I-Ankile yomGaqo-siseko: Ukuqonda izikhuseli ze-opardy eziphindwe kabini

Ukwalelwa kokungangeni mdlalo-ngozi kabini kuyinto enye yokhuseleko oluhlala luhleli kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. EUnited States, uGawulayo wesihlanu unika olu khuselo, usithi akukho mntu uzakubekwa kwingozi efanayo yobomi okanye isiqobo kabini, nangona kusenziwa ityala elibini. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufanele agcine ulawulo oluphezulu ukuze atyhale ummangalelwa. Ukhuseleko lwamatyala lukha akha afakwa kwi-panelmente, usithi akukho mntu uzakubekwa esichengeni sobomi okanye isithoba kabini, nangona kumele ukuba aphinde agwetywe, nangona egwetyelwe, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente umele akhusele urhulumente wakhe adele.

Iinjongo ezibini zeengozi eziphindwe kabini zisekelwe ekugqibeleni okusesikweni: igcina ingqibelelo yesigwebo sabachopheli-tyala ngokukhusela urhulumente ekuzameni ukugwetywa kwabangakhohliswayo, kwaye ikhusela abantu kwiimeko zokutshutshiswa ngokulandelelanayo, ezinokubanyanzelela ukuba bathwale umgaqo wemali, wemvakalelo, kunye nowentlalo-ntle yokuzikhusela ngokungenasiphelo. Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphawulwe kwi Breens. United States [1957], lomgaqo uqulunqenqe lwayo "umGaqo wokozo woko wokuzigcina inzuzo yommangalelwa. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwale mfundiso kukude, ingakumbi xa kubandakanya izityholo ezithengwayo, iinkosi ezininzi, okanye iiprocccommental efana nee-justial joie.

Isifundo semeko 1: Ashe v. Sunson[FL:1] (1970) – Imfundiso ye Collateral Estopel

Enye yezona zicelo zibalulekileyo zobungozi obuphindwe kabini yavela kwityala lokuphanga eMissouri. URobert Ashe wamangalelwa ngokuphanga abaxhobi abathandathu abaxhobileyo. Kwityala lakhe lokuqala lokubethwa kwexhoba elinye, abachobi bakhulula uAshe ngenxa yokungafumani bungqina obufunekayo. Noko ke, urhulumente wamzama kwakhona ngokukhawuleza ukuba aphange ixhoba lesibini kwisiganeko esinye. Ukhuseleko lwathi i-Ashehe'slectlel kufuneka ibambe ityala lesibini, njengomba wetyala wetyala wesibini, njengombangongongo wentloko wobuRhange ongomnye wabaphangi.

Umthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yavumelana neSigqibo soMphathi-mikhosi oPhakamileyo kwisigqibo esi-8-1, sibambe ukuba icandelo eliphindiweyo lengozi libandakanya imfundiso ye-literalal estomal estomple, ethi ithintele urhulumente ukuba angaphinde alungise imibandela yenyaniso ekwakufuneka igqitywe ngokusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba agwetywe. INkundla yaqiqa ukuba isigqibo sokuqala sabachopheli-mthetho sifumanise ukuba uAshe wayengenguye omnye wabaphangi, kwaye urhulumente akanakumnyanzela ukuba akhusele loo mbuzo uyinyaniso kwakhona. Le tyala yaqinisekisa ukuba ingozi ephinda kabini iphanga nje ityala elinye.

Impembelelo Esebenzisekayo Kukhuselo Lwezaphuli - mthetho

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, Ashe v. Sentason unika isixhobo esinamandla. Xa umxhasi engenatyala kwelinye icala, ukhuseleko kufuneka ahlalutye oko kufunyaniswe ngokuchanekileyo kweso sigqibo. Ukuba ezo nkcukacha zinye zibalulekile kwesinye isigwebo esibekiweyo, intshukumo yokugxotha i-email e-emaill ingagcinwa. Le mfundiso inyanzelisa abatshutshisi ukuba bazise zonke izityholo ezivela kwityala elinye lolwaphulo-mthetho kwelinye icala, okanye baphulukane namandla okuzilandela emva kwesohlwayo. Imeko ephambili ibangela ukuba imiyalelo elungileyo yetyala, njengendlela ethile yesigwebo iyakwazi ukugqiba umgangatho wengxelo yetyala.

Isifundo setyala 2: United States v. Ball (1996) – Ugqibo lokuXhotyiswa

Ityala elisisiseko lokugqibela ngokupheleleyo ukugwetywa kwabamangalelwa abathathu abatyholwa ngokubulala. Millard Goundmore Ball kunye nabaxhasi bakhe abaphambili bavavanywa ngo-1891 kwaye bangabi natyala. Iinyanga ezisibhozo kamva, urhulumente wafumana ityala elitsha lokubulala okufanayo, kwaye la madoda amathathu amangalelwa, agwetywa, agwetyelwa ukufa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaziguqula iinkolelo, ibambe ukuba ityala lesibini laphule ingozi ephindwe kabini. IJaji uGqibe uGaphela wabhalela uninzi ukuba "isigqibo sokuvala ityala, nangona ingalandelwanga nawuphi na umgwebo, ngumgca wokumangalelwa ngokulandelayo ngenxa yetyala okufanayo.""

"Ulawulo Oluqhelekileyo" Olukhethekileyo

Ngeli xesha ingumthetho owenziwe ngamatye amhlophe okhuseleko olunoburhulumente ophantsi kwenqanawa olandelwa uGamaqeba, imfundiso yolawulo idala umahluko obalulekileyo ukuze iphindeke kabini. Le mfundiso ivumela iinkosi ezahlukeneyo (ngokufana norhulumente kunye norhulumente) ukumangalela ihambo efanayo ngaphandle kokwaphula uHlunyuso lweNtlanu. Ingqino ithetha ukuba umlawuli ngamnye unemithetho yakhe nenzala yakhe ekuzinyanzeleni, ithetha ukuba ummangalelwa akabekwanga kabini kwingozi "ngenxa yetyala elifanayo" karhulumente""'ityala ezahlukileyo kuba zaphula imithetho ye-olawulo.

Isifundo semeko 3: Gguedge v. United States (209) – Dual Ulawulo oluqinisekisiweyo

Kucelomngeni lwakutshanje kwimfundiso ephindwayo yolongamo, uTerance Gamble wagwetywa kwinkundla yephondo lase-Alabama ngenxa yokuphanga waza wagwetywa ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokuphatha umpu ngetyala elivalelweyo, ngokusekelwe kwisiganeko esifanayo. UGamble waphikisa ukuba imfundiso ebini yolawulo lolawulo mayiphendulwe, esithi iyakusidambisa ukukhusela okusisiseko kwengozi ephindwe kabini. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo sephondo sase-Alabama-Alabama, yalahlela phantsi kwesigqibo sokulawula, ixhasa amandla karhulumente okumangalela ngokwahlukeneyo ngenxa yehambo efanayo phantsi kolawulo nomthetho wesizwe. Umthetho u-Alito, obhala abaninzi, ugxininisa ukuthi ulawulo oluphindiweyo lumiselwe "Ngqolo" kwimbali yomthetho wesizwe, kwaye irhoxakele ulawulo lwalo lwesizwe.

Kunonogada abazikhuselayo, ugxininisa imfuneko yokuqwalasela ngenyameko izityholo ezinokwenzeka zikarhulumente nasemva kokuba urhulumente egwetyiwe okanye eqinisekisiwe. Ucalulo olubini lolawulo luthetha ukuba urhulumente oxolelwayo akazenzeli ngesiquphe uthintelo lwetyala lorhulumente lokuziphatha okufanayo. Oku kugxininisa ukubaluleka kolwazi lwezokhuselo lwaseburhulumenteni, ukudityaniswa kwezivumelwano eziquka zombini ulawulo, kunye nesigqibo esicwangcisiweyo esibandakanya imigaqo yemithetho yezokuqala.

Isifundo setyala 4: [[FLT: 0] `I- jiger v. United States (2009) – Ukutshintsha-tshintsha izijungqu kunye ne Colletal Estopel

Ukudibana kwezigqibo ezididanayo kunye nokumelanisa i-estonel estople kwavavanywa kwityala lika F. Scott Yeager, owayesakuba ngumphathi-magcisa. Yeager wavavanywa kwizityholo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokungaqiniseki kwetyala nokurhwebelana. Ijaji yarhoxa iityala zetyala kodwa yaxhonywa ngaphakathi. Urhulumente wafuna ukuzama ukuqinisekisa uYeager kwityala lokurhweba, ephikisa ukuba ukuvalwa kokungafihliwa akusombululanga nayiphi na iziphumo ezicacileyo ezikhoyo kwintengiso. UYeager's comfice Conservatore eegency ehpel, ebanga ukuba ii-ars azifumani njongo yokuba azina.

Uhlalutyo LweNkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla, kwisigqibo esingu-616-3, yagxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphinda afumane inyani kuYeager. Isizathu esingundoqo sasikukuba ukugwetywa kwabachopheli-mthetho kwityala lokuqhatha kwabulahla ngokupheleleyo ubukho beqhinga elalikwayimfuneko kwityala lokurhweba ngaphakathi. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba ubalo oluxhonyiweyo alumelanga ukufunyanwa kwenyaniso exhasayo naliphi na iqela kwaye alukwazi ukuphazamisa iziphumo ezipheleleyo zokungafihlisi. Eli tyala linika isifundo esibalulekileyo: xa ijaji iziphumo ezidityaniweyo zibuya nezigwebo zombini ezivalelwe ngaphakathi kwaye zixhonywe, ukugwetywa kokuxhonywa kusenokungaphinde kuchazwe ukuba iziphumo zinxulumene ngokwaneleyo.

Isifundo semeko 5: Blueford v. Arkansas (2011) – Iinkundla zomthetho kunye ne Isebenzise i-Arectives

Unxulumano phakathi komthetho ophosakeleyo kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini lwahlolwa kwityala lika-Alex Blueford, owamangalelwa ngokubulala ikomkhulu kunye nokubulala okuncinane. Ngexesha lokuququzelela ityala, abachopheli-tyala banikela ingxelo yokuba yayingangqinelani ngokubulawa kwekomkhulu kunye nokubulawa kokuqala kodwa yafa ngokufa kwabantu. Inkundla egwetywayo, emva kokusilela ukufumana isigqibo sokubulala umntu, yawisa ityala eliphosakeleyo kuzo zonke izityholo. Urhulumente ngoko wafuna ukuphinda uBlulu xwebhu lokubulala ikomkhulu kunye nokubulala kokuqala. Inkundla yaphikisa isithi ukunganyaniswa kwabagwebi ngokuchasene nezityholo ezinzulu ngakumbi kwakusenziwa ngumgwebi obekiweyo, ogwetyiweyo, ogwebayo kwezo tyala.

Ukugatywa Kwenkundla Kwamgweba

Inkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esingu 6-3, yathi ingxelo engacwangciswanga yabachopheli-tyala yokungavumelani nokumangalelwa okungakumbi ayizange ibe kukugwetywa okusemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuba abachopheli betyala abazange basibuyise isigqibo esibhaliweyo kwezo zityholo kwaye ukubekwa kwetyala kwachazwa ngenxa yesohlwayo sokwenyaniso kwityala eliseleyo elincinane, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayikhange ibe yimiqathango ephindaphindiweyo. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yabhala ukuba "inkundla yabachopheleli-mthetho encinane ayisohlwayelanga nasiphi na isenzo esiphezulu esinetyala." Eli tyala libonisa ukubaluleka kwesigwebo esimiselweyo nemiqatha yetyala xa kuvela iingxoxo ezingekho mthethweni.

Isifundo semeko 6: [[FLT: 0] Currier v. Virginia (2088) – Icebo lokuphinda-phindeka

Umgaqo wokuba ukhuseleko lwengozi eziphindwe kabini lungakhululwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile wavavanywa kwityala likaMichael Currier, owabekwa ityala lokuqhekeza kunye ne-larcine. Inkundla yamatyala, ekulawulweni kukaCurrier, yavumela ukushukuma kwetyala lokuzama izityholo ngokwahlukileyo. Kwityala lokuqala, uCurrier wakhululwa ekungeni. Kwityala lesibini lokugwetywa kwegcwabo. Kwityala lokungcwaba okuphezulu, uCurrier waphikisa ngelithi ukuqhekeza ityala lokuvala ityala kwakwaphula umthetho kwanqanda ukuvala ityala ukuba ubekho kusini na kwinkundla yesibini. Iinkundla zephondo zalenqaba esi sindululo, kwaye iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yabanjwa ukuba ityala lingasebenzi, iCurri yavumelane ukwahlukana nokugwetywa nayiphi nayiphi naleyo ethetha ngokubekwa ngokubini kwetyala.

Izifundo ezifanelekileyo zesiluleko sokhuselo

[[NTLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso sisebenza njengentsomi elumkisayo kumagqwetha akhuselayo. Xa inkundla iyalela ukuvavanywa kommangalelwa, iingozi ezibini zihlala zihleli zihleli. Kodwa ukuba ukhuseleko luvumela ukuqhawula izizathu zobuchule, ngokunjalo ngokuthemba ukuvalwa kwetyala elinye elinokuba nesiphumo esipheleleyo sommangalelwa. ````````''''''', lo mmangalelwa umele ukuba umele imfuneko yokuchasa ngokucacileyo kwirekhodi nokuqwalasela ngenyameko intsebenziswano phakathi kwemiqathango ephinda-phindene.' Icebiso kufuneka lijonge enoba ukufuna ukuvavanywa okwahlukeneyo kubeka umngcipheko kumandla okungaxhomekenga kwityala kwesibini kwi-Expoxpoder.

Isifundo somzekelo 7: Uvavanyo [[FLT: 0] olunqanda i-ankile - Ukugqiba i-"Same Iffence"

Isixhobo esibalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lwengozi ephindwe kabini luvavanyo olunqandayo oluyi-''', olumiselwe ku'FLT' ````''''''. I-United States [1932]. Olu vavanyo lubuza ukuba ngaba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bento engaveliyo enye. Ukuba ityala ngalinye liqulathe ilungu elinye elihlukeneyo, lithathwa njengetyala lobuncinane, kwaye ingxengxengxezo ezohlukeneyo okanye isohlwayo azivalelwanga. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olunye luquka ukreqo olunye (ukuthisokokuba zonke izinto ezincinane zikhutshwa zezinye), zizinto ezikhuselweyo, zizinto ezo zolwaphulo, zisebenza iingozi eziphinda-phinda-phindene.

Isicelo kwi [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ohio (1977)

Ityala likaNathaniel Brown libonisa uvavanyo lwe Blockburger. Brown waba imoto, wayiqhuba isuka eOhio ukuya eNtshona Virginia, yaza yabanjwa kwiveki kamva. Waqala wagwetywa uvuyo (umntu ongalunganga) wagwetyelwa iintsuku ezingama-30. Emva kokuba ekhululwe, wagwetywa ityala lokweba imoto (umzi wolwaphulo-mthetho) esekelwe kwilungu elinye lemoto. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yayibambelele ekubeni uvuyo luquka ukubiwa kwemoto (ukuzenziwa) kwaye zonke izinto ezibangela uvuyo zaziqulathwe yingxaki yemoto. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba uvavanyo lwesibini lugxininise kwimiqathango ye-stal, hayi ubungqina obucacileyo obunikezelwayo ekuvavaneni.

Imisebenzi Efanelekileyo Yokhuselo Lolwaphulo-mthetho

Olu hlolisiso ludityanisiwe lubonisa ukuntsonkotha namandla engozi ephindwe kabini njengokhuselo olusemthethweni. Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, uqwalaselwa olubalulekileyo luquka:

  • Intshukumo zomthetho: iintshukumo zokuphosa ezisekelwe kwingozi ephindwe kabini zifuna uhlalutyo locoselelo lwangaphambili, kuquka iifomu zesigqibo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, kunye neziphumo ezicacileyo ezicacileyo nakweyiphi na imvumelo.
  • Uhlaziyo lwe-CParearal estoble: Emva kokungafihliwa, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka siphawule imibandela yenyaniso echaziwe ngokomthetho kwaye siqinisekise ukuba ezo ngxaki zinye ziyimfuneko na na kwizityholo ezingaphambili okanye ezilindelekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ityala kunye nemiba enqamlezayo: Xa iityala zibhengezwa ngokuphosa, i-state kufuneka iqwalasele ukuba ilock efileyo iyimfuneko ecacileyo yokuthethelela ityala, okanye nokuba ihambo yengtshutshiso yabangela utshintsho oluphosakeleyo, olunokuthi luvale kwakhona phantsi Oregon v. Kennedy[[FL:3]
  • Ukuqonda ulawulo oluziintloko: Ukunikwa umahluko obini wolawulo, isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka silindele ukubandakanyeka korhulumente nasemva kweziganeko zikarhulumente, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya imipu, iziyobisi, okanye urhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi.
  • Ingozi ye-waiver: Nayiphina imvume yokuphelisa izityholo okanye iimvavanyo ezohlukeneyo kufuneka zivavanywe ngocoselelo kwiziphumo zayo kwingozi eziphindiweyo zexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okunyamezelayo Kokuzibeka Engcupheni Okuphindwe Kabini

Igalelo eliphinda-phindiweyo lengozi lihlala lilinye lawona mgaqo-siseko ubalulekileyo wokhuseleko kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuwasebenzisa kakubi amandla akhe okubeka abantu ematyaleni aphindaphindwayo ukuze benze into efanayo. Uphando oluphakanyisiwe apha (ukusuka apha) ku-Ashe v. i-Sunson[ [kuze] kunqanyulwe ukuzama i-imposiso-v. Umthetho u-United States [ [iiiiinyanise] ulwahluzo lwemfundiso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo okuntsonkothileyo. Ngexesha ingeyonke ikhona kwiimeko ezimbaxandulo eziphindiweyo, ukukhusela okungundoqo ekuzameni okudityani okuziweyo nokuzinziwa kwetyala.

Ukufundwa okungakumbi kulo mxholo kubandakanya isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ku-ashe v. Sunson (70), Cornell Information Iqumrhu lolwazi lwezeNkqutyana eziphindwe kabini, kunye neSebe leJaji lezeSigqibo Icebo leMpawulo yeMpaza-Mbali kwimiqathango ephindiweyo .