Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokulingana

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ngeenkokeli eziliqela, umisela imigaqo esisiseko yokulingana ngokusemthethweni. La malungiselelo awachazi amalungelo abantu kuphela kodwa akwabeka imida kumandla karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngesidima esilinganayo phantsi komthetho.

UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwemigunyathi Weshumi Eline: Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ngo1868, iSinyusi se 144 se-Ecult Ameting Protection Claus(""-no State iza... kukhanyela nawuphi na umntu okwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho"".Isixhobo esinamandla somgaqo-siseko sokuqinisekisa ukulingana. Intetho ichazwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukunqanda ucalulo lweqhinga lombuso nololawulo lwengingqi lwesizwe, lwesizwe, lwesizwe, kunye nezinye izimvo ezirhanelwayo. INkundla isebenzisa uhlolo olungqongqo kwimithetho esekelwe kwizizwe kunye nohlolo oluthe-hlonisiweyo lwezintluvo ezisekelwe kwisondo, ifuna urhulumente abonise ukuthethelela okugqithisileyo nakuphi nakuphi nako ukuphathwa. [[FLD: 0] kunye ne-Esvostions, eziye zasetyenziswa nezininzi ii-Resourcegoversesworksmess, zikwane izikolo ezithene ze-196961], ezithelelwa yi-1865], kwaye zisetyenziswa nezikadentilikelelene, kunye nezika i

ISindululo seshumi elinesihlanu, seshumi elinesithoba, nesesi-20:

UHlaliso lwe-15th Amendment (1870) luthintela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kuhlobo lohlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka". UMthetho weSithintelo weSikhathi (1920) wanwebela amabhinqa, ngelixa iAmashumi amabini anesithathu eMpanzi yoMphetho-sixeko (197) ihlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya kwi 18. Phezu kwayo nje le miqathango yomthetho, ukulwela ukulingana kokwenene komthetho kunye nenkqubo yokwaphula umthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunyaka ka-2020. INkundla ePhakamileyo kuMkhosi we-Solby County. Rhader[FLT] (20.) yasihla ilungiselelo elingundoqo lamaLungelo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-voti, ikhokelela kwimithetho emitsha engundoqo ye-ontimenti yowiso-o-o-o-o-oa.

UMthetho waMalungelo aMazwe oMgaqo-nkqubo

Le mithetho imisela uludwe lwemithetho enamandla ezalisekisa ize yandise izivumelwano zokulingana komGaqo-siseko.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Isihloko II soMthetho sikwalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke (iivenkile zokutyela, iiholo zemidlalo) ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Isihloko VII sikwenza kube yinto engekho mthethweni ukuba abaqeshi bakhethe ekuqesheni, ekudubuleni, okanye ekuhlawuleni ngezizathu ezifanayo, kwaye kugqubuthele ukukhulelwa, isini, kunye nokuziphindezelela. Umthetho waseka i-Actal Accomplication Commission (EOOC) ukuphengulula nokunyanzela ukupha i-mendeka. [[FLL:] Meritor Bank v.VFLD [12][5] [196]], iNkukungu ephakamileyo yezokuba ikholelwa ukuba ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini kungenziwa uhlobo oluthile lweSihloko seSihloko se-I. Izigqi sangoso. [2][20]

UMthetho (ADA) ka-1990

I-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo ngabantu abakhubazekileyo emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi, nakuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Ifuna "indawo yokuhlala ezifanelekileyo" ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuhlala ibangela "ingxaki engasafuneka" kumqeshi okanye kwiqumrhu. IADA ichaza ukungakwazi ukukhubazeka okubanzi ($ingxaki yomzimba okanye yengqondo enika umlinganiselo omnye okanye ongaphezulu wobomi, ingxelo engokwako, okanye ukugqalwa njengonobunzima obunjalo. Isihloko I se-ADA sinyanzeliswa liSebe lobulungisa II ne-OC II. Umthetho uye wasetyenziswa ekuphuculeni ukuphucula ulawulo lwezakhiwo, uthutho, kunye nobugcisa, nangona isoloko ibonwa njengengxaki.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sowe-1965 (njengoko silungisiwe)

Esi nyathelo sokuvala ucalucalulo olusemthethweni, kuquka uvavanyo lokuvota nokubhala kunye nerhafu yovolo. Icandelo 2 lithintela nayiphi na imfanelo yokuvota ephumela ekukhanyeni okanye ekungahlawulwani kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga okanye ibala. Icandelo 5 lifuna amagunya athile akwimbali yocalulo ukuze afumane ukubekwa phambili kweSebe leJaji phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Emva kokuba [[FLT: 0] iShelby County, iBhunga liye laphikisana kodwa alimiselanga mgaqo omtsha wexesha elingaphambili, lishiya imimandla emininzi ikhululekileyo ukuba iphumele kwienguqu ezichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nangoko abavoti-voti. Amatyala amaninzi asuka oko kudlule imithetho yokuvota ebotiweyo kunye neevoti eziphelwe phantsi kwecandelo 2.

ISebe leMicimbi yeMidlalo

I-Fair Howard Act iyalwalela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhaseni kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini, ubume bobufama, imvelaphi yobuzwe, kunye neziphene. ISebe leNkqutyana leHouse and Urban Development (HUD) lihlola izikhalazo kwaye linokuzisa izenzo zokunyanzelisa. Phezu kwako nje oko, imizekelo yokuhlala ngokwemibutho ehlala abantu iyaqhubeka ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwengxelo engokwembali, ukususwa kwelizwe, kunye nocalucalucalulo oluqhubekayo. Lo Mgaqo-mthetho walungiswa ngowe-1988 ukuze uqinise intrando nokukhusela iintsapho zabantwana nabantu abaneziphenesiphene.

Indima Yezonyanzelo Zomanyano

Ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kufuna uphando olukhutheleyo, imfundo, kunye nokucaciswa ngamaqumrhu akhethekileyo esizwe.

IKhomishini yamalungelo oMsebenzi alinganayo (EOC)

I-EEOC iyatolika kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente elwalela ucalucalulo ngemisebenzi. Ifumana izityholo ezingaphezu kwama-60 000 nyaka ngamnye. Le nkampani iphanda izityholo, izama ukuzama ukuququzelela amajelo onxibelelwano, kwaye ingabhala ityala elinxamnye nabaqeshi babucala. Ngo-2022 kuphela, i-EEOC yabophelela ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 zemali ukukhulula amaxhoba ocalucalucalulo. I-EEOC ikwanikela ukhokelo olungemibandela evelayo enjengokuhlaselwa ngokwezikomfono nakusetyenziswa kobukrelekrelekrele ekuqeni.

ISebe leMicimbi yoLuntu loLuntu

ISivumelwano saMalungelo esinguNontlalo-ntle sinyanzelisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente ithintele ucalucalulo kwimfundo, kwizindlu, ekuvoteleni, nasekunyanzeleni umthetho. Igunya lokumangalela urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemigaqo-mthetho yemodeli. Amatyala aphezulu aquka uphando kumasebe amapolisa kuqheliselo olungavumelani nomthetho we-ID echaphazelekayo ocalucalucalulo ngokuchasa abantsali abambalwa. Ulwahlulo lukwanyanze amaMerika ngoMthetho weNtubeko noMthetho wezwe Lonqulo lokuSebenza noMthetho weSiko.

ISebe leSebe leDislamss for Poliest Rights (OCR)

I-OCR inyanzelisa iSihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi (uhlobo, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe), iSiHloko IX (isixx), kunye neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuBekisiwa (ukungagqibeki) kumaqumrhu emfundo afumana izimali zikarhulumente. I-OCR iphengulula izikhalazo zokukhathazwa ngokweentlobo, ukungalingani koqeqesho, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini, nokunqongophala kwendawo yokuhlala yabafundi abakhubazekileyo. Ngo-2024, ulawulo lwe-Biden I-X yakhupha imimiselo emitsha ye-TRUmp-era kwiinkqubo zezifundo ezibonisa ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini kwaye ikhuselwe ngokucacileyo iLGBTQ.

Ukucaciswa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaguqula intsingiselo yokulingana ngezigqibo eziphawulekayo ezichaza umGaqo-siseko nemithetho karhulumente.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Isigqibo esiyelelanisiweyo sayirhoxa imfundiso ye- elinganayo ye- yaza yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga olucalulweyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwaphula iSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Clause. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi ukuqokelela ityala kubangela ukuziva uphantsi kubantwana baseAfrika oko "kubangela umntwana afunde. Isigqibo sakhokelela ekuxhathiseni uluntu, kodwa ekugqibeleni saba sisiseko esisemthethweni sokuphelisa zonke izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke.

Virginia (1967) enothando

INkundla yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, ibambelele kwilungelo elisisiseko nokuba ukwahlulwa kohlanga kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokungqongqo. IJaji enkulu uEarl Warren yabhala, "Phantsi komGaqo-siseko wethu, inkululeko yokutshata, okanye ukungatshati, umntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomntu kwaye akanako ukugxelwa phantsi kwetyala loRhulumente. Ityala licatshulwe kwizigqibo ezilandelayo emtshatweni omnye.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

INkundla yathi ukuHlakulelwa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine kufuna ukuba kubekho imithetho evumela izivumelwano nokuvuma imitshato engokwabelana ngokwesini. Uluvo lwabaninzi lukaJaji uKennedy lwagxininisa ukuba umtshato ligama "elibalulekileyo lolungelelwaniso lwethu lwentlalo" kwaye ukususela ngaphandle izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni omnye kwelo qumrhu kuyazikhanyela ikhuselo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo efanayo. Isigqibo esisemthethweni esisemthethweni sikwasemthethweni somtshato ongokwamanyeneyo, nangona umtshato wesizwe nowezopolitiko nonqulo luye lwaqhubeka.

Abafundi beFair Adgirs n/a Harvard (2023)

Kwisigqibo esi-6-3, iNkundla yalwa phantsi iinkqubo zokuthoba ulwamkelo lohlanga eHarvard nakwiYunivesithi yaseMntla Carolina, ikholelwa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zaphula umthetho weSikhuseli sokulinganisa uClaus. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iiyunivesithi zinokuqwalasela indlela imvelaphi echaphazela ngayo amava obomi bomntu ocela isicelo (umz., ukoyisa ucalulo lobuhlanga) kodwa zingasebenzisi ugqatso njengefekta edis. Esi sigqibo siye sanyanzela iikholeji ukuba zihlaziye imigaqo-siseko kwaye ziqhube iingxoxo ezithelela phambili malunga nemfundo ebhaliweyo.

Imilinganiselo karhulumente neyomgangatho wasekuhlaleni

Isakhiwo solawulo singumgangatho, asiyisilingi. Amaphondo amaninzi noomasipala baye bamisela ukukhuselwa kwabo okulinganayo okungaphaya komthetho worhulumente.

Izenzo zamalungelo angaphakathi kaRhulumente

Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, iNew York, ne-Illinois anemithetho ebanzi echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho egquma iindidi ezikhuselweyo (kuquka imbonakalo yesondo, ubuni, ubume bomtshato, kunye nomthombo wengeniso) kunomthetho wesizwe. Amanye amaphondo avumela iipepusi ezininzi zomonakalo kunye nokufumaneka lula konyango. Umzekelo, i-Fornia Fair Broughtscape and House Act ivumela ukuba kuphele umonakalo ongenamda, lo gama iiketapu zikarhulumente zivumela ii-comparation ezisekelwe kumlinganiselo wabaqeshi.

Ungqubano lwangaphakathi

Izixeko kunye nezixa zidlulisela imithetho edibanisa ukhuseleko lwezigaba ezifana namaxhoba ogonyamelo asekhaya, amagqala, okanye lawo asematyaleni okubanjwa. Ezinye iindawo ziye zayila amakhomishini alwela amalungelo abantu ukuphanda izikhalazo ngokungqalileyo, zigqitha iinkqubo zelizwe nezolawulo ezixineneyo. Ekubeni kungekho mthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho wentiyo karhulumente obandakanya imbonakalo yesondo de kube ngo-2009, izixeko ezininzi zidlulise eyazo imithetho yentiyo. Le mithetho yasekuhlaleni yenza umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wamalungelo abantu, kodwa ikwavumela ukuba umthetho owenziwe ngomgangatho ophakamileyo woluntu.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Lokulingana Ngokomthetho

Nangona kukho ukhuseleko lomgaqo - siseko nomthetho, ukungalingani okuninzi kusaqhubeka. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuqhawuke khona.

Ucalucalulo Olunenkqubo Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Bureau of Justice Statistics lubonisa ukuba amaBlack America avalelwe phantse izihlandlo ezihlanu kunezo zabamhlophe baseMelika. Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango yohlanga kuyayichaphaza i-Concimence Clause, ukungqina ukuba injongo yokukhupha imvume esemthethweni ihlala inzima. Amagosa omthetho okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho angene kwimimiselo ye-DOJ ukuphendula iprojekthi ye-discrinitary, kodwa iziphumo zidityanisiwe. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, imiqathango enyanzelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlawula imali zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, zinegalelo koko kubizwa ngabaphengululi abaninzi ukuba bangeniswe.

Umsantsa Nokuphathwa Ngenkohlakalo Kwendoda Emsebenzini

UMthetho wePacio olinganayo ka-1963 kunye no-VII awuwuphelisi umsantsa womvuzo wesiBhunu. NgokweSizwe seSebe loGunyaziso lwabesifazane neentsapho, amabhinqa afumana malunga nama-895 eesenti nge-dola nganye efunyenwe ngamadoda, nezithuba ezinkulu kumabhinqa amibala. Umbutho weMeToo ubhenca ukukhathazwa ngokwesini okusasazekileyo kwimizi - mveliso ukusuka ekuyingeniseni kwezolonwabo ukuya ekuveliseni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu-nkqubo esemthethweni efana no-Abitration of Sexual Assaucity and Sexual Ad Act 2022, evumela abaqeshwa baqeshwe ukuba bangenise enkundleni kunokuba banyanzelwe ekuququleni.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Emva kwesigqibo seSikokazi , amazwe amaninzi aphumeza imithetho ye-ID yevoti engqongqo, elinganiselweyo yokuvota kwangethuba, kwaye ehlambulule iirolo ezibhaliweyo. I 2020 Brennan Center uphando lwafumanisa ukuba ezi meko zichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namalungelo okuvota abambalwa nabangenayo. Imithetho yokurhoxa i-Fonyfranchise, ekhupha amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaneenkolelo zobufalji, ichaphazela amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5, kunye neemfuno zobuhlanga ezingalunganga. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amanye amazwe andise amalungelo okuvota, njengamalungelo okuvota okubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kunye nokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Angaphaya Komtshato

Ngeli xesha Ingxelo yeNkqutyana eqhubela phambili ifumene ukuba phantse amazwe angama-30 akhuselekile kumlinganiselo womtshato, amaphondo amaninzi akanaso isigqibo esicacileyo sokungadibani kwi-LGBTQ+ abantu abakwizindlu, imisebenzi, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Ingxelo ye-2023 Imovement Advation Project ifumanise ukuba phantse kumaphondo angama-30 anazo izikhuseli ezibanzi ze-LGBTQ+ abantu. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- 303 kubantu abakwindlu, i-LLC v. i-webhlwiwe-webhusayithi yomthetho elwayo inokuthi ingavumile ukwenza ii-webhsayithi zomtshato zomtshato ezisekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo, ukunyusa kwemiqathango ye-equm, ukuva kwemiqatha yemimiselo yemidmimiselo yemiboniso yezezemiboniso-yo.

Izixhobo Ezisemthethweni Zokuxhobisa Ukulingana

Ukulingana kunyanzeliswa ngokudibanisa ukumangalelwa kwabantu ngabanye, uphando lukarhulumente, nangezenzo zolawulo.

Intshukumo

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu karhulumente ivumela abantu ukuba bagwetywe ngokungqalileyo. Umzekelo, umqeshwa angafaka ityala phantsi kweSihloko VII emva kokudinwa kwemiqathango yolawulo nge-EOC. Abachaphazelekayo bangafumana intlawulo ebuyayo, ukubuyiselwa, ukonakala kwetyala, kunye nemirhumo yegqwetha. Izenzo zodidi zingalulungisa ucalucalulo, njengakwimeko ye- DAKES v. Walmart Vers, Inc. (20) nangona iNkundla Ephakamileyo yenze iklasi yenze ibala libe nzima kakhulu ngenxa yeemeko zemisebenzi emikhulu.

Izikhalazo Zolawulo

Ukukhalaza ngesibonelelo esinjenge-EOC, OCR, okanye i-HUD kudla ngokubiza imali encinane kwaye kukhawuleza kunento ehlaziyiweyo. Aba bameli bangaphengulula, bakhuphe iziphumo, baze bazame ukunxibelelana nabantu abahlala apho. Ukuba umbutho ufumana isizathu esifanelekileyo, kungasamela umkhalazi. Noko ke, oovimba bezibonelelo balinganiselwe; umzekelo, uqingqo-mali lwe-mali lwe-EOC alukhange lugcine isantya nenani letyala elibekweyo, okuphumela ekulindeni ixesha elide.

Imithetho yokuziqhelanisa nePateni

ISebe leJaji linokumangalela urhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye nabaqeshi abakhulu ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kumgaqo okanye kuqheliselo localulo. Oku kumangalelwa kungakhokelela ekupheliseni iinguqu, njengemithetho evumelanayo efuna utshintsho kuqeqesho lwamapolisa, uqheliselo lokuqesha, okanye iinkqubo zokuvota. I-DoJ's Civil Rights Division iye yasebenzisa eli gunya ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zokuqeshwa kwezindlu, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nemithetho yesikolo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa nanto abantwana abambalwa.

Ikamva Lokunyanzelwa Komgangatho

Ingcamango yokulingana ngokusemthethweni eUnited States ixhomekeke kwiimpembelelo eziqhubekayo zezobupolitika, zentlalo nezezomthetho.

Isenzo Sengqungquthela

Kucetyiswa amatyala aliqela ukuqinisa ukunyanzelisa ukulingana. UmThetho we-Ealture, oza kudibanisa imbonakalo yesondo kunye nobufanasini njengoko amahlelo akhuselwe phantsi komthetho wamalungelo abantu wesizwe, ewudlulise iNdlu kodwa ugcinwe kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi. UMthetho kaJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act ujolise ekubuyiseleni iimfuno zangaphambili ze-crituration emva Shelby County. Ezinye izicelo ziya kunyuse umlinganiselo womvuzo okhoyo, kwandiswe amaMelika ngoMthetho weNxeko we-Intervision, kunye nocalucalucalu ngokomthetho (uMthetho we-CRGUIS).

Izindululo zomgangatho karhulumente kunye noxhathiso

Njengoko urhulumente wezwelonke ezivalela, amazwana aba ziimizi - mveliso zokwandisa nokulinganisela ukulingana. IKhalifoniya, iNew York, kunye neWashington ziye zamisela imithetho efuna ukuhlawulwa nokuvalwa kocalulo-calucalulo. Ngokuchasene noko, amatyala anjengeFlorida neTexas aye amisela imithetho ethintela iingxubusho zaseklasini zohlanga nolwesini, ethintela inxaxheba zeimbaleki, kwaye inqanda ukwahlukahlukana, ukulingana, kunye neenkqubo zokuququluphala kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. Ezi ndlela zokunyukela-ntlanga-ntlanga-ntle zinokuvelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango engakumbi kunentsingiselo yokukhusela okulinganayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye ne-Ai Bias

Ukusetyenziswa kobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo ekuqesheni, ekubolekiseni, naselugwebeni kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yokulingana. Imithetho-mthetho iyakwazi ukuvelisa ubuqhophololo obungokwembali, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezikhokelela ekuzibonakaliseni phantsi kwemfundiso elinganayo yokhuseleko (efuna ukuba nocalucalulo ngengozi). I-EOC ne-FTC ikhuphe ukhokelo olungobulungisa be-AISCO, kodwa akukho mthetho we-rhulumente obanzi okhoyo ukulawula imigaqo-algastiality. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Illinois, aye adlulisela imithetho efuna ii-afscs ezisetyenziswayo kwimiqathango ye-AIS ezisetyenziswayo.

Ekuqukumbeleni, ukunyanzeliswa kokulingana kwinkqubo yomthetho-siseko waseMerika yinkqubo eqhubekayo ebandakanya umbhalo womGaqo-siseko, isenzo sombutho-siseko, ukucaciswa kwemithetho elawulayo, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo olulawulayo, kunye nengca. Kukusetyenziswa komthetho kunye nebutho labantu okunempembelelo ephawulekayo efuna ukuphaphakanyiswa nokugaxelwa kweminye imicimbi esemthethweni. Isiseko esidalwe nguMgaqo-siseko namalungelo oqingqiweyo omiselwe ngokwezintlawulo zasekuhlaleni siye sangeniswa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha sivavanywe ngumgaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zasekuhlaleni. Ngoxa inkqubela ephawulekayo iye yenziwa, iintlukwano ezingapheliyo, impilo, izakhiwo, kunye nemithetho esesikweni ityhila ukuba ukulingana okusemthethweni akukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Ikamva liya kufuna ukuba kukhuselwe ukhuseleko olukhoyo kunye noovulindlela bemiqatha ukuze kuqinisekise ukuba umgaqo wokulingana komntu ngamnye eUnited States.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwendlela yokwahlula esemthethweni yokulingana, bona i iKhokelo yoLwazi lomthetho lweZiko loKhuselo olulinganayo, i-EC's yewebhsayithi esemthethweni[[[FLT:], kunye [FLT:] kunye nomsebenzi we-NAACP kukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwe-'s.