ISihlalo soMgaqo-siseko se-Ofisi

Isifungo somongameli siyimfuneko engenakulawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko. Icandelo II, Icandelo 1, iCandelo le-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lithi: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphunyezweni kwe-Ofisi yakhe, uya kuthabatha isifungo esilandelayo okanye sokuqinisekisisa." Eli binzana alishiyi ndawo yokuba licace ngokufihlakeleyo: akukho mntu unokusebenzisa amandla olawulo lwesikhundla soburhulumente ngaphandle kokucalula isifungo samashumi amathathu anesihlanu. Isifungo sisebenza njengesifungo esisesidlangasigxina sokulondolo, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, kwaye liphawula ukudluliswa okusemthethweni kwegunya eliphetheyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, umongameli-omphathi-mthetho akanakukhupha imithetho esemthethweni, umyalelo womkhosi, okanye azenze noorhulumente basemzini. Abameli bacinga ukuba sigcine urhulumente we-Rhulumente kunye nomthunzi we-egente.

Isifungo sisenziwa nguMgwebi oyintloko wase-United States ngoSuku lokuHlanganisa, Januwari 20, njengoko samiselwa nguMphengululo wama-205. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, esi sifungo siye saba sisesona siqobo sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kodwa umbuzo usala: Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umongameli olawulayo akanakusithatha isifungo njengoko sicwangcisiweyo? UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi ngokucacileyo isicwangciso sokwenza isivumelwano ngenyathelo, kodwa amanye amalungiselelo nemimiselo yembali unika isicwangciso sokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente.

Izinto Ezazenzeka Ngaphambili: Xa Isifungo Salityalwa Okanye Sabuzwa

Ukwahlulwa Kokuqala Kobomi Bama - George Washington (1789)

UGeorge Washington wafunga ngesikhundla ngoAprili 30, 1789, kwisiXeko saseNew York, ikomkhulu lokwexeshana lesizwe. Lo msitho wawucwangciselwe umhla wesine kaMatshi kodwa ukulibaziseka kwemithetho yezomthetho kuquka ukuqukunjelwa okucothayo kweKhomishini entsha. /ukuqukwa komhla emva kweenyanga ezimbini. Nangona iWashington yayingakwazi ukwenza isifungo, oku kubonise ukuba ixesha elililo lalinokuguquka kwiRiphabliki yokuqala. Ingongoma ebalulekileyo yayikukuba isifungo sathathwa ngaphambi kokuba iWashington iqalise ukwenza amagunya obungameli. Akukho mntu wabuza ukuba kumele ukulawulwa kwakhe ngenxa yokuba ekugqibeleni isifungo senzekile, kwaye umsantsalo wokwexeshana wagcwaliswa ngurhulumente ophumayo phantsi kwe-Cedition of Conferation.

UWilliam Henry Harrison (1841): Ukufa Emva Kwesithuthuthu

UWilliam Henry Harrison wanikela idilesi yamahora amabini yokuvulwa kwemozulu ebandayo ngaphandle kwebhanti okanye umnqwazi, wafumana inyumoniya, wafa kanye emva kwenyanga enye. Nangona uHarrison wenza isifungo ngoMatshi 4, 1841, ukufa kwakhe waphosa uhlanga emanzini angenawo umGaqo-siseko. Ngeli xesha, uMgaqo-siseko wachaza kuphela ukuba uMongameli uMongameli uzakuthatha “amandla kunye ne-Dinfaste” zikamongameli (*) zezodwa. Umongameli uJohn Tyler wathabatha isifungo, kodwa wagxininisa ukuba wayengasebenzi nje kuphela kodwa wayesebenza umongameli wokwenene. Ukutolika kukaTyle wabeka iqhinga kamva eliqinisekiswe kwiApplity Consermestrigement. UHarrison uchaza imeko yokuba emva kokuba umongameli egqithile, egqithile okanye exhobisa igosa umthetho. Umthetho waquququzeleka ngenxa yokuba enyaziwe, kodwa wasebenza ngokusetyenziswa kumthetho.

Ukuwohloka Kuka - Abraham Lincoln Ngowe - 1861: Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

UAbraham Lincoln wahamba waya eWashington, D.C., ngoFebruwari 1861 phakathi kwezisongelo ezinokuthenjwa zokubulawa. Ngomhla wokunikezelwa kwakhe, abaqhubi ababukhali babedwelise amaphahla ngasePennsylvania Avenue, kwaye amajoni ayegada iCapitol. Nangona kunjalo, uLincoln wafunga ngaphandle kwesiganeko. Ukuba wayebulewe okanye engakwazi ukwenza nto phambi koSuku lobuGawulayo, uMgaqo-siseko ngelo xesha wawungenalungiselelo licacileyo lokufa kommeli osemthethweni. Olu hlanga lwaluza kujamelana nengxaki esemthethweni. Oku kwakuza kufutshane ukuphoswa kwesothusa kamva kucelwa ukuba kubekwe imithetho ecacileyo yokulandelelana.

IRoosevelt ka1933 Ukukhutshwa: Umzamo wokubulala

Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesixhenxe ngaphambi konikezelo lukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, umbulali ogama linguGiuseppe Zangara wadubula umpu eRoosevelt eMiami, Florida. Imbumbulu yaphosa iRoosevelt kodwa yabulala iChicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu bekuphumelele, iUnited States ibiya kujongana nemeko engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili yomongameli obegweba ukufa ngaphambi kokuba enze isifungo. Ngelo xesha, iDitikitinth Amendmment (e ithetha ngokucacileyo ngale meko `ilindele ukunconywa (ukuvunywa kunyuswa kamva ngaloo nyaka). Ukuphuma okumngciba okumcingo kwabala imfuneko yomthetho obhaliweyo. Isindululo se-1970-195 sinika ukuba ukuba umongameli ofelwe ngaphambi kokuba umongameli wexesha lokuqala, umongameli we-deksigrac.

ICandial Factory Engazanga Abe nguMongameli: Imeko ethi “Ingaba Ibe”

Akukho mongameli-mkhethe owakha wafa ngaphambi koSuku loHlanzo, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba abaliqela baye bafa emva kokuphumelela kwiphulo lobufazi beqela kodwa phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umvotelwa wedemokhrasi uHorace Greeley wafa kancinane emva konyulo luka-1872, kodwa amavoti akhe arhoxisiwe. Ngo1912, uTheodore Roosevelt wasinda kwilinge lokubulala ngexesha lephulo. Ezi ziganeko azinxulumani ngqo nesifungo sobumongameli, kodwa zibonisa ukuba uhlanga lujamelene ne-$androsadel.

Ngomgca obanzi wexesha lotshintsho lomongameli kunye neziganeko zokhuseleko, ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe logcino-lwazi olukhoyo [ lunika iingxelo ezineenkcukacha.

Imbono Engokwasemthethweni: Uthini UmGaqo-siseko Xa Ioli Ingenakuthatyathwa?

ISiphendu saMaphuthu: Ukufa koMongameli-Elective

ISigqibo soHlaziyo soMlawuli weMigaqo-siseko se-1970, esagunyaziswa ngo1933, sigcwalisa owona mngxuma uvalayo kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala. Icandelo 3 lifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Ukuba, ngexesha elimiselwe isiqalo segama loMongameli, uMongameli onyuliweyo uza kufa, uMongameli onyuliweyo uza kuba nguMongameli onyuliweyo." Eli lungiselelo liphendula ngqo oko kwenzekayo ukuba umongameli ongumphathi-sahlulele ngenxa yokufa. Umlawuli weqela uphakamisi uphakanyiswa ngoko nangoko, kwaye isifungo sesikhundla sibhekiswa kulowo mntu. Umva onyuliweyo uya kukwagquma iimeko apho umongameli-akali umgangatho angakafanelekanga kumzekelo, ukuba imbambano evotilo-voti.

Icandelo lesi-4 loMphetho-mda we-1970 longezelela enye imigaqo ekhuselekileyo: "Umthetho unganika ityala lokufa kwawo nawuphi na umntu onokuthi iNdlu yabameli ikhethe uMongameli nanini na ilungelo lokukhetha liza kususwa kubo, kwaye ityala lokufa kwakhe nawuphi na umntu iBhunga elinokukhetha ukumkhetha ukuba nguMongameli nanini na eya kukhululwa kubo. Oku kunika iBhunga igunya lokuzalisa izithuba ezingathethiswanga ngokucacileyo. Ngalo ndlela isiphelo siqinisekisa ukuba kwanokuba umongameli wokhetho ufile okanye ungenziwangafezeki, ilizwe alisayi kushiywa ngaphandle komphathi-ofisi woMkhosi kwiNsuku loMhlambo.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu: Ukungasebenzi emva kweNkcitho

UHlaliso lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu, olwagunyaziswa ngo1967, luqhubana nokungagqibeki komongameli emva kokuthatyathwa kwesifungo. Lumisela iinkqubo zokuba uMongameli osisiGqeba abe nguMongameli osebenzayo xa uMongameli engakwazi ukukhulula amagunya nemisebenzi, kunye nokugcwalisa isithuba kwisekela ledemokhrasi. Ngelixesha kungahambelani ngqo nexesha lokuqukumbela, oku kugqitywa kolawulo. kunye noLawulo lwe-1970, ludala umgca ongenalusini lwe-lo ukusuka kwixesha lonyulo ukuya phambili. Abaphengululi bezomthetho bajonga ukurhoxiswa kwemiba emibini njenge-enzame: i-Genegathe umda wokwane, amashumi amabini anesibini anesihlalo-fithi se-posttina.

I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inika iinkcukacha zobalo lwe ulwandiso-Mpanzi-mboleko kunye nolwahlulo-Fiff-Phindation.

UMthetho wokuPhunyelwa kweNkxaso nguMongameli we-1947

Ngapha kwemimiselo emibini, uMphathiswa weCandelo loMlawuli weNdlela yoMlawuli weNtlalo-ntle ka-1947 uchaza umgca wokulandela uMongameli. Ukuba umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli abangakwazi ukukhonza `umzekelo, ukuba bobabini bafe ngaphambi kwesifungo", uSomlomo weNdlu uba ngumongameli, elandelwa nguMongameli weProfenti yeCante, kwanabaphathi bekhabhatene ngokwendlela yokudala. Lo mthetho awuzange uvavanywe kumongo wokungabikho komongameli-mlungiseleli wokusifungo, kodwa usenokuba ungena kumdlalo ukuba umongameli ongummeli ongummeli umongameli uphinde afe okanye ungayiboni. Isenzo sinika ukumiswa okungasemva kwemithetho yenkquququ.

Iingcaciso Zohlalutyo: Ngaba IOath InguMandari Eyinyaniso?

Iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni zivumelana ngokupheleleyo ukuba isifungo sinyanzelekile. Akukho mongameli wakha wathatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokusicengceleza. Ingongoma ekuphela kwayo ephikisayo kukuba umongameli angasebenza okwexeshana ngaphandle kwesifungo esingxamisekileyo. Ngokufana nohlaselo lwenyukliya kuSuku lobuIugasti. Imbono exhaphakileyo kukuba umongameli olawulayo akanakungena ekuphumezeni nayiphi na imisebenzi yasemthethweni de isifungo sithatyathwe. Isifungo asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; singumzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwegunyazaliso lolawulo lwegunya. Inkundla ephakamileyo ayizange ilawule ngqo kule mbambano, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi zicaphule imfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukufezeka kwezenzo zomongameli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umongameli ngamnye ude wasenza isifungo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inkqubo ayizange ibekwe kuvavanywe.

Ukutshona okunzulu kulwazi lwezomGaqo-siseko, bona ingxelo yeCongressional Research Service [[FLT: 0] eyiProficial Profesidential production.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ingxaki Engokonyango Ngomhla Wokuphela Komsebenzi

Kuthekani ukuba umongameli ukhetha ukuba unesibambi okanye umhlaza wentliziyo kwimizuzu engaphambili kweso sifungo? UMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesibini awuthethi nto ngesiphene sokwexeshana ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise igama. Noko ke, inyathelo elisengqiqweni lokusithatha lizakuba kukusiqhuba isifungo ngokukhawuleza xa umntu esizinzileyo, nokuba oko kuthetha ukulibazisa iiyure okanye iintsuku. Okwangoku, umongameli ophambukayo uhlala ekwisikhundla de umongameli omtsha aphume esifungo. Eli lizwe alizukuba nankokeli kuba liyaqhubeka. Le ngxelo ingqina ukuba isifungo singundoqo esivula iofisi.

Ukungavumi Ukuthabatha Ingxowa

Ukuba umongameli-obeko-wongameli akavumi ngokungqalileyo ukuphinda isifungo, le meko iyakuba yeyona nto ingaqhelekanga kwaye ingekho semthethweni. UMgaqo-siseko awuyi kulungiselela umsebenzi jikelele. Iofisi ayisayi kuhlala ingekazaliseki. Ilungiselelo le-1970th Amendmentive elingusekela-mongameli-osigqeba lisebenza kuphela ukuba umongameli ufa okanye urhulumente akavumi. IBhunga lisenokudlulisela umthetho wexesha likaxakeka ukuze kuzaliswe isifungo somGaqo-siseko. Isigqibo esicacileyo siya kuba luncedo kulowo ufunda ingulowo ongathandiyo, yaye umele aqhutywe ngumsebenzi onyanzelwa ngumongameli okanye urhulumente oza kugatya urhulumente olawulayo ukuba athi umongameli ulungele ukufaneleka kwecandelo lesi candelo lesi sigaba somthetho.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko Nendawo Enye

Emva kohlaselo lwe-septemba 11, ukulungiselela uSuku loHlaziyo loMhla woMkhosi woKhuselo lwawo loMmandla kwanda. Amagosa karhulumente afumanise iindawo ezikhuselekileyo apho umongameli- matshini angasifungisa khona isifungo ukuba umbhiyozo wesithethe eCapitol uyaphazamiseka. Umzekelo, kwisiganeko solu songo lwabagrogrisi, isifungo singanikelwa kwindawo egciniwe okanye ekufakweni umkhosi. Umhla wokufungisa. ``````````````Januml''''''''' umiswe nguMmiselo we-Phondo we-Phondo kodwa indawo ayiyo. Inkonzo yeShuse-Shuse-emfithi kunye neNkuluku yabaphathi be-Staff banezicwangciso zikarhulumente eziquka ulawulo olukhawulezi zifungo ukuqinisekisa ukungalungeneyo ulawulo lomthetho kunye nolawulo lomkhosi.

IWhite House Historical Association ithetha ngendaleko yokhuseleko lokunikezelwa [[FLT: 0] ithe thaca kwimiboniso yomongameli [[FLT: 1].

Indima yeJaji Elikhulu Nabanye Amagosa

UJaji oMkhulu unika isifungo, kodwa asiyomfuneko yomgaqo-siseko. Oomongameli abaninzi baye bafungwe ngabagwebi okanye amagosa ngexesha longxamiseko. Ngokomzekelo, uCalvin Coolidge wafunga isifungo esisuka kuwonke-wonke kwikhaya likayise emva kokufa kukaMongameli. Ukuba uJaji oMkhulu ubengenayo kwi-Inaugation Day, nawuphi na umgwebi wesizwe okanye umgwebi wesizwe uyakwazi ukuqhuba isifungo. Undoqongo kukuba isifungo sigotywa ngomnye; umntu osicengcelelayo sesibini. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ungxamiseko yezo zezamayeza okanye ungxamiseko akukuthinteli ukudluliswa kwegunya.

Isiphelo: Ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko

Ubuchule be-United States bokusingatha ukungakwazi komongameli ukuthatha isifungo. UMthetho wempumelelo womgaqo-siseko osisigxina uhleli kwisakhiwo esiseleyo sombhalo, ukulungiswa, imimiselo, kunye nemizekelo yembali. UMthetho wokuLandliswa kweMpatho-mva kweMinyaka Engamashumi amabini unika impendulo ecacileyo yokufa komongameli. Unyaka wama-20 Festith Simplete ufihla izithuba eziseleyo. Umthetho woMlawuli weSigqibo uzalise izithuba eziseleyo. Kwimbali unqamlezo lwemeko olumalunga ne-RoseRoselt, umele ukwenze umgaqo wokubulala umongameli, kwaye uqinisekise inkqubo yomnye umgaqo, ngoxa kungekho nyaka ulwalamano olucacileyo, kunye noluququzelo olucacileyo luqinisekise ukuba uhlanga lungaze lungabi nako ngaphandle komphathi osemthethweni. Ukufunga okungokomfuziselo nokungenawo mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo wendlela yokuwela, okanye ukungqinela komnye, ngeMini.