Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wenza isiseko sendlela abantu abasabela ngayo kwihambo enqatyisiweyo. Ichaza ukuziphatha okujongwa njengokuyingozi kulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke kwaye inika izigwebo kubafundi kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho ngokufanayo, uthabathela kwisiseko semigaqo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, uthabathele ekuhlelweni kwezityholo kuvavanyo ```lubalulekile. Olu khokelo lunika ushwankathelo oluphandleyo lweziqalelo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukugquma isimilo solwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo erhabaxaxa, amacandelo, ukusetyenziswa komthetho, kunye nezikhuselo eziqhelekileyo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho liqumrhu lemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo echaza izikreqo ezichasene norhulumente okanye noluntu. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, osombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya ukutshutshiswa ngamagunya karhulumente. Iinjongo zawo eziphambili kukuthintela ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni, ukubuyisa amatyala, nokunika abasebenzi abagqibele ekugwebeni. Inkqubo yomthetho yase-U.S. ixhomekeke kwiikhowudi zomthetho zorhulumente nezolwaphulo-mthetho; umzekelo, i- i-Cornell Lentracture Information Trectory inika ukucatshulwa okupheleleyo kwezi mithombo. Imigaqo iquka ukubekwa kobumsulwa, umthwalo wemiqatha engaphaya kokuthanda ukucinwa okusengqiqweni, nokungasekunene kwetyala.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokwahlulwa ngobukhulu, kodwa ukwabekwa kwemithetho elawulayo kukwahlula ngokwemo yengozi ebangelwe, imeko yengqondo yomoni, kunye nexhoba elibandakanyekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zindululo kubalulekile ekuhloleni iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye neemfuno zenkqubo.

Uhlelo olusekelwe kubuchule

  • Ityala elinzulu eligwetywayo lingaphaya konyaka omnye okanye, kwezinye iindawo, ukufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga, ukurhwaphiliza ngeziyobisi. Iziphumo zokufumana iziphumo zokuvota okanye zemali yengcali.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisdemers: Amacala anzima athe chatha aphumela kwixesha lasentolongweni elingaphantsi konyaka, ifashoni, ityala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Abaphahli abaqhelekileyo baquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye nexesha lokuqala le-DUI.
  • Ukwaphula-mthetho okuncinci: Ukophula umthetho okuncinane, okusoloko kuthathwa njenge "ityala" ngokwesithethe, isohlwayo ngefaso okanye isohlwayo samakhaya. Isantya sethikithi, i-jaying, kunye nokuchitha inkunkuma yimizekelo eqhelekileyo. Ukwaphula umthetho akufane kubandakanye ixesha lokuvalelwa kwaye akuyi ngxelo yetyala kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukwahlulwa Ngobubi Okanye Umbandela

  • Ityala elichaphazele abantu: ityala elenzakalisa omnye umntu emzimbeni okanye ngengqondo, njengokubulalana, ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuqweqwedisa, kunye nezenzo zezocawa zesini.
  • Ityala elichasene nepropati: elibandakanya ukuthatha okanye ukonakaliswa kwempahla yomnye ngaphandle kwemvume, njengobusela, ukuqhekeza, ukuphanga (nangona uphanga kubandakanya ukunyanzela umntu), ukonakalisa, kunye nobuqhetseba.
  • Ityala elichasene nocwangco lukawonke-wonke: Ukuziphatha okuphazamisa uxolo okanye okusongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kuquka ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, isiphithiphithi, indibano engekho mthethweni, nokungaxenga.
  • Amacala eziyobisi: ukonakalisa okunxulumene nokulawulwa kwezinto, kuquka ukulawulwa, ukusasazwa, ukwenziwa, kunye nokurhwetyeshelwa. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lohluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kuhlobo nobuninzi beziyobisi.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe-langa:[ Izenzo ezingekho mgangathweni eziyenzelwe inzuzo yemali, ezifana nokurhweba, ukunyoba, ubusela, ubusela, nokuthumba imali.

Ukuqonda Izityholo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Isityholo solwaphulo-mthetho sityholo esisesikweni esiziswa ngumtshutshisi, sichaza ukuba umntu othile wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Ityala limele lichaze izinto ezibalulekileyo zetyala. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubaluleke kakhulu ekumangaleleni nasekuzikhuseleni.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lunamalungu amabini angundoqo: actus reus (isenzo setyala) kunye izigulana zi-ea[ (ingqondo enetyala). Ingcaso kufuneka ingqine zombini ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, ngaphandle kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lungomnye wetyala elingqongqo (apho kungekho meko yengqondo ifunekayo, njenge-athoriod okanye imingeni ethile yemikrozo).

  • Actus reus: Isenzo sobuqu (okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukushiya apho kukho umsebenzi osemthethweni) esibangela umonakalo owalelweyo. Umzekelo, ukutsala inkcukumiso kukudubula umntu.
  • Imeko yengqondo ngexesha lomsebenzi. Imigangatho eqhelekileyo iquka injongo (efuna ukwenza ingozi), ulwazi (ukwazi iziphumo), ukungakhathaleli (ukungabukhathaleli ngeliso elibonakalayo ubungozi obukhulu), kunye nokungakhathali (ukungaboni mngcipheko omkhulu).
  • I- Imeko yengqondo kufuneka ingqamane nesenzo. Ukuba umntu ngempazamo ubangela ukufa ngelixa ejonge uhlaselo oluncinci, ulwaphulo-mthetho lungacuthwa.
  • Isenzo kufuneka sibe ngunobangela wengozi nowento efunekayo. Umzekelo, inxeba lokuhlaba elikhokelela kukwasulelwa nokufa kufuneka lidityaniswe ngqo nesenzo sommangalelwa.

Izityholo Eziqhelekileyo Zezaphuli - mthetho

  • [[FLT: 0]" Umbhinqo (Ulawulo): Ukuthatha nokususa impahla yomnye umntu ngenjongo yokurhoxisa ngokusisigxina. Kumazwe amaninzi, ixabiso lempahla limisela ukuba isityholo siphosakele okanye sife.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlasela kunye neBhetri: kubandakanya ukuzama okanye isisongelo soqhagamshelwano oluyingozi; ibhetri ibandakanya ukudibana ngokoqobo. Imimiselo emininzi idibanisa zombini ngaphantsi "assault" okanye eyahlulayo. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo (ukusebenzisa isixhobo, umonakalo onzulu) ziphakamisa ityala.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubulala umntu omnye ngomnye. Amaqondo ayahluka: ukubulala kokuqala (okucazululweyo kunye nokungagqibeki), ukubulala kwesibini (ngenjongo kodwa kungekhona kwangaphambili), ukubulala ngokuzithandela (ukubulala ngenkanuko), kunye nokubulala ngokuqhutywa ligazi.
  • Ityala lemali ekhutshiweyo: IFAYILE (ngokwazi ukuba nento elawulwayo), enenjongo yokusasaza, ukurhweba, kunye nokwenza. Izigwebo zomanyano zisoloko zinzima, ingakumbi kubungakanani obukhulu.
  • [[NTLA] Fraud: Inkohliso ezenzekelayo yokuzifunela inzuzo, ukugquma iintlobo ezininzi ezifana nokuqhatha ngocingo, ukuqhatha ngeposi, ukuqhatha ngezatifiketi, kunye nokuqhatha kwempilo. Abatshutshisi basoloko besebenzisa amaqhinga ukubopha abamangalelwa abaninzi kunye.
  • Bruglary: ukungena okungekho sikweni kwisakhiwo ngenjongo yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphakathi (ngokuqhelekileyo ubusela). Imimandla emininzi iye yandisa inkcazelo ukuquka nasiphi na isakhiwo, isithuthi, okanye isakhiwo.

Inkqubo Engokwasemthethweni: Ukuyeka Ukubanjwa Ndaye Ndabhenela

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho ilandela ukuqhubekeka okucwangcisiweyo kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukunikezelwa ngakunye kokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lommangalelwa. Ngoxa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zahlukahluka, imodeli karhulumente elungiselelwe liSebe leJaji le- lase-U.S. ibonisa amanyathelo angundoqo.

Ukubanjwa Nokubhaliswa Kwencwadi

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa umthetho uthatha umntu ukuba asiwe entolongweni ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo, (inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umntu ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenzileyo, yaye emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrela uyabhalelwa: kukhutshelwe iinkcukacha zobuqu, kuthatyathwe iminwe nemifanekiso, kwaye umntu ubanjwa de kuvele kuqala.

Imbonakalo yokuqala kunye nebhatyile

Kwixesha elifutshane (ngokomfuziselo iiyure ezingama-48 ukuya kwezingama-72), ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi. Ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, iqinisekisa ukuba bayawaqonda amalungelo abo, ize imisele ukuba ummangalelwa uza kuwakhulula na ummangalelwa ngebheyile okanye ngokuphinda aqashelwe kwakhona. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu okanye iingozi zenqwelo-moya zisenokuphumela ekuvalweni ngaphandle kwebheyile.

Ukuva kwangaphambili okanye umva omkhulu

Ngezityholo ezityholwayo, umtshutshisi kufuneka amisele isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuqhubeka. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokuchotshelwa kokuqala (apho ijaji iva ubungqina kunye nobungqina) okanye ngokugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala. Iqela labachopheli-tyala liqela labemi abahlola ityala lomtshutshisi kwaye bagqibe ukuba banikele ityala kusini na. UMthetho-Mbetho wesihlanu ufuna amatyala amakhulu abachopheli-tyala.

Ulungelelaniso

Kwityala, ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusesikweni izityholo aze acelwe ukuba angene esibhedlele: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, kungekho khuphiswano (nolo tapere), okanye, kwezinye iindawo, kungekhona ngetyala ngenxa yokusangana. Isibongozo esingesiso isatyala sikhokelela kwiziganeko ezibhekele phaya.

Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni ``ubungqina bokufaka ubungqina, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye nezinye izinto. Icebiso lokhuselo lingabhala indlela yokuphelisa uvavanyo lwangaphambi kovavanyo ukuze kupheliswe ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., ngokuchasene nokuphengululwa koMphetho-mda wesine kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-scheme), ukukhupha izityholo ngenxa yobungqina obunganelanga, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Ezi zindululo zingabumba yonke imeko kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelele ekugxothweni okanye ekuthethelaniseni ngezicelo.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphezulu kwama-90%) asombululwa ngezicelo ezithe zathethwa, apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ngokuncomela isigwebo, ukutshintshiselana ngokulahla izityholo ezinzulu. UPlea uthelekisa ugcino-mali lwenkundla kodwa ufuna ummangalelwa ukuba arhoxe ekumangalelweni. Iprojekthi ye-Innocence ibalase inkxalabo ngabamangalelwa abangenatyala abamkelekileyo

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liyaqhubeka liqukunjelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala (engakhange anikezelwe) noncedo lwesiluleko. Ukutshutshiswa kunikela amangqina nobungqina, kulandelwa yinkundla. Ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-tyala kumthetho, kwaye abachopheli-tyala ngabom bafikelela kwisigqibo esiphicokisekileyo (kwizi meko ezininzi). Ukuba isigqibo sisithi "asinatyala," ummangalelwa ukhululwe ukhululwe kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo akanakuphinda agwetyelwe (ingozi ephinda kabini). Isigqibo esinetyala sikhokelela ekugwetyweni.

Ukugweba

Isigwebo sinokwenzeka ngoko nangoko emva kwesigqibo okanye ukulandela isigwebo esahlukeneyo. Ijaji iqwalasela izikhokelo zomthetho, ukukhuthaza nokubeka izigwebo, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba. Isigwebo singaquka ukuvalelwa, iintelekelelo, intelekelelo, ukulungiswa kwenkonzo yoluntu, okanye isohlwayo sobungangamsha (kumany'amazwe). Isikhokelo sogwebo somkhosi, ngelixa sifaka isigwebo emva United States v. Incwadi yesandla yesandla , iziphumo ezinzima. Impembeleko zeSeth Redenting sikwa inqanda ingxweyilelo yobundth sesohlwayo, okanye isohlwayo enzima nesohlwayo ngokungaqhelekanga.

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo angabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye isigwebo, ephikisa iimpazamo zomthetho (umz., imiyalelo engafanelekanga, ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo, uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko). Inkqubo yokubhenela ayiphindisi izibakala kodwa ihlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo yetyala xa iimpazamo zikhangelwe. Ukuba eso sibheno asiphumelelanga, abamangalelwa basenokufuna isiphumlisi kwinkundla yesizwe, bevavanya ubukho bomgaqo-siseko wokuvalelwa kwabo.

Ukukhusela Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Abameli banelungelo lokunikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano ezithi ziphelise ityala okanye zinciphise ityala. Ukhuselo luwela kwiindidi eziliqela: ezo zihlasela imeko yomtshutshisi (ukusilela ukungqina into) kunye nokuvuma ukhuseleko, apho ummangalelwa avumayo kodwa enikela uthethelele okanye athethelele.

Ukungaphumeleli kwemveliso yokhuselo

Ingxengxezo ingaphikisa ngelithi ingtshutshiso ayiwufumananga umthwalo wayo wokungqina into nganye ngaphandle kokuthandatyuzwa okusengqiqweni. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko lungabonisa ummangalelwa ukungabikho kwemfuneko amadoda aphinda afumaneke (umz., benza ngaphandle kwenjongo) okanye bachazwa kakubi njengomenzi wobuzwilakhe.

Ukhuselo oluzinzileyo

  • -------------------- Usebenzisa amandla afanelekileyo ukuzikhusela kwingozi ekufuphi. Ulawulo oluninzi lufuna impendulo elungelelanisiweyo kunye nomsebenzi wokurhoxa (ngaphandle "kume emhlabeni" amagqabantshintshi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intambo yabanye nempahla: efana nesiqu sayo, kodwa isetyenziswa xa ikhusela iqela lesithathu okanye ikhaya lomntu. Amandla abulalayo anqabile ukuthethelelwa ukukhusela ipropati yedwa.
  • Ukunganyaniseki: Ukufunyanwa okusemthethweni okuthi ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uphethwe sisifo esinzima sengqondo esibathintelayo ekuqondeni uhlobo lwesenzo sabo okanye ukwazi ukuba kwakuphosakele. Umthetho u-Naghten kunye neemvavanyo ze-Modeli ze-Pineral zihlukene ngokokwahlukene ngokombuso. Izicelo eziphumelelayo zengqondo zinqabile kwaye ziphumela kwisibopho senkqubo yengqondo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba lolwaphulo-mthetho:[ okanye isisongelo sokufa kwangoko okanye umonakalo onzulu womzimba onyanzelisa ummangalelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho. I-Duress ayisosixhobo sokukhusela ukubulala.
  • I- I-Imfuneko: [ Ummangalelwa wathatha inyathelo lokukhusela ingozi enkulu, njengokwaphula iwindow yemoto ukuhlangula umntwana oshiywe kwisithuthi esishushu. Ingozi ephephelweyo kufuneka ingaphezulu kwengozi ebangelwa sisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho.
  • I- I-Etrapment:[ urhulumente waphembelela ummangalelwa ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ababengalufuni ukulwenziwa. Ukhuseleko lubhekisa kwihambo karhulumente, hayi kwimeko yengqondo yommangalelwa.
  • Imvume: Kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ezinye izityholo okanye ubusela ngokukhohlisa), imvume yexhoba yokuzithandela ingasilahla isiciko esithile. Ukuvuma akusiso isikhuselo kumonakalo onzulu emzimbeni okanye ekubulaleni.

Ukhuselo lomgaqo-siseko nolwenkqubo

Abameli basenokukucell ’ umngeni ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikarhulumente.

  • [[Uphendlo: 0] Ukukhangela nokuxhuzula: Ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye obunokwenzeka bungasuswa phantsi komthetho wokususa wesine woMphetho-mda (umthetho weMfungqwe weMbali ] .Ohio imfundiso).
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo eMiranda: Ukuba ukrokrela onegunya lokugcina umntwana akaxelelwa ngelungelo labo lokuthula nokucetyiswa, iingxelo ezenziwe ngexesha lokuncinwa zingacinywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubungozi obungaphindekiyo: IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikwalela ukugweba umntu kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa.
  • Uvavanyo lwesantya: UMthetho-misitho weSithandathu uqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngaphandle kolibaziseko olungafanelekanga; ukwaphula kungaphumela ekugxothweni.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwayo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi ilungile, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika abamangalelwa abaninzi ukhuseleko. La malungelo asekelwe kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho waseMerika kwaye anempembelelo enzima kwiinkqubo zamapolisa nakwizigwebo zenkundla. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka:

  • Ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka nokunganyanzeli ukungazithobeli (Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu).
  • Ilungelo lokunikela isiluleko (UMthetho - melo Wesithathu), kuquka nesiluleko esimiselweyo kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha.
  • Ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethi buso (ISihlaziyo sesi-6).
  • Ilungelo lokujongana ne-axinemine (ISixhwebi soLawulo).
  • Ilungelo lokungaphandi ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula (UMthetho-wiso-mthetho wesi-Folete).
  • Ilungelo lenkqubo yomthetho efanelekileyo (IziHlazi-misitho zeshumi elinesine).

Isiphelo

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ungumsebenzi onamandla nontsonkothileyo olungelelanisa imfuneko yebutho labantu yocwangco kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokuqonda uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezityholo zokuqhuba imigangatho yezomthetho kunye nokusebenzisa izikhuselo, ukuqondwa okuqinileyo kwezi siseko kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda okanye osebenza kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela umsebenzi okanye ummi ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi ezi zizathu zisisiseko zinika isiseko esiqinileyo sofundisiso. Ngokubhekele phandle koko, [[FLT:] iCornell Information Information yolwazi olusemthethweni yezomthetho kunye ne[FLT] i-CM.[FLT] i-CM.[FLT][FP][5]