu baqhubeke ngokukhawuleza ukukhula komkhosi wokusebenza ukutyhunda 2030.

Imiphumo Engaphaya Kweenkqubo Zokubala Emsebenzini

Abasebenzi abadala bazisa zombini iingenelo kunye nocelomngeni. Abasebenzi abadala batyekele ekuziseni amava, umgwebo, nolwazi lweziko. Kodwa basenokujamelana neengxaki zonyango ezinxulumene nobudala, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela abazali abakhulileyo okanye amaqabane, kunye nokwenzeka okuphezulu kweemeko ezinganyangekiyo. Ezi zinto zichaphazela imveliso, ukungahambi komsebenzi, kunye nemigaqo yemisebenzi efunekayo. Imithetho yezonyango kufuneka iguqulele ekucombululeni ezi zinto zikhoyo, ngokugqitha kwimiqathango engenanto, ummiselo othambileyo, kunye nengenelo lwempilo oluneeprojectives. Intlangano ye-International Labourstion iphawule ukuba inkqubo yobudala bobuhlobo emsebenzini ifuna ukulawulwa komsebenzi ngokwemithetho yesizwe.

Utshintsho Lomthetho Oyintloko Oqhutywa Ngumsebenzi Owalupheleyo

Ukunyusa Iminyaka Yomhlala - phantsi Nokuthatha Umhlala - phantsi

Enye yeempendulo ezithe ngqo ezisemthethweni kukulungisa iminyaka yokuhlala umhlala-phantsi enyanzelekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi aye aphelisa iminyaka emisiweyo yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngokupheleleyo (umz., iUnited States, iNew Zealand, kunye nenkonzo karhulumente waseKhanada). Ezinye, njenge United Kingdom, ngoku zisusa ixesha elingagqibekanga lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwabasebenzi abaninzi, zivumela abantu ukuba baqhubeke besebenza ixesha elide kangangoko benako. EJapan, [FLT: 0] i-Law ngenxa yokuzinziswa kwemisebenzi yabadala [ ngoku zikhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zinyuse ubudala bazo bokuthatha umhlala phantsi ukuya ku 70 okanye ziphumele inkqubo “eqhubekeka yomsebenzi.

Umhlala-phantsi othe gqolo ungomnye ummandla onyukayo wotshintsho. Le mithetho eqhelekileyo isoloko imohlwaya umsebenzi wenxalenye yexesha emva kokungaphelelwa ngumhlala-phantsi, okanye ijonge ummiselo oncitshisiweyo njengokuphelisa umsebenzi, inkcaso exhobisayo. Imimiselo emitsha kumazwe anjenge Sweden, iDenmark, kunye neJamani ivumela abasebenzi abadala ukuba bathobe iiyure zabo xa befumana umhlala-mali. Le mithetho iyavuma ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo bafuna ukuhlala bebophelele kodwa ngesantya esiphantsi. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeJamani “Alterteilzeit” (umsebenzi omncinci) yaba yimodeli yemiqathango yokuguqula i-EU.

Iindawo zokuhlala zasemsebenzini kunye neeMargonomic

Utshintsho lokwemanyana nokweminyaka olunxulumene nomzimba oludityanisiweyo, amaxesha okusabela kancinci, ukubona kunye nokulahleka kwezindlebe emsebenzini. Imithetho ifuna ukuba abaqeshi banike “indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo” hayi nje ngenxa yokukhubazeka kodwa kunye nezithintelo ezinxulumene nobudala. IKhomishini ye-U.S. EOCT[[FL:0] [[FLT]] [FLT] [1] inike ukhokelo olucacileyo lokuba ukungakwazi ukusingatha imiqathango yomzimba eziwayo yabasebenzi abadala ingenza ucalulo lokwaluphala phantsi koMthetho we-Rocracy kuMsebenzi.

EYurophu, iFrame Working Directive on Occupational Safety and Health itolikwa njengequka uhlolo lwe-ergonomic lwabasebenzi abakhulileyo. Amazwe afana neFinland ne-Netherlands aneenkqubo zesizwe ezithi zilungise imisebenzi elungisekayo, njengemisebenzi elungelelaniswayo, izibane ezingcono, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwengxolo. Imisebenzi ye-Greeam- Korea [[FLT:] yoMgaqo-mvaniso we-Agebration inqedreary ne-oldrientry Provectionion[[FL:1] ngokufanayo ifuna ukuba abaqeshishishi benziwe “amanyathelo afunekayo okuxhasa abasebenzi abadala . Ezi ndawo zokuhlala azigcini kuphela abasebenzi abadala nabasebenzayo kodwa zinciphisa nokuhlawula.

Ukhuseleko Oluchasene Nongquzulwano

Ucalucalulo lobudala luhlala luyingxaki elukhuni. AARP uhlolisiso oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba phantse iisithathu ezibini zabasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-45 nangaphezulu baye balubona okanye baluvalela ucalucalulo lobudala emsebenzini. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya amaninzi aqikelelwa ukunyaniswa nokukhuselwa kwamaqela akhuselweyo. U. U.S. inexesha lokungavumelani kweminyaka ephakathi kwe-OMSLALI (AAAAA) ngo19679, kodwa lisebenza kuphela kubaqeshi abasebenzi abangama-20 okanye abangaphezulu abasebenzi abangaphezulu kwaye aligubuyisi izakhiwo ezizimeleyo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho eyomelele ngakumbi, njenge-Fair Colinior Scking and Brea Act, ekwalela ukukhathazwa kwanokuchatshazwa kwano-mqeshwa kwamalungu ukuba umqeshinabawo omqeshina.

I-EU Monigrance Elabel Direference Inqanda ucalucalulo lobudala ekuqeshweni nasekuqeqesheni umsebenzi. UMthetho we-UK woMalungano wonyaka ka-2010 uyaqinisa kwaye uyaqinisa ukhuseleko. UMthetho we-Age Discrimination wango-2004 uye wahlaziywa ukuphendula iintlobo ezichuliweyo zocalulo, ezifana “ukungaqiniseki” ukwaliwa okuchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa okuthe kratya okubangela ukuba abantu abadala bafuneke. Utyekelo lukukukukususa umthwalo wokuqinisekisa umsebenzi; amazwe amaninzi ngoku kufuneka abaqeshiweyo bathethelele naluphi naluphi ulwano olusekelwe kwiminyaka elungeleneyo noluyimfuneko. Abaphengululi bathe ngokomthetho baqikelela ukuba amaza kuquke ukukhuselwa kwezixhobo zokuqesha abatsha abaqeqeshiweyo ngokungaziqondiswe ngokubonqiniswa okanye ngokubonqiniswa kwemisebenzi.

Ityala Neengenelo Zotshintsho

Njengoko iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi inyuka, uqhagamshelwano oluphakathi komthetho wengqesho kunye neenkqubo zomhlala-phantsi luyaba lunzima. Utshintsho luquka ukunyuswa kweminyaka apho umhlala-phantsi wemali ufumaneka khona (i-U.S. ihamba ukuya kuma- 67; i-UK inyuse ukuya kuma-66 kunye namalungiselelo 68). Kodwa utshintsho oluninzi olungokwasemthethweni lubandakanya “inkululeko yemali” yomthetho ovumela abasebenzi abadala ukuba bafumane inxalenye yemali yabo yempesheni ngoxa besasebenza, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo. UK ka-2015 iinguqulo oluthe kratya ukuze bafumane iibhodwe zabo zomnikelo ezichaziweyo ukususela kwiminyaka engama-55. Ngokufanayo, izicwangciso ezichaziweyo ezichaziweyo zemali eziye zalayilwe ngoku zivumela ukuba abasebenzi abadala baqhubeke beneminyaka yokuthatha umhlala umsebenzi.

Iingenelo zonyango nazo zisebuncutsheni. KuMthetho we-Affordble Care Act, uyalela ukungafuni ukukhutshwa kwempilo ngokweminyaka, kodwa abaqeshi baxakekisa iindleko zokunikezela nge-inshorensi yempilo kumsebenzi osele ukhulile onokuthi ube neendleko eziphezulu zezonyango. Amanye amazwe, njengoSingapore, aye asungula “iProjini” enika abaqeshi imvume yokunceda ukuhlangabezana neendleko zabaqeshi abakhulileyo, kuquka ukuvavanywa kwempilo kunye neenkqubo ezintle.

Iingxaki Kubaqeshi Nabenzi Benkqubo

Iindleko Nenkxalabo Yokuvelisa

Abaqeshi basoloko bevakalisa inkxalabo yokuba abasebenzi abadala babiza imali eninzi, imivuzo ehlawula kakhulu, iindleko ze-inshorensi yempilo ezingaphezulu. Nangona ezi ngxaki zingekho ngqiqweni, basoloko bengazihoyi izinga eliphantsi lokujika, ukunyaniseka okuphezulu, kunye nobuchule obuphangaleleyo obucwangcisa abasebenzi abadala abazisa iindleko, ezinye izintlawulo ezisemthethweni ziquka intlawulo okanye iimali zerhafumfazelo. Umzekelo, “uMphathiswano woMsebenzi oPhakathiswayo uzzizuschus". Unika inkxaso kubaqeshisi abaqeshi abangaphezu kwama-50 abaqeshiweyo abaqeshiweyo abaqeshiweyo. UMzantsi Korea“ Umthetho Wokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukuhlawula nokuhlawula abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-60 nangaphezulu.

Ukuveliswa komsebenzi yenye inkxalabo. Utshintsho lomzimba nolwengqondo lungachaphazela isantya kunye noxinzelelo, kodwa indawo yokuhlala kunye nomsebenzi kungumqondiso obomvu . njengokususwa kwimisebenzi enzima emzimbeni ukuya ekuqeqesheni okanye ekulawuleni umgangatho we-(---ascan). Umthetho wemisebenzi uqala ukufuna abaqeshi bafune ezinye iindima phambi kokugqiba abasebenzi abadala abangakwaziyo ukwenza imisebenzi yabo yokuqala. Oku kuyafana nomsebenzi wokuhlalisa phantsi komthetho owenziwe ngesiphene kwaye yindawo ekhulayo yokuzinzisa.

Ulawulo lomsebenzi osetyenziswa zisizukulwana ngezihlandlo

Kukho izizukulwana ezine okanye ezintlanu ezisebenza ngaxhatha linye, iingxwabangxwaba. Abasebenzi abaselula bangakucaphukela ukunyuselwa okanye bavakalelwe kukuba abantu abadala abasebenza nabo bathintela ukuhambela phambili. Abasebenzi abakhulileyo bangaziva bephantsi komgangatho okanye benyanzelekile ukuba bathathe umhlala-phantsi. Umzekelo, amanye amaziko athintelwe “umhlala-phantsi" amacandelo emisebenzi, ukunqanda iinkampani ukuba zinganyanzeli abasebenzi abadala ukuba bafumane indawo yokuqesha abancinane. i-françai de cohéion socie social ifuna ukuba iinkampani ziphumeze izintlukwano zokudibanisa izintlundlo zokudlulisela ulwazi kumsebenzi omdala. Le mibutho ikhuthaza ukucinga ngaphandle kokuqhubana nokuqhubana kobunyani.

Imiqobo Nokufunda Ubomi Bakho Bonke

Utshintsho lobugcisa lungangethuba, kwaye abasebenzi abadala bangangaqeqeshwa ngokusemthethweni kwi-software entsha okanye izixhobo zamanani. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lweminyaka-neutral ziya kuba yimfuno esemthethweni kwimimandla emininzi. I-EU ye- Pillar yamaLungelo eNtlalo-ntle[ ibandakanya ilungelo lokuqhubeka uqeqesho kunye nokufunda ubomi bonke. EFinland, i- inkqubo ekuKhuthani kwe-Labour Marketmentix Ingration[[ inika abaqeshineyo abasebenzi abadala abanokubulala. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso engokwasemthethweni, abasebenzi abadala abasele bekhulile banokuba ngamatyala, ukwanda kwemiqatha yokungabikho imisebenzi emide okanye ukuphuma emsebenzini.

Amathuba Okuqalisa Nokudityaniswa

Umsebenzi Obhetyebhetye Namalungiselelo Akude

Isifo se-COVID-19 esikhawulezileyo sokwamkelwa ngokukhawulezileyo komsebenzi owenzelwe kude nowe-ibhuluni. Kubasebenzi abadala, le yinkqubo yokutshintsha imidlalo. Ukuncitshiswa komatshini, ukukwazi ukulawula imeko-bume yomsebenzi, kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha koomatiloshe abasebenza kunye nokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kungenza umsebenzi wobomi obude. Amazwe amaninzi (kuquka i-Ireland, i-New Zealand, kunye neSpeyin) aphumele umthetho oguqukayo osebenza kubo bonke abasebenzi, kodwa kunye nezipho ezikhethekileyo zabasebenzi abadala. Abanye abaqeshi boovulindlela basebenzisa iiveki ezine zemisebenzi okanye “inkqubo zokungalali” ezivumela abarhoxiweyo ukuba babuyele kwiprojekthi. Ezi zincediswe ngumthetho, xa zixhaswa, zingagcina iitalente ezixabisekileyo.

Uyilo lomsebenzi oqhutywa yiminyaka kunye neenkqubo zempilo

I-Ergonomics zisiqalo nje. I-orgonomics enciphisa uxinzelelo lwemisebenzi ephindaphindwayo, inika utshintsho lomsebenzi, kwaye igxininisa ukuqiqa ngomsebenzi womzimba zinganceda bonke abasebenzi kodwa ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kubantu abasebenzayo abalupheleyo. “Iziko loluntu lweZibonelelo zoluntu zesizwe” zidibanisa abasebenzi abadala ngethuba elithile, abaphantsi kwemisebenzi. Iinkonzo zezomthetho eSweden zifuna ukuba iinkonzo zezempilo zomsebenzi ziquke iingxilongo zomngcipheko ofanelekileyo. Njengoko inzululwazi yenkqubela yokwaluphala, ilindele ukuba imithetho yemisebenzi ibandakanya imilinganiselo engakumbi yokukhanya, ingxolo, ubunjani, kunye nobuchule bokulungisa inqwelo moya.

Amava okuqhuba njengempahla ecwangcisiweyo

Kunokuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo bajonge abasebenzi njengexabiso, abaqeshi abahambela phambili kunye neenkqubo zomthetho babagqala njengendawo yenkumbulo kunye nobucebisi. ESingapore, i- “Nationalal Silver Academy” amaqabane abaqeshi kunye nabaqeshi ukuyila abasebenzi abadala iindlela zokuba babe ngabaqeqeshi. Amanye amaphondo ase-U.S. anika ityala lerhafu yokuqesha abasebenzi abadala njengabacebisi kwiinkqubo zokufundisa. Izindululo ezisemthethweni ezikhusela umhlala phantsi kunye nomsebenzi wenxalenye yexesha zibangela ukuba olu lwazi ludlulise ngaphandle kokunyanzela ukuba lunyulwe phakathi komsebenzi opheleleyo kunye nomhlala phantsi.

I-Outlook yexesha elizayo: Ukuya kungqubana neMithetho eQhelekileyo yeXesha

Ulungelelwaniso lobuxhakaxhaka, i-Al kunye nolungelelwaniso

Olunye ucelomngeni olucinezelayo lwexesha elizayo lucalulo lweminyaka ye-algorithm. Izixhobo zokufumana i-Al ezinamandla angaqondanga zingabonisa abasebenzi abadala ngokubeka phambili ii-crediations zakutshanje zemfundo okanye ukonakalisa umsebenzi. Ekuphenduleni, i-U.Unimed Proclation Opportive Commission ivule inyathelo lokuthetha nge-Al. I-AUU ye-UUUS i-U'Active Intelligence Act izakuba ne-almodelitys alms alm-risk, ifuna ukuba abasebenzi bacace bangabi namagama aphezulu kunye noongengodinskins. Imithetho yexesha elizayo iya kufuna ukuba nasiphi isigqibo sokwenziwa kwe-omatshini sobudala, njengaxanduvane nocalucalucalucalu-calucalu-calu-calucalu-calu-lucalu-lue.

Umanyano lwemigangatho yehlabathi lonke

Ngeli xesha ilizwe ngalinye lisondela ekulungiseni imisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kuvela umanyano. Iminyaka elishumi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ye-Aged Health". (2021-2030) ikhuthaza amalungu amazwe ukuba asuse imiqobo kubasebenzi abakhulileyo. I-International Labour Organization i- “Older Workers Committeetion" (R162) inika ulwakhiwo olusetyenziswa ngamazwe amaninzi njengesiseko. Ilindele ukulungelelaniswa okungakumbi, ingakumbi kurhwebo olufana ne-EU ne-CPTPP, apho amalungiselelo okusebenza afuna ukuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi abadala.

Intsingiselo Ecacileyo

Ekugqibeleni, utyekelo lwabasebenzi abalupheleyo aluyiyo ingxaki yokuconjululwa kodwa yinto yokwenene emele iqukunjelwe. Utshintsho lomthetho womsebenzi onceda abasebenzi abakhulileyo bahlale bekhuthele, behlonelwa, kwaye bekhuselekile ngokwezoqoqosho aluluncedo kuphela kubantu ngabanye. Zibalulekile ekuxhaseni iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwentlalo, ekudluliseleni ulwazi, nasekukhuthazeni ukumanyaniswa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Iinguqu ezisemthethweni ngoku zibeka isiseko sekamva apho ubudala bungasayi kuba ngumqobo wokuthabatha inxaxheba, kodwa umlinganiselo odumileyo wokwahlukahlukana. Abaqeshi kunye nabenzi bemithetho abagcina imali kwimisebenzi yobutsha baya kufumana indawo engcono yokutsala isiphiwo, ukuhambelana kwenani, ukuhambela phambili, kunye nokukhula emashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Njengoko sijonga phambili, ezona ntlalo ziphumelelayo ziza kuphatha abasebenzi njengabangengomthwalo, kodwa njengesixhobo esiluncedo. Umthetho yinkqubo enokuguqula loo mbono ibe yinto yokwenene ($ngokukhusela abasebenzi abakhulileyo, ngokukhuthaza imisebenzi eququzelelweyo, nangokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo nesidima sabo bonke abasebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, ziyaxhaswa. Utshintsho esilufumeneyo namhlanje luza kubumba ihlabathi lomsebenzi wezizukulwana ezizayo.