Ukuqonda Ucalucalulo Lonyaka KuMthetho Womsebenzi (ADEA)

IAge Discrection in Working Act (ADEA) lisiseko somthetho wezemisebenzi wesizwe, owamiselwa ngowe-1967 ukukhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abakhulileyo ekucalucalulweni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Ngoxa inqaku lokuqala libhekisela kwi- “Agescation Act,” isiseko esiphambili esisemthethweni eUnited States yiADEA, esebenza kubaqeshi abasemthethweni nabaqeshwa abangamashumi amabini nangaphezulu, kwanakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu omsebenzi, kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. Lo mthetho usebenza iinjongo eziphi nambi: ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho semthethweni okusekelwe kubudala nasekukhuthazeni umsebenzi osuselwe kwikhono babo kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yabo.

I-ADEA yayiyinxalenye yomthetho wamalungelo abantu wonyaka wama-1960, elandela uMthendeleko wamalungelo abantu wowe-1962, owawungaquki ubudala njengodidi olukhuselekileyo. IBhunga laqonda ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo bajamelana nemiqobo engaqhelekanga kwintengiso yengqesho, kuquka uqikelelo malunga nokuncipha kwemveliso, ukungakwazi ukufunda ubuchule obutsha, kunye neendleko zempilo eziphezulu. Emashumini eminyaka, i-ADEA iye yalungiswa yaze yaphuculwa, ngokungakumbi yi-omkhulu abasebenzi beSebe elinoncedo olukhuselekileyo lonyaka ka-1990, nto leyo eyathi yacacisa ukukhuselwa kwemiqatha kwemiqathango yemali yemisebenzi eluncedo eluncedo esetyenziswayo kwaye yabeka nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokungawahluzeli kumalungelo e-ADEA.

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iADEA kubalulekile kubasebenzi bobabini abafuna ukuqinisa amalungelo abo kunye nabaqeshi abazimisele ukuthobela umthetho. Eli nqaku lithetha kakhulu ngokhuseleko olungundoqo, umahluko osemthethweni, inkqubo yokunyanzelisa, namanyathelo asebenzayo okuqhuba imicimbi enxulumene nobudala emsebenzini.

Umlinganiselo nokugqunywa kweADEA

Ngubani Okhuselwayo?

I-ADEA ikhusela abasebenzi kunye nabacebisi bomsebenzi abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-40 abangaphantsi kwe-40 abagqunywanga, nangona benokhuseleko phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente okanye eminye imimiselo yesizwe ukuba banokucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala babo. Lo mthetho usebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi, kuquka ukuqesha, ukudubula, ukukhupha, intlawulo, intlawulo, izabelo zemisebenzi, kunye nokuqeqeshwa.

Ngoobani Abaqeshi Abagutyungelweyo?

IADEA isebenza koku:

  • Abaqeshi ababucala nabasebenzi abangama-20 nangaphezulu (abafumana inxalenye yexesha kunye nabasebenzi bokwexeshana)
  • Amasebe karhulumente asekuhlaleni, urhulumente
  • ISebe leMisebenzi elinika abaqeshi
  • Imibutho yabasebenzi enamalungu angama-25 nangaphezulu

Abaqeshi abancinane — abo bangaphantsi kwama-20 abaqeshwa — badla ngokukhululwa kwi-ADEA, nangona amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yobudala yocalulo esebenza kumashishini amancinane. Ngokomzekelo, iPair Works and Hosling Act yaseKhalifoniya igubungela abaqeshi abahlanu okanye ngaphezulu. Abasebenzi basemarhulumenteni abanokhuseleko olubanzi kufuneka badibane nomthetho karhulumente.

Ezikhethekileyo Nezokhuselo

I-ADEA iquka iinketho ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Abaqeshi bangasebenzisa ubudala njenge-bona facial junial juning (BFOQ) xa ubudala buyimfuneko kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo weshishini. Oku kungumngcingo kwaye akufane kusetyenziswe — imizekelo iquka iminyaka efunekayo yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya okanye abaqeshi bomthetho apho ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luyinkxalabo. Ngaphezu koko, i-ADEA ivumela abaqeshi ukuba bahlulele ngokwemiba esengqiqweni kunezizathu ezifanelekileyo ze- (RFOA), ezifana nezizathu ezifanelekileyo zomsebenzi, ubuchule, okanye iinkqubo eziphezulu. Kodwa abaqeshi-majoni kufuneka bangqine ukuba okokuba ityala liyingxaki yokwahlulwano-bantu.

Enye into engundoqo ibandakanya abasebenzi abaphezulu abaneminyaka engama-65 okanye ngaphezulu yaye abakwisikhundla esiphezulu ubuncinane iminyaka emibini, xa benokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngokungakhathali ukuba banelungelo lokufumana iingenelo ezithile zomhlala-phantsi. Eli lungiselelo liye lagxekwa kwaye alisetyenziswa rhoqo. I-ADEA ikwavumela izicwangciso zokuzithandela zangethuba lokuphumla umhlala-phantsi, lo gama nje bezimisele ngokwenene kwaye bengadibani.

Iindlela Zobudala

Unyango Olungacaci

Olunahlobo lucacileyo localucalulo lobudala lukukungacalucalulwa, apho umqeshi ngabom ephatha umqeshi okhulileyo kancinci ngenxa yobudala. Oku kunokubonakala njengomphathi othetha ngeminyaka edlulileyo ngexesha lohlolo, ekhetha umntu oselula oza kunyuselwa phantsi kweemfaneleko ezilinganayo, okanye ashiye abasebenzi abakwiminyaka engama-50 kuqala ngoxa begcina abasebenzi abasebatsha abangaphantsi. Iinkundla zikhangela ubungqina obungqalileyo (umz., amazwi afana nothi “sifuna igazi elincinane” okanye ubungqina obucacileyo obubangela ukuba ikhethelo.

Impembelelo Engacalucalulwayo

Isiphumo esichaseneyo sinokwenzeka xa inkqubo yobundilele yomqeshi okanye iqhelisela ngokungenalusini ikwenzakala kwabasebenzi abakhulileyo, nokuba bekungekho njongo yokukhetha. Umzekelo, inkampani efuna ukuba bonke abafaki-zicelo bangabi naminyaka emihlanu yamava (ebonakala ingabafaki abasebenzi abadala) inokuba netyala ukuba imfuneko ayinxulumenengasebenzi kwaye ayihambelani nemfuneko yezoshishino. Inkundla ePhakamileyo inciphisa iziphumo ezikhoyo phantsi kwe-ADEA kwiimeko ezifana no SMTH. IsiXeko sikaJackson[[FLT:] [2005], kodwa ihlala iphila kwiimeko ezithile, ingakumbi xa abaqeshi besamkela imithetho efuna abasebenzi abadala.

Ukukhathazwa Nokuhlaselwa Kwemeko - bume Yomsebenzi

Ukukhathazwa ngokweminyaka kuyathintelwa. Xa amagqabaza ahlazisayo malunga nobudala — afana nokuqhula “ngamaxesha anzima,” ukuwohloka komzimba, okanye“ ukunyuka kwentaba” — kuya kuba mandundu okanye kusasazeke ngokwaneleyo ukwenza imeko-bume yempangelo erhabaxa, i-ADEA ingaphulwa. Ukuhlaselwa kunokwenzeka kubaphathi, kumsebenzi osebenza nawo, okanye kwanabasebenzi abangekho emsebenzini ukuba umqeshi uyazi okanye ufanele ukuba ungazi ukuba ufanele angakwazi ukulungisa.

Ulungiso

Ukuzithethelela kuyinto eyahlukileyo phantsi kwe-ADEA. Akuvumelekanga ukuba umqeshi ohlwaye umqeshi ngenxa yocalucalulo lobudala obuphikisanayo (umz., ekhalazela i-HR), efaka ityala ngeKhomishini ye-Unimetics Opportunity Commission (EOC), okanye ethatha inxaxheba kuphengululo okanye emangalelwayo. Ukukhutshwa kokungaqinisekiyo kungaquka ukupheliswa, ukuthotywa, ukuhla, ukuncitshiswa, okanye iindlela ezichuliweyo zokuzifihla. I-EOC ifuna ingxengxezo ezithenjiweyo, kwaye zinye zezinye zezityholo eziqhelekileyo eziqukiweyo.

Ukhuseleko Lweingenelo Nomhlala - phantsi

ISebe Elikhulileyo Elifumana Ingenelo Lokhuseleko Lomthetho (OWBPA) lonyaka ka-1990 laqinisa iADEA ngokuphawulekayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo abanakungaphiwa iingenelo abasebenzi abancinane abaza kufumanayo, ngaphandle kokuba umqeshi angangqina ukuba indleko yokunika inzuzo elinganayo ingaphezulu kakhulu. Oku kusebenza kwi-inshorensi yempilo, i-inshorensi yobomi, iinzuzo zesiphene, kunye nempesheni. Umzekelo, umqeshi akanakukwazi ukunciphisa inkxalabo yempilo yabasebenzi abangaphezulu kwama-65 ngenxa nje yokuba bafanelekelwe iMedicarea.

I-OWBPA ikwamisela iimfuno ezingqongqo kubahluzi bamalungelo e-ADEA. Ukuba umqeshi unika isivumelwano somhlala-phantsi okanye ipakethe yomhlala phantsi kwangethuba efuna umqeshwa ukuba athathe ityala lokwahlulwa kobudala, umngcamli kufuneka abe “wazi yaye azenze ngokuzithandela.” Iimfuno ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Umntu ongakwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa kufuneka avakaliswe lula ngumsebenzi
  • Umxhaphazi kufuneka abhekisele ngokukhethekileyo kumalungelo phantsi kweADEA
  • Kufuneka umqeshwa anikwe ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuqwalasela isivumelwano (ientsuku ezingama-45 zokugxothwa kweqela)
  • Kufuneka umqeshwa abe neentsuku ezisixhenxe zokuphelisa isivumelwano emva kokutyikitya
  • Kwiqela, umqeshi kufuneka anikele iinkcukacha malunga neminyaka kunye neziqu zomsebenzi zabo bakhethiweyo nabangakhethwanga ukukhulula

Olu khuseleko luqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abakhulileyo abanyanzelekanga ukuba bancame amalungelo abo asemthethweni ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokupheleleyo.

Unyanzelo: Ukuhlasela nge-EEOC

Indlela yokwenza

Ukuba umsebénzi omdala ukholelwa ukuba ucalulwe, inyathelo lokuqala kukufaka isityholo socalulo nge-EEOC. Ityala kufuneka liqukunjelwe ngeentsuku ezili-180 zesenzo sokufihla ityala (ukuya iintsuku ezingama-300 kwingxelo yokuba unolawulo olufanelekileyo lombutho womsebenzi). I-EEOC iya kuphengulula ityala, elibandakanya udliwano-ndlebe, uxwebhu, kwaye luzame kwi-mediams. Ukuba iEEOC ifumana isizathu esisengqiqweni, iya kuzama ukucombulula le mbambano ngokhuphiso. Ukuba ukuquluphala komthetho akuphumelelanga, iEEOC ingayifaka ifayili yokumangalela umqeshwa okanye umbango “umva-oeceienue", nto leyo evumela umqeshwa ukuba avumele inkundla wobucala.

Ukulinganisa Imida Nemilinganiselo Yabafileyo

Kubalulekile ukuba abasebenzi benze izinto ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha lokugqiba kweentsuku ezili-180/300 lingqongqo, kwaye lingaphoswa ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza, xa ileta elungileyo ukuya kwi-unie ifunyenwe, umqeshwa usoloko eneentsuku ezingama-90 zokufaka ityala. Abasebenzi kufuneka babhale yonke into — unxibelelwano olubhaliweyo, uvavanyo lomsebenzi, amagqabaza avela kubaphathi-mikhosi, nabuphi na ubungqina bonyango olusekelwe kubudala. Iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zingenza okanye zaphule imeko.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kwabasebenzi Abajamelana Nocalucalulo Lobudala

Ngokusekelwe kwinkuselo echazwe ngasentla, abasebenzi abakhulileyo abarhanela ucalucalulo bafanele baqwalasele ezi zinto zilandelayo:

  1. Uxwebhu lonke. Gcina ulindixesha weziganeko, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, amangqina, kunye nolwimi oluchanileyo olusetyenzisiweyo. Gcina ii-imeyili, imisebenzi, kunye nohlolo lomsebenzi. Ukuba uphathwa ngokwahlukileyo kusebenza nabo abaselula, phawula imizekelo ecacileyo.
  2. Imigaqo-nkqubo yenkampani yokuhlola. Khangela incwadi yesandla yabaqeshwa ukwenzela iinkqubo ezilwa nocalucalulo kunye neenkqubo zokukhalaza. Iinkampani ezininzi zinenkqubo zangaphakathi zezikhalazo ezimele zisetyenziswe kuqala.
  3. Ingxelo yangaphakathi. Yisa umba kumphathi wakho, kwisebe leHR, okanye kumphathi otyunjweyo wokuthobela. Ukuxela ngaphakathi kungayinqanda indlela yokuziphatha kwaye wenze ingxelo yokuba uchase ucalucalulo, olubalulekileyo kwimpindezelo.
  4. Funa amacebiso asemthethweni. Igqwetha lomsebenzi elijongene nocalulo lobudala lingavavanya amandla etyala lakho, lichaze ukhetho lwakho, lincede uphando lwenkqubo ye-EOC. Amagqwetha amaninzi anika ukhangelo lwasimahla.
  5. Ifayile i-EEOC. Ukuba amayeza angaphakathi aphuthileyo okanye imeko inzima, fayile isikhankanyi nge EEOC ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ungafaka ifayile kwi-intanethi kwi-website ye-EEOC, ngemfonomfono, okanye umntu kwi-ofisi yobulali.

Oko Abaqeshi Bamele Bakwenze Ukuze Baxhase

Abaqeshi banembopheleleko yokuthintela ucalucalulo lobudala nokukhuthaza imeko-bume ehlala abantu.

  • [ Ukuqeqesha. qeqesha rhoqo abaphathi nabasebenzi ngokucalucalucalulo lobudala, ukukhathazwa, kunye nokungaboni nto. Igxininisa ukuba izigqibo zimele zisekelwe kubuchule, amava, kunye nomsebenzi, hayi kujongwa phambili malunga nobudala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukujongwa kokuqesha kunye nemilinganiselo yonyuselo. phelisa iimfuno ezithi ngokungenakulinganiswa zikhuphe abasebenzi abakhulileyo, njengamava oonobumba okanye iimfuno zemfundo ezinganxulumenenga nomsebenzi.
  • [[NTL:0] Imonitha yokukhulula kunye nokuhlisa amandla. Xa uqhuba ukususwa, qwalasela ixesha lokufumana inani lamanani abo bakhethiweyo. Ukuba iziphumo ezihlukeneyo zikhona, qinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo inxulumene nomsebenzi kwaye iyimfuneko. Nika isaziso esipheleleyo sangaphambili kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, nikezela iimpahla zokwahlukana eziquka i-OWBPA-complienters.
  • Izikhalazo zedilesi ngokukhawuleza. ngenisa nayiphina iminyaka enxulumene nezikhalazo ngokucokisekileyo kwaye yenza isenzo sokulungisa xa kufuneka. Yahlule inkqubo yophando.
  • [[UMTL: 0] umahluko weminyaka. ngokukhutheleyo ixabiso leminikelo yabasebenzi abakhulileyo. Iinkqubo zobugcisa, amalungiselelo omsebenzi obhetyebhetye, namathuba okuphuhlisa ubuchule anganceda ekugcineni abasebenzi abanamava.

Kukho ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha abaqeshi bangajongana noovimba babaqeshi kunye ne IMPAWU yeXesha lokuTshixa Kwemisebenzi kwiphepha.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje

Ucalucalulo lobudala luhlala luyimbambano eqhubekayo, ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka yokusebenza. Ngokwesityholo se-EEOC, ucalulo lobudala lusoloko lumela inxalenye ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iityala zocalulo ezibekwe phantsi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa ucalucalulo olunxulumene nobudala, abasebenzi abadala abachaphazeleke ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yokurhoxiswa nokubekwa umhlala phantsi kwamandla omsebenzi kwasekuqaleni. Imvukelo yomsebenzi exeshiweyo iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela yokuvavanyanisa ukusebenza nokuthintela ikhethelo yobudala obungaqondakaliyo kwiimeko-bume.

Ngokwemithetho, kuye kwakho imigudu eqhubekayo yokomeleza i-ADEA. I-Ficloring Workers Against Dicrimination Act (POWADA) ivezwe kwiintlanganiso eziliqela zeBhunga. Eli tyala liza kubuyisela ukhuseleko olubanzi oluye lwancitshiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Gross v. FL / FL ENDING , [2009] [2009], olwathi lwakwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngabalawuli ukuphumelela amatyala e-ADEA ngokufuna “kodwa-ke-” — okuthetha ukuba ubudala bumele bube yifektha ephambili, hayi nje igalelo. PHODA iya kukunciphisa umthwalo onzima“ kwimouse".

Ukukhusela Okunxulumene Nomthetho Phantsi Komthetho Karhulumente Nowesizwe

Ukongeza kwiADEA, abasebenzi abadala banokukhuselwa yiminye imithetho. Imithetho yeMerika enengxaki yokukhubazeka (ADA) igqubuthela ukukhubazeka okunxulumene nobudala (umz., ukulahleka kwezindlebe, isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalungu) ukuba balinganisela kakhulu imisebenzi emikhulu yobomi babo. Abasebenzi abaqeshi abathatha umhlala-phantsi bafanele baluqaphele ulawulo oluphakathi korhulumente norhulumente; maxa wambi umthetho unika ummiselo owenziwe ngempehla wemali kwaye ungenele amalungelo. Imithetho karhulumente isoloko inikela ukhuseleko olubanzi — umzekelo, amanye amazwe ayalwalela ucalucalucalucalulo kubo bonke abasebenzi kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangakanani ubudala, kunye nabaqeshwa abaninzi abancinane.

Ukucaphula ngokunzulu imithetho yocalulo lweminyaka yephondo, iARP inento eluncedo yentla-ngaxeshanye isikhokelo sombuso.

Umfanekiso Obalulekileyo: Isizathu Sokuba Abasebenzi Abakhulileyo Bakhusele Imicimbi

Ucalucalulo lobudala asiyonto nje esemthethweni — lunemiphumo engokoqoqosho nentlalo. Abasebenzi abakhulileyo bazisa amava axabisekileyo, ulwazi olungokwezezezezimali, nokuzinza emsebenzini.

I-ADEA kunye neziphendu zayo ziye zenza inkqubela ephawulekayo ekulweni nocalucalulo lobudala, kodwa ukunyanzelisa kuxhomekeke kubasebenzi abawazi amalungelo abo nabaqeshi abawenzayo imisebenzi elungileyo. Ngokuqonda ukhuseleko lomthetho, amanyathelo okukhusela iprocedro, kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo ngeKhomishini yezemisebenzi , abasebenzi abadala bangazixhasa kwaye bancede bonke abantu bafumane umsebenzi olinganayo.

Isiphelo

IAge Disc of Accomplial Act inguvimba obalulekileyo wabasebenzi abakhulileyo, ithintela ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuba iingenelo kunye nabahluli ziphathwa kakuhle. Ngoxa inqaku lokuqala lizichaza kakuhle izithintelo ezingundoqo — njengokungaqiniseki kokuqeshwa nokunyuselwa komkhethe, ukuhlaselwa, kunye namandla okuchaza izikhalazo ezikhoyo ngabasebenzi abakhulileyo — umthetho ucalucalucalucalulo oluntlulo-calulo, ungenelo, kunye nokuziphinde usebenzise ngokukhawuleza uxwebhu, nokufuna ukhokelo olusemthethweni. Abaqeshi, abafanele bajonge imigaqo-engile kunye nokuqeqesha ukunqanda imicimbi epheleleyo nokukhuthaza ukukhubazeka okuneenyani nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okuneenyanzekileyo. Njengoko iminyaka ekufuneka, ukusetyenziswa kwe-A kuqhubeke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwemigudu kusenenza. Ukuqonda oku kumele kuqinise ukuphumelela oku okokuqala