Amandla Alawulayo KaRhulumente

Inkoliso yabemi iyayigqala irhuluneli njengegosa eliphakamileyo elinyuliweyo kwilizwe labo, kodwa oomatshini abangqalileyo ekuthi ngabo irhuluneli ihlale inyanzelisa imithetho. Irhuluneli ayingomntu osisigxina okanye ummeli wemithetho. Bakhonza njengegosa eliyintloko eliphetheyo lesizwe, benoxanduva lomgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa ngumthetho wesizwe iyaphunyezwa kwaye iyanyanzeliswa. Eli gunya alimi ngomgaqo-siseko, ulawulo lwemithetho, ukuhlolwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, uhlalutyo, kunye nendlela esebenzayo yenkqubo yokunyanzeliswa komthetho waseMelika osemthethweni ohloniphekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo irhulu negunya ekufuneka isetyenziswe ngolawulo lukarhulumente, ibambe ityala, iziphatha ngokunempumelelo, nokusebenza kobomi boluntu.

Amandla onyanzeliso lwerhuluneli achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumgangatho wamanzi okusela ukuya kukhuseleko lweendlela, ukusebenza kwezikolo, kunye nolawulo lomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho. Xa irhuluneli ibeka imilinganiselo yezenzo ezithile zokunyanzelisa uluntu olunetyala, okanye iyeka ukwenza ukwenziwa kwesenzo sokwenza umqondiso onamandla. Eli nqaku linika iinkcukacha zokuwohloka kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko, izixhobo zolawulo, kunye nenkqubo yehlabathi yokwenene esetyenziswa ngabalawuli ukunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokunyanzeliswa

Igunya lerhuluneli lokunyanzelisa imithetho lisuka ngqo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamnye uquka inqaku elilawulayo elibeka igunya elilawulayo kwirhuluneli lize lifune irhuluneli ukuba inyameke ukuba imithetho iphumezeke ngokuthembekileyo. Olu pili lulwimi lweGatya II loMgaqo-siseko, olumisa umsebenzi ofanayo kuMongameli. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Califonia luthi gcaba ngokucacileyo: "Ulawulo oluphezulu lwalo mbuso lubotshelelwe kwiRhuluneli. Irulareji."

Le "kubulala ngokuthembeka" ligama eliphambili lokunyanzelisa abasebenzi. Linika ulungiso olusemthethweni lwerhuluneli ukukhokelwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente, ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, lungenelela xa imithetho inganyanzeliswanga ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, igalelo alilovavanyo olungenanto. Lifuna ukuba irhuluneli inyanzelise imithetho ebhalwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Irhuluneli ayinakwenza isigqibo ngokusemthethweni ukunyanzelisa imithetho ethile kuphela iphinde ingahoywa, ityeshele eminye imithetho, nangona isebenza, iqhinga labatshutshisi kunye noqingqo lweendawo ezibalulekileyo zokwakha igumbi elibalulekileyo lokutolika. Isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko somthetho simisela ukuba igosamela legunya elilawulayo, imele yobabini imigaqo-mthetho nabantu ngendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo.

Amandla oLawulo: Ukulawula isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

Irhuluneli ayigade izitrato okanye ihlole imizi - mveliso. Endaweni yoko, ijonge isixhobo esikhulu solawulo esinamakhulu amasebe, amasebe, iibhodi, kunye neekhomishini. Indlela irhuluneli elawula ngayo le nkqubo yezolawulo yindlela engundoqo yokunyanzelisa imithetho.

Amandla Edinga

Esinye sezixhobo ezithe ngqo irhuluneli enazo ngamandla okumisela iintloko zamasebe karhulumente. Aba bamiselwe baquka abalathisi bamapolisa, isebe lomgangatho wemekobume, isebe leenqwelo-mafutha, isebe lolungiso, nezinye ezininzi.

Ukuba irhuluneli ifuna ngokungqongqo ukugcinwa komthetho wemekobume, iza kumisela unobhala wezokhuseleko lwemekobume oya kufumana loo mbono. Ukuba irhuluneli ikholelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho, ingamisela umalathisi ogxininisa iinkqubo zokubuyisela umvalelwa kweso sigwebo sodwa. Aba bamiselwe basebenza ngokuxhamla komdla werhuluneli kwaye bangasuswa ukuba bangaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa imimiselo yerhuluneli. Ngoko ke amandla okumisa asisicwangciso esiqhubekayo nesinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente imiselwe ngokwenkcazelo yempulamkelo karhulumente.

ULawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Isicelo serhuluneli sisesona sibalulekileyo ekubonisweni komthetho. Amandla engxowa-mali avumela irhuluneli ukuba igqibe ukuba yeyiphi imibutho enobuchule bokunyanzelisa imithetho ngokunempumelelo, kwaye ngawaphi amaqumrhu aza kunyanzelwa ngokuphantsi. Ngokubeka inkxaso engakumbi kumapolisa karhulumente, irhuluneli iyakwazi ukwandisa umkhosi weenqanawa kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokusika inkxaso-mali kumbutho olawulayo, irhuluneli iyakwazi ukucutha inani lovavanyo kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezinokuthi ziqhubeke.

Inkoliso yabalawuli iyakwazi ukukhupha izinto ezithile ezisetyenziswayo kuqingqo-mali oludluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku sisixhobo esinamandla sokuxoxa. Umzekelo, irhuluneli ingasebenzisa umgca-olwahlulo lwe-veto ukususa inkxaso-mali yomthetho kwinkqubo ethile yokunyanzelisa abachasayo, okanye ukubuyisela imali kwindawo yabo ephambili yokuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini basebenza. Idityaniswe namandla okucebisa ngoqingqo-mali lokuqala, irhuluneli inempembelelo enkulu phezu kogcino-mali olukhoyo lomthetho ngaphaya korhulumente.

Izixhobo zonyanzeliso oluthe ngqo kunye namandla

Ngaphandle kolawulo, abalawuli banamandla aliqela angqalileyo abavumela ukuba banyanzele imithetho baze bathabathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki.

Imiqathango yecandelo

Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo okhutshwa yirhuluneli ephethe umkhosi womthetho. Ayithathi indawo yomthetho, kodwa kunoko isikhokelo kumasebe aphetheyo ngendlela yokunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo okanye ukusabela kwiimeko ezivelayo. IGavera-mikhosi yesizwe ichaza ukuba imiyalelo yabalawuli ingundoqo sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuba abalawuli balawule urhulumente, baphendule kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, kwaye bamisele inkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda inyathelo lomthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, irhuluneli ingakhupha umyalelo olawulayo oyalela iSebe lokusingqongileyo lephondo ukuba limise iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezichasene nemilinganiselo yamanzi acocekileyo emichiza ye-PFAS. Bangayalela amapolisa ukuba aqalise ukuxilonga isiqalo kuzo zonke izinto ezithengwa ngemipu ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayiwudlulisi umthetho onjalo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, abalawuli basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya lokulawula ukuphosa izitshixo, ukufuna amasigqubuthelo, nokulawula umthamo wesibhedlele. Le miyalelo ibophelele ibotshelelwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa iphantsi kocelomngeni esisemthethweni kwaye isenokupheliswa yindlu yowiso okanye iinkundla.

Ukuyalela amapolisa aseburhulumenteni kunye nogada

Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yomkhosi wemikhosi karhulumente, kuquka iNational Guard (ngaphandle kokuba igunya lolawulo), kwaye inegunya elithe ngqo kumapolisa karhulumente okanye kumkhosi wohola wendlela. La mandla angathunyelwa naphi na kurhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, nokusabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, irhuluneli iyakwazi ukumisa i-National Guard ukuba inyanzelise imiyalelo yokugxotha abantu, ukuphanda nokuhlangula, kunye nokunika abantu izinto. Ngexesha lesiphithiphithi samakhaya, irhuluneli iyakwazi ukukhuthaza abaPhathi-mikhosi ukuba banyanzelise ukumiswa kwexesha lokufika kwexesha nokukhusela impahla. Kwakhona irhuluneli ingayalela amapolisa ukuba ahlole amasebe asekuhlaleni, angenelele ekuphandeni okuqhubekayo, okanye alinde iindawo apho abasebenzi bomthetho basekuhlaleni benyanzelekile okanye bengazimisele ukuthatha inyathelo. Lo myalelo ngqo uluphawu lwendima yerhulu mphathi njengegosa-ofisi ephambili yomthetho karhulumente, kwaye usoloko usetyenziswa ukuphendula imicimbi enqamla imidanga.

Amandla Nezindululo Zexesha Lentlekele

Enye yolwandiso olubalulekileyo lwegunya lokunyanzelisa abanyanzeli abaqeshi be-gernartial lwenzeka ngexesha lobungqhinga. Ngokukhupha isindululo sikaxakeka, irhuluneli ifumana amandla okwexeshana kodwa atshayela ukunqumamisa imimiselo, iyayibuyisela kwakhona imali yorhulumente, impahla yomphathi-mikhosi ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kukawonke-wonke, kunye nomyalelo ophakathi wesizwe kunye nemigudu yokusabela. Brennan Center yeJaji ibhale indlela abalawuli abathe baxhomekeke ngayo kwizicelo zongxamiseko ukuphendula izinto zendalo kuphela kodwa kwanoxaso lwempilo yasekuhlaleni.

Ngexesha longxamiseko olubhengeziweyo, amandla onyanzeliso-mthetho erhuluneli akwincopho yawo. Bangamisela imiqathango yokuhamba, bayalela ukuba amashishini avale, agunyazise ukungenelela, kwaye balungelelanise ukuthunyelwa komthetho kunye nempahla zomkhosi kulo lonke elaseburhulumenteni. Noko ke, la magunya acetyelwe ukuba abe yeyokwexeshana. Amandla kumazwe amaninzi aye ashukunyiselwa ukumisela ixesha lezibhengezo zongxamiseko okanye afune ukuvunywa kwemithetho ukwenzela ulwandiso, ebonisa ukuxinezeleko phakathi kwemfuneko yokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwegunya kunye nomgaqo wolawulo lwemithetho.

Amandla Obubele

Amandla erhuluneli okunika ityala elibi, quka ukuxolelwa, ukuxolelwa, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwe-Repriedes [“isisixhobo esisodwa nesisoloko sityeshelwa. Kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola iinkqubo zomthetho nezokugweba. Ukuxolela kuphelisa ngokufezekileyo ukunyanzelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nokubuyisela amalungelo asekuhlaleni. I-commuttion inciphisa isigwebo ngaphandle kokuphelisa ukuthembeka. Eli gunya livumela irhuluneli ukuba ilungise okungekho sikweni, ukubuyisela umva, okanye idilesi etolongweni lephondo.

Ngokwe Isohlwayo esinzima seMount Information Center, unyamezelo lubaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko zekomkhulu, apho irhuluneli ingasinyusa khona isigwebo sokufa ebomini entolongweni. Oku kungenelela ngqo ekunyanzelweni kolawulo olunzima lukarhulumente. Amandla ombane aphantse abe nengqiqo, athetha ukuba irhuluneli ingasinika nangasiphi na isizathu okanye nasizathu, phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imimiselo yemithetho karhulumente. Imela ubuso bomntu bolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu, ivumela inceba kunye namathuba esibini kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukulungelelaniswa noMthetho Wasekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa umthetho yaseMerika ibekelwe isidima kakhulu. Inkoliso yamagosa amapolisa isebenzela izixeko kunye nolawulo, hayi urhulumente. Amagosa aseluqiwini adla ngokunyulwa ngokwawo amagosa omgaqo-siseko afumana igunya lawo kwiphondo okanye kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kungekhona kwirhuluneli. Oku kwenza igosa elinamandla entsonkothileyo apho kufuneka lilungelelane, kunokuba liwise umthetho, amaziko asekuhlaleni okugcina umthetho.

Irhuluneli ayinakuyalela nje ukuba igosa elilawulayo linyanzelise umthetho othile ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Endaweni yoko, irhuluneli isebenzisa ukhuthazo, izikhuthazo zemali, namandla karhulumente ukuphembelela ukunyanzelisa uluntu. Umzekelo, irhuluneli inganika amasebe asekuhlaleni avumelanayo ukuba athathe iikhamera okanye athathe inxaxheba kumaziko asetyenziswa ngumkhosi wogcino-lwazi. Ngokuchasene noko, irhuluneli isenokusongela ukuvimba ukuxhasa urhulumente ngemali kumasebe asekuhlaleni angavumiyo ukusebenzisa imigaqo-mali yelizwe okanye yolawulo lokufuduka.

Kwiimeko apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kungathandi okanye kungakwazi ukuthatha inyathelo, irhuluneli ingaluyeka ngokupheleleyo ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ngokuthumela amapolisa karhulumente okanye uLongamo lwesizwe. Oku kuye kwenzeka kwiimeko zokungalawuleki kwabemi, iintlekele zemvelo, kwanakumthetho oqhelekileyo xa amagunya asekuhlaleni ejongene nokunqongophala kwezibonelelo. Impembelelo phakathi korhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni ingumthombo ongapheliyo wengcinezelo yezobupolitika, ingakumbi kwimicimbi enjengenkqubo yokufuduka, inkqubo yeziyobisi, kunye nolawulo lwemipu, apho ucwangciso lolawulo lwephondo lwasekuhlaleni loluntu okanye imigaqo-mthetho lungangqubani.

Imida Kumandla Okunyanzela Inqwelo - moya

Amandla erhuluneli okunyanzelisa imithetho aphangaleleyo, kodwa asebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ebeka imida ebalulekileyo.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yiyo iphambili ekuhloleni igunya lokusebenza kwerhuluneli. Iimithetho zingamisa imithetho egqitha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, ethintela amagunya erhuluneli ongxamiseko, kwaye ilawule uqingqo-mali lwamaziko omthetho ogunyazisiweyo. Ukuba irhuluneli ikhupha umyalelo wokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ivumelane nomthetho olawulayo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawudlulisa umthetho wokuphelisa umyalelo, ithobele i-veto yerhuluneli (enokuthi ifune ukuba i-agroname ephezulu ilawule). Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziye zamisela imithetho elawulayo imiyalelo yomiselo lwezindululo-xakeka, ifuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho, kwaye ichaza kanye oko kunokwenziwa yirhuluneli enokuthi isebenzise ngexesha likaxakeka.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zisebenza njengommeli opheleleyo wendlela yokuba ngaba irhuluneli iwugqithile umthetho wayo. Abahlali, amashishini, kunye nabamisi-mthetho bangalicel ’ umngeni imiyalelo yabalawuli, izenzo zonyanzelo, okanye izindululo zongxamiseko enkundleni. Ukuba inkundla igqiba ukuba irhuluneli iye yasebenza ngaphandle kwemida yegunya layo, inokuthi icebise umthetho othintelayo wokunyanzeliswa kolu myalelo. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwe-CHOVID-19, iinkundla kulo lonke ilizwe zikhupha imiyalelo emalunga namandla egruberneriagetarian, ngokufuthi ikhupha imiyalelo ekhethekileyo njengemiqathango engaphaya kwegunya labo okanye engaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhaswangasemthethweni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli ihlale ihleli kumthetho omiselwe ngumthetho wemithetho-mthetho nemithetho.

IiNqamlezo eziManyeneyo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. nomthetho weSizwe kwakhona umisela igunya lokusebenza kwerhuluneli. I-Supremacy Claus imisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthathe inyathelo eliphambili kumthetho karhulumente. Irhuluneli ayinakunyanzela umthetho wesizwe ongqubana nomthetho karhulumente okanye ophula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. ISebe leJaji lase-U.S. lingayikhupha ityala ukuba irhuluneli ikholelwa ukuba ibeka imithetho ngendlela ecalulayo kudidi olukhuselweyo okanye ephula amalungelo asekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, i-Rolders, ngesiqhelo echasene nomthetho karhulumente, i-Rold, ngexa idla ngokusemthethweni, ingenziwa i-ongeyo nguMongameli, esusayo ukulawula ulawulo lwerhuluneli. [[FLT: 0] Ponset Active Act [FF:] umthetho wesizwe, kodwa umkhosi wesizwe, umkhosi wesizwe, kodwa urhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente ongowaluthi olulawulayo oluno oluno olusemthethweni olunoluthiyokunga ulawulo lomthetho olunolukuku

Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kubaluleke Kubemi

Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abagunyazisa ngayo imithetho ukuba baphumeze urhulumente wabo ngokunempumelelo. Unyulo ngalunye lwerhuluneli lukhetho malunga nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ivoti yemithetho yokusingqongileyo iya kulandelwa ngendlela engqongqo ngayo, indlela amapolisa karhulumente aya kuthunyelwa ngayo, enoba amandla aphezulu aya kusetyenziswa, nendlela urhulumente azakusabela ngayo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Xa abemi beqonda izixhobo nemida yamandla ejikelezayo, banokuvavanya ngokungcono izenzo zerhuluneli yabo, bagcine ukuba baphendulwe ngayo ebhokisini, baze bathathe inxaxheba kwingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya lokulawula kwibutho ledemokhrasi.

IiRhuluneli zihlala ekudibaneni komthetho, kwezobupolitika, nakulawulo. Amandla azo okunyanzelisa imithetho akazenzeki; kufuneka asetyenziswe phakathi kwemida yezomthetho, ulawulo, kunye nokuhlola okusesikweni. Ngokufunda olu cwangciso, abemi bafumana umzobo ocacileyo wendlela imeko yabo esebenza ngayo nendlela abanokuphembelela ngayo ulawulo lukarhulumente.