Umsebenzi kaJury umi njengenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba kuzo urhulumente wabo. Ayiyombopheleleko nje kuphela kodwa lilungelo elisisiseko eliqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokulunga isebenza ngokuvumelana nokubandakanyeka koluntu. Ingcamango yokugwetywa ngabachobi boontanga isukela kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo kwaye ihlala iyilungu ledemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwenkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi, kuquka ukubaluleka kwayo, ukuzikhethela, oko kulindele nokunye ukukungaqondani kwetyala ngabachopheli-tyala kunceda i-demystue ukuba usebenzise le nkqubo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuchitha Inkonzo Yobu Juni

Umsebenzi wecawa ungundoqo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Iquka umgaqo wokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, apho abamangalelwayo bagwetywa liqela labemi abangakhethi buso. Ngaphandle komsebenzi ongundoqo, umsebenzi wejaji usebenza iindima eziliqela ezibalulekileyo eziqinisa impilo yenkqubo yokusesikweni nebutho labantu.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ngentliziyo, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ikhusela amalungelo abamangalelwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni zenziwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kunokuba zenziwe ngamagosa karhulumente kuphela. Olu vavanyo ngokuchasene nabanqolobi luyimfuneko. Abachongi babuhlolisisa ubungqina nobungqina, besebenzisa umgwebo wabo odibeneyo ukufumanisa ukuba banetyala, abanatyala, okanye banecala. Le nkqubo ixhasa ukubekwa kwetyala kwaye inceda ekuthinteleni iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

Ukubandakanya uluntu nemfundo yePhondo

Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kunika abemi amava obuqu enkqubo yokugweba. Kucacisa indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kwaye kukhuthaza uxabiso olunzulu ngomthetho. Abasebenzi badla ngokuvela benolwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabo. Le mfundo yoluntu ixabiseke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi esebenza.

Imbono Engafaniyo

Inkundla yabachopheli-tyala eqatshelwe ngabantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo izisa iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo kwigumbi lokucetyiswa. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zibonakalisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kwaye zilungelelene. Uphando lubonise ukuba iijaji ezahlukahlukeneyo zidla ngokuxubusha ngokucokisekileyo kwaye azinakwenzeka ukuba zingabuhoyi ubungqina obubalulekileyo.

Amanyathelo Aphathelele Amandla Karhulumente

Ngokubandakanya abemi kwizigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala isebenza njenge-check kwigunya labatshutshisi nakulawulo lwezaphula-mthetho.

Inkqubela Yokhetho Lwe Jury

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli bejaji ibizwa ngokuba "yingozi," igama lesiFrentshi elithetha "ukuthetha inyaniso" eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abachopheli bangahlala bengakhethi. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunokukunceda ulungiselele ukuba ubizwa.

Ukufaneleka Nezikhundla

Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, kufuneka ufikelele imigaqo ethile: ukuba ngummi wase-U.S., ubuncinane oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ummi wephondo eligweba ubuncinane unyaka omnye, kwaye akwazi ukufunda, ukubhala, nokuqonda isiNgesi ngobuchule obaneleyo. Kukho iimvume zamaqela athile, njengamalungu omkhosi asebenzayo, amagosa kawonke-wonke, nabantu abakwimeko yezonyango ezithintelayo. Noko ke, iinkundla ezininzi zijonga inkonzo yejaji njengenkonzo yetyala ekufuneka ihlaliswe xa kunokwenzeka.

Izishwankathelo

Abachopheli bejaji abanokuba bafumana isaziso esisemthethweni esifuna ukuba bavele kumsebenzi wenkundla. Esi sindululo siquka iinkcukacha malunga nomhla, ixesha, nendawo yenkonzo. Kubalulekile ukusabela ngokukhawuleza, njengokuba ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kunokuphumela kwisohlwayo, kuquka intlawulo okanye ukudelelwa kwezityholo zenkundla.

Inkcubeko

Ngapha koko, abachopheli-mali basenokucelwa ukuba bagqibe ileta yemibuzo ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba banyaniseke kwaye bangaba nako ukuchanabeka. Le ngxaki iquka iinkcukacha ezisisiseko zabemi, phambi kwenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, kunye nawo nawaphi na amava anokuchaphazela ukungacaluli. Kubalulekile ukuphendula ngokunyanisekileyo, njengokuba iingxelo zobuxoki zikhokelele kwiziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Name

Ngexesha lobubi, amagqwetha amacala omabini abuza abachopheli-mthetho abanokuba ngabachopheli-mthetho ukuba bachaze naluphi na ucalucalulo okanye ungquzulwano lwenzala. Le nkqubo ingathatha iiyure eziliqela usuku lonke, kuxhomekeka kwityala. Kwakhona abagwebi banenxaxheba ngokubuza imibuzo yokuqala kwiqela ngalinye lesizwe. Injongo kukubeka icandelo lomthetho elinokwahlula ityala elisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obunikelwe enkundleni.

Iingxaki Ekukhetheni

Ii-athorney zinokucell ’ umngeni igqiza ngeendlela ezimbini: ukubangela nokuzicinezela. Ucelomngeni lwenziwa xa umgwebi ebonakalisa ikhethe elicacileyo okanye ukungakwazi ukungakhethi buso. Akukho mda kule mingeni. Iingxaki zokucinezela zivumela amagqwetha ukuba agxothe ijaji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, nangona engenakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufana. Icala ngalinye livunyelwa ukuba linikwe inani elilinganiselweyo leengxaki zokuzikhulula.

Oko Umele Ukulindele Xa Ukhonza

Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala ngamava akhethekileyo anokuhlala ukususela kusuku olunye ukusa kwiiveki eziliqela.

Umgangatho ophambili

Xa kunyulwe, abachopheli-mthetho bafakwa baze bafumane imiyalelo evela kumgwebi. Bangaziswa kumatheko, kuquka ummangalelwa, namagqwetha abo. Abameli baza kufungisa ukugqiba ngetyala elisekelwe kubungqina obufanelekileyo. Inkundla isenokumisela imithetho malunga nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, ukuthatha imiyalelo, kunye nokunxibelelana nabanye.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ityala liquka amacandelo aliqela: iintetho zokuvula, ukunikelwa kobungqina, ubungqina obuvela kumangqina, kunye neempikiswano zokuqukumbela. Ngeli xesha, abagwebi bangamaphulaphuli nabaqwalaseli abangenzi nto. Abavunyelwanga ukuxubusha ngetyala nabani na, kuquka nabaququzeleli boogxa babasebenzi bomthetho, de kuqaliswe iingcinga. Imigaqo yokuqulungela iyahluka enkundleni, kodwa abaninzi bayakuvumela. Abaququzeleli kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ngokusondeleyo kubo bonke ubungqina nobungqina.

Isenzo

Emva kokuva ityala nokufumana imiyalelo yokugqibela evela kumgwebi, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala beliqumrhu labo. Oku kulapho ukwenza izigqibo okusebenzayo kwenzeka khona. Abasebenzi kufuneka baxubushe ubungqina, balinganise iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kwaye basebenze kunye ukuze bafikelele isigwebo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sidibane kumatyala amaninzi. Kumazwe amaninzi, abaninzi abafunekayo bangahluka.

Imfihlelo Nokuququzelela

Abagwebi kufuneka bagcine iingxubusho malunga netyala ziyimfihlo de ityala liphele. Kumanye amatyala aphezulu, ijaji ingayalela ukuba igqitywe, ithetha ukuba abagwebi bahlukaniswe kuluntu noondaba ukuqinisekisa ukungacaluli. Oku kunqabile kodwa kunokwenzeka. Inkundla inikela imiyalelo kwihambo ngexesha lokucela uncedo.

Uqokelelo kunye neendawo zokuhlala

Abasebenzi bafumana imbuyekezo encinane ngenkonzo yabo, eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngenkundla. Abagwebi abamanyeneyo bafumana ii-50, ngosuku, ngelixesha iinkundla zikarhulumente zisoloko zihlawula kancinci. Abanye abaqeshi banikela ikhefu elihlawulwayo lomsebenzi wejaji, kodwa oku akufunwa ngumthetho karhulumente. Iinkundla zibonelela ngokuqhelekileyo ukumisa ipatroli okanye inkxaso yezothutho lukawonke-wonke. Kubalulekile ukukhangela nomqeshi wakho malunga nenkqubo yabo. Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo oluneenkcukacha, Intlangano ye-Melikan Bar Association inika isikhokelo esibanzi kwimisebenzi yabachongi abachopheli-mthetho [.

Iingcamango Eziqhelekileyo Ngemisebenzi Yobunyulu

Kukho iimbono eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngokuphathelele umsebenzi wejaji enokubangela ukudideka okanye ukungakufuni ukukhonza.

Intsomi 1: Ukusebenza NgobuJuli Kuyakhetheka

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wokuchophela amatyala ungowokuzithandela okanye unokubanceda bawuphephe lula. Enyanisweni, umsebenzi wabachopheli-tyala yimbopheleleko enyanzelekileyo. Ukusilela ukuvela emva kokuba ubizwe kusenokuphumela kwisohlwayo esisemthethweni esinjengentengo, ukudelelwa kwenkundla, okanye kwanesiqinisekiso sokubanjwa kwakho. Iinkundla ziyabulungiselela indawo yokuhlala ubunzima obusemthethweni, kodwa ukutyeshela nje izicelo akuyomfuneko.

Intsomi 2: Kuphela Ngabantu Abanyuliweyo

Enye intsomi yeyokuba ngabantu abanemvelaphi ethile okanye amanqanaba emfundo kuphela abakhethelwa ukungenela ikomiti yejaji. Enyanisweni, nawuphi na ummi ofanelekileyo unokubizelwa kwimisebenzi yokuchophela ityala. Injongo kukuba nommeli onqamleza icandelo loluntu. Ii-Attorney zingacel ’ umngeni abathile abachongi, kodwa iqumrhu lokuqala lifumaneka ekubhaliseni komvoti nakuluhlu lwephepha-mvume lomqhubi, uqinisekisa ukwahlukahluka okuninzi.

Intsomi 3: Ukukhonza Ebusimini Kudinisa

Abantu abaninzi balindele ukuba umsebenzi wokuchophela ityala uza kuba ngumceli - mngeni kwaye ungabi nanto ilungileyo. Noko ke, izigwebi ezininzi zifumana amava abandakanyekileyo nafundisayo. Iimvavanyo zidla ngokubandakanya ubungqina obubangel ’ umdla nobungqina, kwaye imbopheleleko yokugqiba ngetyala inokuba luncedo. Ngoxa kusenokubakho amaxesha okulinda, ukuba nenxaxheba ngenkuthalo ebudeni bokuvavanywa nokucingisiswa kudla ngokunomvuzo.

Intsomi 4: Abo Bagwebayo Ngamaxesha Onke Basoloko Begqiba Ukuba Netyala Okanye Ukungabi Nanto

Ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba onke amatyala ejaji agqiba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Enyanisweni, amajaji asebenza kwiimeko zamakhaya, apho afumana iimfanelo kunye nomonakalo kwiimbambano phakathi kwamaqela. Umzekelo, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala yasekuhlaleni isenokugqiba enoba inkampani ijongene neziphumo ezingalunganga na, nokuba zityala malini na. Zombini iindidi zejaji zemali ziyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokulawula.

Intsomi 5: Akunakuthethelelwa Ngeengxaki

Bambi abantu bacinga ukuba ayikho indlela yokukhutshwa kwimisebenzi yokuchophela ityala nokuba ibangela ubunzima obuphawulekayo. Ngoxa iinkundla zifuna uncedo, bavumela ukuhlehliswa okanye ukurhoxiswa ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo ezifana nokugula, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela abo balupheleyo, okanye iingxaki zemali. Kufuneka uzicelele ngokubhalwa nokunikezelwa kwamaxwebhu. IiNkundla zisoloko zihlawulisa izicelo ezisengqiqweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba zilungile.

Iintlobo ZeeJuries: Ihobe Elikhulu Nepetit Juries

Kwinkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika, kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zamaqumrhu agweba: amaqumrhu aphezulu agwebayo kunye namaqumrhu ahlasimlisiweyo. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkonzo yokuchophela amatyala.

IGrand Juries

Izigwebo ezinkulu zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asemthethweni ukufumanisa ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokutyhola umtyholi nokuqhubeka nokuvavanywa. Ngokungafaniyo namaqumrhu ejaji aphambili, amagcisa angonyuswayo akagqibi ukuba anetyala okanye akanatyala. Ziquka iijaji ezili-16 ukuya kuma-23 kwaye zidibana ngasese, amaxesha amaninzi kangangethuba elide. Ityala eliphambili liyimfihlo ukukhusela igama elihle lommangalelwa nokukhuthaza amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina ngokukhululekileyo. Amalungu ejaji enkulu aphulaphula ubungqina obunikelwa ngabatshutshisi kunye nevoti yokuba afanele arhoxise ukuba arhoxine ukuba athini na.

Iinsika zepetit

Iijaji eziqulunqiweyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziijaji ezigwebayo, zikwayiloo nto abantu abaninzi bacinga ngayo xa beva "imisebenzi yobulungisa" ezi jaji zidla ngokuquka 6 ukuya kwi-12 abagwebi ababuvayo ubungqina kunye nengxelo ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala baze benze ngabom bafikelele isigqibo. Iijaji eziqulunqa ityala zisetyenziswa kumacala olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo kufuneka sihlangatyelwe kwiinkundla zenkundla zorhulumente nakumazwe amaninzi. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni ezininzi, uninzi lwabemi lungahluka. Abalawuli bejaji abafunekayo basebenza ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, abanokuhlala iinyanga ngeenyanga. [[FLT:] Iziko loburhulumente, iziko loburhulumente kufuneka zinikezele ngoovimba bongezelelwa ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi nkqubo.

Iingxaki Nemivuzo Yenkonzo YobuJuni

Ngoxa umsebenzi wokuchophela ityala uluzuko lwabantu, uhambisana nocelomngeni.

Ukuzibophelela Ngexesha

Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu luzibophelelelo zexesha. Umsebenzi kaJury ungahlala ixesha elide kunokuba kulindelwe, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima. Oku kungaphazamisa umsebenzi, intsapho, kunye nezicwangciso zobuqu. Noko ke, iinkundla ezininzi zizama ukunciphisa iingxaki ngokunikela umhla omnye okanye umatshini wovavanyo, apho usebenza khona usuku olunye okanye uvavanyo olunye. Ukuqonda oku kungakunceda ukuba ucebe ngokufanelekileyo.

Impembelelo Engokweemvakalelo

Ezinye izilingo zibandakanya ubungqina obucacileyo, ubungqina obungokweemvakalelo, okanye amabali achukumisa intliziyo. Oku kunokuba nzima ukukusingatha. Abasebenzi basenokuxinezeleka okanye bahlelwe yimpambano enzima. Kubalulekile ukunyamekela impilo yakho yengqondo. Iinkundla ezininzi zinikela iinkonzo zokucebisa abachopheli-tyala emva kokuvavanywa. Ukuxoxa ngeemvakalelo zakho nabo umthandayo (ngaphandle kokuzifihla) kunokukunceda.

Imivuzo Yenkonzo

Phezu kwazo nje iinzima, inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala inika imivuzo enzulu. Unikela ngokungqalileyo ekuphatheni okusesikweni nokukhusela amalungelo oontanga bakho. Kusenokuba ngamava aphucula ukuqonda kwakho inkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Abachopheli abaninzi banikela ingxelo yolwaneliseko neqhayiso ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwinkqubo ebalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kusenokuba kukuphuncuka kwendlela ozenza ngayo izinto kunye nethuba lokudibana nabantu abahlukahlukeneyo ekuhlaleni.

Amalungelo neembopheleleko

Njengelungu lejaji, unelungelo elithile, elifana nelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphindezeleni ngabaqeshi abasebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Amatyala amaninzi anemithetho ekhusela umsebenzi wakho ngexesha lenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala. Unelungelo lokucela indawo yokuhlala xa unesiphene. Iimbopheleleko ziquka ukulibamba ixesha, ukunikela ingqalelo, nokungakhethi cala. Uze ungaxubushe ngetyala nabani na ongaphandle kwejaji okanye ozenzela uphando. Ukungquzula kusenokukhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye kwiziphumo ezisemthethweni zomgwebi.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi we Jury lilungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokusesikweni enika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuqonda indima yakho, inkqubo yokukhetha, noko ukukulindela kunganceda ukuphelisa amava kwaye kunciphe ixhala. Ngoxa kusenokufuna ixesha nomgudu, ukukwazi ukusebenza njengejaji lilungelo elixhasa ulawulo-lwazi kunye nokulunga. Xa ufumana ithuba lokunikela kwingingqi yakho kunye nenkqubo yokugweba. Xa ufumana izicelo, khumbula ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba nenxaxheba kwakho kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yezo zinto isebenza kubo bonke abantu. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi, jongana noovimba abanikezeli abanikelwa yiU.S. Iinkundla, iZiko zaseMelika zinelungelo lokuxhasa idemokhrasi kunye neNtlalo yenkundla yasekuhlaleni.