Ukwazisa

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kungunobangela osisiseko wemithetho yamapolisa yanamhlanje eUnited States. Umthetho wetyala, owenziwe ngezigwebo zetyala kwiinkundla zikarhulumente nezesizwe, omisela ukucaciswa okusisigxina kwemimiselo, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho emiselwe ngokwemigaqo. Kumagosa omthetho, ayayiqonda le mithetho, ayiyomfuneko engokhetho kwaye isemthethweni. Ukuyeka kwezithuthi, ukuncina izicelo, ukuphendla, okanye ukusebenzisa igosa kuvavanywa ngokuchasene nemizekelo emiselwe ziinkundla zenkundla. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela umthetho obumba ngayo imicimbi yosuku nomthetho, ubuchule obudlulisela iinguqulelo esemthethweni kwintsimini, kunye nemibutho ejongeneemeko esemthethweni ekhoyo.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wolwaphulo - mthetho

Umthetho womthetho ubhekisela kwiqumrhu lomthetho owenziwe ngabagwebi xa begqiba ngeempikiswano. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho womthetho womthetho, owiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokomthetho ujika ngokungena kwimfundiso ye stare decis[ `umgaqo wokuba iinkundla zimele zilandele amatyala agqitywe ngaphambili. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili, ivumela abaphathi ukuba baxhomekeke kwimigaqo emiselweyo xa beqhuba imisebenzi yabo.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Wetyala

Umthetho osuka kwimiba emininzi yenkqubo yokugweba. Umzekelo, umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. uwisa izigwebo ezibopha zonke iinkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente. Iinkundla zorhulumente ezisezantsi (iinkundla zezibheno kunye neenkundla zesithili) kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zephondo zikwavelisa imizekelo echaphazela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho phakathi kwemithetho yazo. Umzekelo, umthetho owiswe kwiNight Court yeNkundla yezibheno yokusetyenziswa kwegunyaziso uya kuchaphazela ngqo amagosa aseCalifornia, e-Oregon, namanye amazwe asentshona, ngelixa elivela kwiNkundla ye-Chea ye-Crea yeZibheno zeSibheno zeSibheno zeSibheno zephondo, lobuMonga. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka baqaphele imizekelo ekhoyo kummandla wabo.

Indlela Umthetho Owahluke Ngayo Kumthetho Ongokwabantu

Imithetho ingumthetho obhaliweyo odluliswa yiBhunga-siseko okanye yimithetho yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, ngelixesha umthetho utolika loo mithetho kunye noMgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, umbhalo wesi-Drada Wommisi-nkqubo olwalela “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo” ushiya igumbi lokutolika. Umthetho wetyala uzala iinkcukacha: yintoni enokuba ngunobangela onokwenzeka? Xa kufuneka umphathi afumane isiqinisekiso? Imiqathango yetyala enjenge- Katz v. U United States [1967,]) waqinisekisa ukuba “ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwendawo yobuqu” kumisela ukuba ngaba uphando lufuna isiqinisekiso, ukuguqula izilangazelelo lwempahla ukuya kwimicimbi yobuqu. Oku kuboniswa phakathi komthetho kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho kudlalwano olugxeka abamele basebenzise ulwimi oluqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezithile.

Indima Yesiqalo

Umzekelo ngumthetho osezantsi. Umzekelo ngumgaqo osemthethweni okanye umthetho osetyenziswa ziinkundla njengemo yesiqhelo kwiimeko ezilandelayo ezibandakanya izibakala ezifanayo. imodeli ebophelelayo yenkundla ephakamileyo [ kufuneka ilandelwe ziintendelezo ezisezantsi kulawulo olunye, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo komthetho. [[FLT]] umzekelo ongqubanayo , kwesinye isandla, uvela kwezinye iindawo okanye iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye ungazizisa kodwa ayizinyanzeli sigqibo.

Name

IStarde decisis − isiLatin segama elithi “ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe”------onzileyo izinzo. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqiba ngetyala elinje imanda v. Arizona [66], onke amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho kumazwe kufuneka acebise amagosa ukukrokraza amalungelo awo okuthula nokunika icebiso phambi kokuncinwa kwemvume. Lo mqathango usulungiwe ziimeko zamva . [[FLT] vFFUP] [FLT] [FLT:] [2010], nto leyo emele ivakalise ukuba ivakalise igobe igodwe kwi-oastrices zomthetho wabo phambi kokuba kumele ukuba bavunwe. Ngoko ke lo mlawuli amele aqhubekeke azimele azimele azimele amacala alandelane.

Ulawulo lweqela lamaxesha angaphambili

  • Iziphakamiso zeNkundla ePhakamileyo: Ukubophelelo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kwilizwe lonke.
  • Isalathisi seNkundla yesiphaluka: Ukubopha ngaphakathi kwelo candelo; ingaba yeyisela kwenye indawo.
  • Isalathisi seNkundla ePhakamileyo: Ukubophelelo kumthetho womthetho wengingqi kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zelizwe.
  • Isalathisi seNkundla yeSithili: Ukubopha kuphela phakathi kwesithili; isoloko ixhomekeke kwizigqibo zesiphaluka.

Impembelelo Kwizenzo Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho

Umthetho wetyala uphembelela ngqo amaqhinga, uqeqesho, nemigaqo-nkqubo yamaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho.

Ukukhangela Nokushenxisa

Uhlaziyo lwesine yeyona ndawo ibekwe phambili kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amatyala abonisa ingqokelela yemida amisele imithetho entsonkothileyo elawula ixesha nendlela amagosa anokukhangela ngayo abantu, izithuthi, izindlu, kunye nezixhobo zamanani.

  • Terry v.O. (1968): ibhalwe ngombhali omfutshane wophando olufutshane lokumisa kunye nolwehla olusikelwe phantsi olusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo, hayi kwisizathu esipheleleyo. Oku kulawula kwanika abaphathi amandla okuma-futhe-fulisi, kodwa iimeko ezilandelayo ezifana ii-Illinois v. Warlow[
  • United States v. Jones (202): Ukudibanisa umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi kunguphendlo phantsi koMphetho-Mda wesine, ufuna isiqinisekiso. Oku kwachaphazela kakhulu uqheliselo lokuhlola kwakhuthaza amaziko ukuba amkele imithetho egunyazisa ukulandelela i-elektroniki.
  • Caroll v. United States [1925]: Ukusekwa komahluko wemoto] i-odosar zingakhangela isithuthi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba siqulethe isithintelo. Oku kuhlala kusesona sisenamacala embombo ekupheliseni iitrafiki.

Iimfuno Ezingummangaliso Nezo Zikhethekileyo

Ngelixesha imvume isoloko ifuneka ukuphengulula, umthetho uqobe iimvume ezininzi: imvume, imboniselo ecacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo, isiganeko sokuphendla ukubanjwa, kunye nokuphengulula. Umahluko ngamnye uchazwa ngemithetho ethile. Umzekelo, . California [1969] [imeko elinganiselweyo] yokuphengulula ukubamba umntu kunye nendawo ekulawuleni okukhawulezileyo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka basebenzise ezi nkcukacha ngokuchaneyo ukunqanda uphelo.

Ubuchule bokutshintsha

[[NTLL:0] uMenda v. eArizona ihlala ingowona mcimbi udumileyo wokuncina. Isigqibo sifuna ukuba ukrokrelo luxelwe ngamalungelo abo phambi kokubuza. Kamva izigqibo ziphucule xa iMiranda izilumkiso zifunwa kwaye yintoni eyenza isilumkiso esisebenzayo. [[FLT:] Missouri v. [[FLT][FLT]] [2004] [2004], iNkugweba iNkunyhasa “icebo”, apho abaphathi babuza ngabom ngaphandle kwezilumkiso, ngoko ke banikela emva kokuvuma izono, ukufumana ukuvuma okwesibini. Iindlela ezinjalo ngoku azinyaniseki. Ngoku zisetyenziswa kakhulu, [FLT][FFFF].[FFFF][5]

Ukusetyenziswa koMkhosi

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo apho umthetho ubeka imida. Imodeli engundoqo ngu Graham v. Connor (1998), eseke “ubulunga obukwisigxina”. Iinkundla zivavanya izenzo zegosa ngokwembono yegosa elinolwazelelelo kwimbonakalo, ziqwalasela ubungqingqo bolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba ukrokrela usisi usisisongelo esikhawulezileyo, nokuba ngaba ukrokrexo ulwa ulwano uyalwala okanye uyabaleka. Lo mgangatho usetyenziswa kwityala-sinyusi, kwaye kwanezigqibo zomzuzwana ziyahlalutya.

  • . Garner (1985): Yakhupha ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ukukhusela ukuphuma kwerhafu engenamikhono, engekho ngozi yokubaleka. Oku kumisela okunyanzelekileyo amagosa anyanzelekileyo ukuhlaziya iinkqubo zokudubula kwizithuthi ezihambayo kunye nokubaleka izikrokre.
  • [[NTL:0] Kisilela v. Hughes (2018): Inkundla yakutshanje ePhakamileyo ngesigqibo ngasinye se-curiam iqinisekisa ukukhuseleka okufanelekileyo kokusetyenziswa kwetyala lonyanzelo, igxininisa ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi bakhuselwe ngaphandle kokuba imizekelo ekhoyo ibonakalisa ngokucacileyo ukwaphulwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icala elikwisiKhalo secamera yomzimba: Imeko ezifana 'ewards v. IsiXeko sasePhiladelphia [202] [20] [1] ibhekise kunikezelo lukawonke-wonke kwikhamera eshicilelweyo yomzimba, elingana nokubonakala yimfihlo /indawo ye-evoctary.

Ukumisa Umthwalo Wezithuthi Nokukhangela

Ukumiswa kwezithuthi zemoto kuqhelekile, nakanjanina nentsebenziswano yamapolisa ekhoyo, kwaye umthetho uzilawula kakhulu. Whren v. United States (1996]) wabambelela ekubeni nawuphi na umahluko wezithuthi unika isizathu esilindelekileyo sokumisa inqwelo-mafutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziintshukumisa zegosa. Oku kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu ngokumisa ukuma okubhaliweyo okuncinane abaqhubi abaqhubi. Oku kukhokelela kulawulo olufana Rodguez v. United States [20] [20] ukunciphisa ubude bexesha lokumisa itrato.[FT]

Uqeqesho nophuhliso lwenkqubo

Umthetho olawula amatyala utshintsha ngokukhawuleza, yaye abameli bomthetho kufuneka baguqule izigqibo zomthetho zibe luqeqesho olusebenzayo nemigaqo-nkqubo. ISebe leMimiselo yeJaji kunye namasebe karhulumente adla ngokukhupha imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuzisela emva kwemimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa ukuqhelaniswa kufuna abaxhasi abasemthethweni kunye namaqela oqeqesho.

Imfundo eqhubekayo yasemthethweni

Uninzi lwamazwe lugunyazisa unyaka ngamnye ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi okuquka ukuhlaziywa komthetho. Amagosa afunda izigqibo zakutshanje zenkundla, athatha inxaxheba kwimithambo esekelwe kwimiboniso, kwaye athathe iimvavanyo ezibhaliweyo ukuqinisekisa uluvo. Umzekelo, emva Rodriguez, amasebe amaninzi alungisa ukumiswa kwemithetho-mthetho yokuhamba nokunikwa koqeqesho olunengqiqo ekusombululeni ukuma. Ngaphandle kolu tshintsho, abaphathi babeka umngcipheko wobupolisa kunye nokucinezeleka kobungqina.

Ukusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka ekuqeqesheni

Inkqubela-phambili kwinyani (VR) kunye nemfaniso ivumela abaphathi ukuba basebenzise iimpendulo kwingxelo zomthetho ezijikelezayo. Umnqongo weVR ungabeka umphathi kwimo ephezulu yomkhosi osetyenziswayo ukuze kufunyanwe izipili ] iGraham[ izinto, ezinengxelo ekhawulezileyo. Ukongeza, kwi-intanethi kunye nee-apps zeselula (njenge Lexipol okanye amandla) zinika uhlaziyo lokwexesha lokwenene kunye neziphetho ezisemthethweni, ukunceda abaphathi ukuba bahlale besaziwe ngexesha lokujikeleza.

IMimiselo yeMiqathango

Xa ipateni yemisebenzi engamiselwanga ichazwa, iDOJ inganyanzela umthetho ofuna umgaqo-nkqubo obanzi ofuna ukusetyenziswa ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, imimiselo yemvume kwizixeko ezifana neBaltimore, i-Ferguson, neSeattle igunyazise ukusetyenziswa okutsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo yonyanzeliso, uqeqesho longenelelo lobungozi, kunye nenkqubo yokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Le miyalelo isoloko ibandakanya imigangatho yakutshanje yetyala, inyanzela amaqumrhu ukuze kwenziwe ugunya elisemthethweni.

Umthetho Wetyala Nonxulumano Loluntu

Ukuthotywa komthetho wetyala kusisixhobo esisemthethweni samapolisa. Xa uluntu luqonda ukuba abaphathi bahlonela imida yemithetho-siseko, ukuthembana kuyakha. Ngokuchaseneyo, okuqhelekileyo, njengokufumana i-GPS engekho mthethweni okanye ukuphengulula nge-aserode.

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Umthetho wetyala ukwalawula indlela abameli abamele baphathe ngayo ukuziphatha okubi kunye neerekhodi zoluleko. Brady v. Maryland (1963), abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokubhaliswa komthetho. Oku kwandiselwe ekunyanzelweni komthetho ngokungeyo uluhlu lweBrady [] [iiiii-ofisi ezinokuthenjwa zimele zifunyanwe. Ngoku kufuneka ukuba zigcine kwaye zabelane uluhlu olunjalo, uqheliselo olubunjwe ngumthetho. Ikhamera yeqela, umxholo wokulawula kwiirekhodi zikawonke wonke umntu, ukuvelisa ukubonakala nokuvumela abemi babukelo ukuba babone indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwimicimbi yomthetho.

Imigaqo-nkqubo epheleleyo neyomthetho

Ngoxa umthetho ungathethi ngqo ngokucalucalucalulo, inkqubo yokulawula ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nokukhuselwa kohlanga iye yaphenjelelwa yinkqubo. Floyd v. Isixeko saseNew York (2013) ubambelele ekubeni ukuyeka kwe-WYPD nokuzilolonga kwe-frisk kwangqubana noqeqesho lwezenkcubeko lokuzinzisa ngokwesithethe ngenxa yokungalawulwa kwemithetho-siseko kunye noqheliso lwe-decribrario-m. Le meko ikhokelela kwimonitha yesizwe, iinguqu zenkqubo yemithetho yesizwe, kunye noqeqesho yesizwe epheleleyo ekhululekileyo ngoku.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Umthetho Wamatyala

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwemizekelo ecacileyo yokugweba, ukuyiguqulela kwisenzo sasentsimini esingaguqukiyo kuzisa imiqobo ebalulekileyo.

Akukho Zinto

Amaziko amancinane nasemaphandleni asoloko engenazo iziphathi-mali ezinikezelweyo ezisemthethweni okanye uqingqo-mali. Bangaxhomekeka kuqeqesho olugunyazisiweyo olubakho kuphela ngonyaka, lushiye iinyanga zexesha ekuthi ngalo umthetho utshintshisene ngemeko. Ubugcisa bemfaniso okanye ukuhlawula uhlaziyo olubanzi olusemthethweni lungacinezela uqingqo-mali olungqongqo. Ngenxa yoko, abaphathi abasemaqumsheni abanolwazi oluncinane ngemithetho yakutshanje, ukwandisa ityala lemibutho.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuguquka

Isithethe sokunyanzelisa umthetho singamelana nemiqathango emitsha, ingakumbi xa abaphathi beqonda ukuba imithetho ithintela ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, emva Miranda[, abaphathi abaninzi baqale baxhathisa ukuvumelana, bekholelwa ukuba kungaphazamisa ukuvuma izono. Ukuxhathisa oku kufuna ukhokelo olunamandla, unxibelelwano olucacileyo lwendlela esemthethweni, kunye nokuzinzisa ngokungaguqukiyo inkqubo. Inkcitho yembali ye-“warrior".

Ubuntsonkothile Nobuntsonkothileyo

Amanye amatyala enza imibuzo emininzi kunempendulo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Cartent v. United States (208) yakholelwa ukuba ukufikelela kwindawo engokwembali ye-data yeseli-ifuna isiqinisekiso, kodwa ishiya imibuzo evulekileyo malunga nokufumana imendo yexesha lokwenene, iindawo zokulahlela iinqaba, kunye nemfundiso yesithathu. Abaphathi nabatshutshisi kufuneka bahambe beqeqeshile kwiindawo ezingwengwengwe de kuqhubeke ukucacisa umthetho. Oku kungakhokelela kuqheliselo oluguquguqukayo nocelomngeni olusemthethweni.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Abalawuli bamapolisa neentloko zamapolisa bangajamelana nengcinezelo yezobupolitika yokwamkela iindlela zobundlobongela ezingqubana nomthetho wamatyala. Ukubiza “ukuphosa phantsi” kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho kungakhokelela ekuzinzisweni okanye kuphengululo olunokweyisa umngcipheko wokwaphula imigaqo yezomthetho. Imilinganiselo yeSindululo sesine okanye uLawulo lweMfuno-Mthethweni. Ukulinganisa iimfuno zoluntu kunye nokuthobela komgaqo-siseko kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokhokelo lwamaziko.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, umthetho uya kuqhubeka umisela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwiindawo ezifana nobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ubuchule bokubona ubuso nokuzimela inkcazelo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kophawu lobuso ngamapolisa kubangele ukumangalelwa phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wesine kunye nemithetho yendlela yokwahlula indalo. Iimeko ezifana ne ACLU v. Crefiview AI [2021]
  • Ilayisensi ezenzekelayo iPlate bafundi (ALPR): Iinkundla zokwahlulwa ukuba ingaba i-ALPR eqhubekayo ye-data iyayiphepha na into eyimfihlo. Isekethe yesine, kwi United States v. Thompson[[[FLT]] [2023]), ibambe ukuba iGPS eqhubekekayo ikhangela iintsuku ezingama-60 ikukukhangela, okunokwenzeka ukunwebela kwi-ALPR enempetho.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yoHlololo lwezeNtlanganiso: INkundla ePhakamileyo ayikagqibi ngobugqeba bomGaqo-siseko bokujonga iiprojekthi zoluntu ukwenzela ubungqina, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi ziqalisile ukusebenzisa imfundiso yecandelo lesithathu, kunye neziphumo ezidityanisiweyo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al: Imithetho-mithetho exela kwangaphambili ulwaphulo-mthetho oluneechaphaza ezishushu okanye encomela iindlela zokugada inqwelo-moya iphakamisa inkxalabo ngocalulo kunye noMphetho-Mdathiso-Mdathi wesine “ukukrokrela okucaciweyo.” Umthetho wexesha elizayo ungafuna ukubonakala gca nazimela ngokwawo izixhobo ezinjalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibhata Lenza nokuHlela: Amaziko athe athe abelana ngolwazi ngaphaya kolawulo ngapha nangapha kwemida yoqhagamshelwano. Iimeko ezifana United States v. Jones kunye [FLT]] ne[FLT] [FLT]

Amagosa agunyazisa imithetho kufuneka abandakanye ngokunempumelelo kule migaqo yokuphuhlisa intlonelo yezobucala ngoxa ubugcisa busetyenziswa ukukhusela uluntu. Ukuzibandakanya nobuchule obufutshane nokubuza kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kuya kunceda ekulungiseni umthetho wetyala kwixesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho olawulayo usisilumkiso esisebenzayo nesinegunya esiguqulela imigaqo-siseko kwimigaqo ecacileyo esebenzayo kukhokelo lomthetho. Kwimfuno ze Miranda izilumkiso zenjongo yobuchule i-Graham[, izigqibo zomthetho zilawula imida yehambo yamapolisa eyamkelekileyo. Ukuhlala uphantsi kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo, ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho eqinileyo, kunye nempucuko exabisa ubuchule obusemthethweni. Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nolindelo olukhoyo luvela, ukuqhutyekwa phakathi kweenkundla kunye nolawulo luza kukhula kuphela. Abaphathi-mikhosi, abasemagunye abaphathi, nabasemacaleni kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke inyathelo elithatyathwe kwimigangatho esemthethweni.