Ukwazisa

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ayiyonkqubo yemithetho yolawulo oluphezulu; yindlela ephambili oorhulumente abasingatha ngayo ukungalingani, ukwandisa oovimba, kwaye bachaze imida yamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Izigqibo ezenziwa ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu aphetheyo, neenkundla zowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkundla zomthetho zinesiphumo esingqalileyo nesihlala sihleli kwiziphumo zobulungisa bentlalo-ntle. Ngokusuka kuhlobo lwemali yesikolo exhasa ukufumaneka kwezonyango lwempilo olufikelelekayo, inkqubo kawonke wonke yezonyango, imisela ukuba ngubani ofumana ithuba lokufikelela kwithuba kunye nomntu ojamelana nemiqobo. Abafundi, abafundi, abanogatya, nabaxhasi, baqonda indlela okufuneka ngayo ukusesikweni kwezenziwa kolwazi olusebenzayo ukuze kuxelwe imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu kunye nezobulungisa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, ukulungiselela iprojective, imingeni, imingeni, kunye neenkalo yemeko ebalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingachazwa njengenkqubo yemigaqo kunye nezenzo zangabom ezithathwe liqumrhu likarhulumente ukucombulula iingxaki zikawonke-wonke. Asisosigqibo esinye kodwa sijelo lwezigqibo ezibandakanya ukuphuma kwentengiso . "ezisoloko zibandakanya ukubumba indlela yokuziphatha yamaziko nabantu ngabanye. Inkqubo ibonakalisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo njengemithetho yomthetho, imiyalelo yabalawuli, imimiselo yolawulo, imigaqo yomthetho yomthetho, kunye nolwabiwo-mali. Umiselo lwenkqubo kawonke wonke luphenjelelwa yimeko entsonkothileyo yezixhobo zemidlalo kunye neemeko, eziquka:

  • Uluvo lwePublic kunye noxinzelelo lonyulo: abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo basoloko bephendula kwinkxalabo ezisasazekileyo, ingakumbi ngexesha lonyulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaqela angenisa intsebenziswano kunye nemibutho ebhenelayo: imibutho yeshishini, ukungancedi, kunye neenkqubo zobugcisa zityhalela phambili imithetho elungileyo.
  • iimfundiso zobupolisa kunye namaqonga eqela: Ingqungquthela, ikhululekile, kunye nentanda-bulumko zobuKhangeli ziqhuba umgama odityanisiweyo ukuya kudityaniso kunye nomthetho.
  • Iimeko zezoqoqosho: Ukunyuka, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nokungaxhomekeki kwemali kungenza okanye kuthintele inyathelo lenkqubo.
  • Intshukumo ezingundoqo kunye neziqhubi zengca ezikwisixhobo sokulinganisa isantya: Iphulo elinjenge Black Live Confe tter okanye Umlo we $15 yeR1,ye yanyanzelisa utshintsho lwenkqubo ngokutshintsha kwentetho kawonke-wonke.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo yendalo linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda isizathu sokuba ezinye iimbambano zokusesikweni zifumane iimpendulo eziqatha zemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ngoxa ezinye zityhafile.

Indima Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke Kubulungisa Bentlalo

Isigwebo soluntu sibhekiselele kulwabelo olulungileyo nolulinganayo lobutyebi, amathuba, namalungelo kwibutho labantu. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingenza njengesixhobo somgangatho [[FLT: 0] esinciphisa umahluko wesixokelelwano okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, njengesixhobo sokunyanzelisa esinento yokwenza nento ekhoyo.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho ejolise ekunciphiseni ukungalingani: ikhowudi yerhafu eqhubekekayo, iminatha yokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nemimiselo echasene nokonakalisa iinqobo zizixhobo zenkqubo ezithi zijolise kwixhoba elingumahluko ngqo.
  • Imithetho ekhusela uluntu olucekeceke ngokwemida: imithetho yezobulungisa bokusingqongileyo, ihlala imithetho elwa nocalucalulo, kunye namalungelo okuvota konke kuwela phantsi kwalo didi.
  • Ukusungulela iinkqubo zoluntu:[[[FT:1] izigqibo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali malunga nemfundo kawonke-wonke, ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yezonyango, kunye notyalo-mali lwezibonelelo luye lwaneziphumo eziphezulu kwingeniso ephantsi kunye nabemi abambalwa.
  • Unyanzeliso lwamalungelo abemi: Ukuphumelela kwemigaqo-nkqubo efana namaMelika anesiphene soMthetho kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokwenza unyanzelo olunzima, olunokwahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kolawulo.

Ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kukuba inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingavelisa iziphumo zentlalo zetyala elingekho mgaqweni . Umzekelo, iinkqubo zezero-lero-ethe-etheraniki ze-protoliki, nangona zenzelwe ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, zichaphazele ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto imimandla yemibala kwaye zinegalelo ekuvalweni kwentlupheko. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ecwangciselwe ukugcina amaxabiso empahla ekhutshelwe ngaphandle kwengeniso ephantsi, inyusa ukudityaniswa kwezizwe kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda zombini ezicetyiweyo neziphumo ezingenakuchazwa kubalulekile ekuqululeni iziphumo zenkqubo.

Imibandela Engundoqo Yezobulungisa Bentlalo Iphenjelelwa Ngumgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Ukungalingani Okungenayo

Ukungalingani kwemali efunyenweyo kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba elingokwembali kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili, kunye ne-1% ethabathela phambili isahlulo sobutyebi besizwe. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke iphembelela oku ngezakhiwo zerhafu (ukuqhubekeka kwerhafu, ukuphinde iphinde isetyenziswe), imithetho encinane yemivuzo, ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zokufuduswa kwentsebenziswano kunye nenkxaso yokutya. Inkqeqesho enconywayo yerhafu yerhafu [[[FLT] [FLT]] eUnited States, ngokomzekelo, iboniswe ukuba inyusa izigidi zeentsapho ezisebenzayo ziphuma ebuhlweni nyaka ngamnye, ngoxa imivuzo engaphantsi kwemali yesizwe inciphisa imidathamo yokunga. Ngokuchaseneyo okanye ukuthelekisa irhafuthelo ephezulu ephezulu eUnited States.

Ukufumaneka konyango

Ukufikelela kwinkxalabo yezempilo kumthetho ongundoqo wentlalo kuba iziphumo zempilo zinxulumene ngokunzulu nobume bezoqoqosho, uhlanga, kunye nobume belizwe. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke imisela enoba i-inshorensi yempilo inxulumene nomsebenzi, nokuba ukhetho lukawonke wonke lukhona, nendlela amayeza kagqirha athengwa ngayo. UMthetho weNdlela yokunyamekela intlalo-ntle (ACA)[FLT] [iiiii-Melika] ithelekisa malunga nama-20 ezigidi ngokwe-Medicaid i-inshorensidensie, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokokuba ithenjiswa kwelo yalahliswa. Ngaphezu koko, imigaqo exhasa amaziko ezempilo kunye neekliniki-gliniki-yomfonttafileyo

Imfundo

Inkqubo yokufundisa kawonke-wonke ilawula umahluko ekuxhaseni iinkonzo zesikolo, umgangatho wokufundisa, ukunikela, kunye noqheliselo lokuqeqesha. Ukuthembela kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni ukuxhasa izikolo zephondo ezityebileyo kuthetha ukuba abantwana abakwizikolo ezityebileyo bafumana ubuncwane obungaphezulu kakhulu kunabo bakumazwe angamahlwempu .Amgaqo obonisa ukuba iinkundla zisoloko zifumana ukungavumelani kwemiqathango kwezinye iindawo. Imigaqo efana imiyalelo yemfundo yemali yemali, iSihlomelo I sokulondoloza (kwezezikolo eziphezulu), kunye nokuvala inyathelo ekholejini lokuya kwabelwa zonke zizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukuthetha ngemfundo yemfundo ekhoyo. Imibutho yakutshanje ukuphelisa amatyala kunye nokwandisa inkxaso-mali yemfundo yemfundo eekholejini-Blase-Alls (HCU)

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

Inkqubo yomthetho elawulayo eUnited States ingunobangela wezenzo zobulungisa bentlalo-ntle yobulungisa obulawulayo kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke zilolonga yonke into kwimisebenzi yobupolisa (umz., misa-furisk, imiyalelo) ukugweba izikhokelo (iiinqanathi ezincinane ezikhoyo, iintambo ezintathu zemithetho yentlalo) kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela umva. Izichasi zakutshanje zifana ne- Imithetho yomthetho ye-odoli-oProliti egqithisiweyo] idlule ngo-2018181818/16] ihlise izigwebo ezisezantsi nezikhutshiweyo. Umgangatho wobunjani, kuquka ukuhla komfako lwemali ephantsi komngxube-o-o-o-omngxristrist, ukurhoxiswa kwemigxeko ye-omatiswa kwemali.

Izindlu Nobulungisa Bemeko - bume

Apho abantu bahlala khona bamisela ukufikelela kwabo kumoya ococekileyo, amanzi acocekileyo okusela, izikolo ezisemgangathweni, kunye namathuba emisebenzi. Inkqubo yoluntu yembali esungulweyo kunye nokukhuthazwa kokwahlulwa kwemibutho yokuhlala ngokutsha, ngokwendawo yokuzimela, kunye nezenzo zokubolekisa nge-odola. Iinkqubo ze-Contemporary thisting Inters yeNkqutyana-engamela-yo-Indawo ecocekileyo] Ityala lerhafu-Rhouse [[FLT] [[FLT]] kunye nomthetho ofanelekileyo wezindlu olungele ukuphelisa ezi ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho yokusimo ye-mthetho (umz., i-Coc Eac Ective Acts) ifuna ukuthinte izakhiwo zamaziko okungcolisa imibala esezantsi kwimibango-ontareyi yentlekele kunye nokuchitha intlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Inkqubo yophuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Isiseko sobomi somgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke sibandakanya amaqondo aliqela okusebenzisa i-afriti, ngalinye linika amathuba nemiqobo kubameli bobulungisa bentlalo:

  1. I-Idefication kunye neSicwangciso se-Agenda: Imbambano kufuneka ifumane ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunye nezobupolitika. Intlalo, ukupapashwa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, kunye nokungqinwa kwingcali kunganyanzela ingxaki kucwangciso lwenkqubo. Umzekelo, ingxaki ye-opiyoid yatyeshelwa ixesha elide de abaxhasi kunye neengcali zezonyango bayiphakamise ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwelo lizwe.
  2. Ulungiso-mthetho lwamapolisa: Abaxhasi bavelisa izisombululo ezinokwenzeka /iindleko zesihlenga, iimiyalelo zolawulo, okanye izicelo zolawulo. Eli qonga liphenjelelwa kakhulu ziinkanunu, ii-arhente, nabasebenzi bemithetho-mthetho. Abameli bezobulungisa boluntu kufuneka bazise ugcino-lwazi, ubuchule bomthetho, kunye namazwi oluntu ukubumba ezi zicelo.
  3. Ukwamkelwa Kwabanye Abachokotholisile: Umzimba owenza isigqibo (umz., iNgqungquthela, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, ibhunga lesixeko, okanye umbutho wolawulo) zivota okanye zivunywe inkqubo. Amandla ezobupolitika, ulawulo lweqela, kunye noxinzelelo lwenzala lugqibelele. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkqubo zithathwa ngokwezinyathelo zomvoti ngqo.
  4. Ufako: amasebe kaRhulumente aguqulela inkqubo kwisenzo, imimiselo yokubhala, ukwenza iinkqubo, kunye nokusasaza iimali. Izithuba zokulinganisela ziqhelekile. /Iindawo ezicwangciselwe ukukhuthaza uqulunqo zingasilela ukuba abameli abanawo amandla, umnqweno wezobupolitika, okanye ukuphendula.
  5. I- Ulwandiso kunye noHlelo: I-Pricies zithelekelelwa ukuze zisebenze, zihlawule, zihlawule, zize ziphumele kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Uhlolo lungakhokelela ekuzihlaziyeni, kulwandiso, okanye ekuphindeni. Abameli bentlalo basoloko besebenzisa uvavanyo ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisa okunamandla okanye ukugquma.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okungenelela kwezona ndawo zibalulekileyo, njengokunikela amagqabaza kawonke - wonke xa kuwiswa imithetho okanye ukunikela ubungqina kwityala lemithetho.

Ucelomngeni Kumgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke Nakubulungisa Bentlalo

Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ezimiseleyo ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ubulungisa

  • Ukwenziwa ncam kunye nokubekwa kwemigca: Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezahlulelene ngokunzulu, kwanamanyathelo axhaswe ngokubanzi njengotshintsho lobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho anokunqandwa kangangeminyaka. Ukungavumelani ngendima karhulumente kukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezigqwethayo kulawulo nakumazwe.
  • Imithombo ethintelayo kunye neendawo zorhwebo: Oorhulumente kufuneka balungelelanise izinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo. Ukuxheba ngeenkqubo zoluntu kusoloko kukhuphisana nokhuseleko, izibonelelo, kunye nenkonzo yamatyala. Umlinganiselo wobungcathu ungakhupha iinkqubo ezifunekayo ukunciphisa ukungalingani.
  • Ukungaphumeleli kokuphumelela kunye nokuchasa kobudoda: Abalawuli bomphambili bangaxhathisa imiyalelo emitsha, ukungaqeqeshwa okufunekayo, okanye ukubuyela emva kwimiqathango emidala. Oku kuyingxaki enkulu kwimigaqo ejolise ekujoliswe kuyo ucalucalulo, apho inkcubeko kufuneka itshintshe khona.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iphepha logcino-lwazi kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa: Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi olunokuthenjwa (ngohlanga, ingeniso, ubufana-manani, i-gnomean), kunzima ukufanisa umahluko okanye ifuthe lenkqubo. Inkxalabo yokwahlukanisa kunye nenkcaso yezobupolitika zingathintela imigudu yokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izithintelo ze-judicicial:[ Iinkundla zingabetha okanye zinciphe ngemigaqo-nkqubo ngeengxaki zomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zamalungelo okuvota, uvumo, nokuqhomfa ziguqule kakhulu imigaqo-mthetho yentlalo.
  • Ukuqonda okukhoyo kunye nokungaqiniseki: abemi abaninzi abayazi indlela inkqubo echaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla, okanye ababufumani ubuncwane bokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo. Umvoti ujika kwingingqi yonyulo uthetha ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo zisoloko zenziwa ziqhekezana, ezinganikwa mgaqo-mali wabemi.

Ukoyisa ezi ngxaki kufuna ukwakhiwa kombutho oqinileyo, ubuchule bokulungisa, amaphulo okugcina ulwazi, kunye nokulungelelanisa iingca ezingca. Akukho ndlela inye eyaneleyo; inkqubela ifuna ukuganana okukwimigangatho emininzi.

Uphando lwemiba yomgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente oluphembelela uLuntu

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

ISivumelwano samaLungelo saManyano sihlala singomnye weyona mithetho iguqulayo yomthetho wezentlalo eMerika. Salugweba ucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Isenzo savela kwiminyaka yomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Isenzo savela kwi-Activaism (ukungamatshi eWashington, ukuhlala eWashington, inkululeko ehamba-ntwe, ehamba-hamba-hamba-hamba , yaye inyanzelelwa kwiNgqungquthela nguMongameli Lyndon B. Ukusetyenziswa kweminqola yezopoliti yesizwe.

ISebe linika inkxaso-mali

Ityikitywe kumthetho ngo-2010, iACA ejolise ekunciphiseni inani labantu abangenayo imvume yokusebenza kunye nokuphucula ubunjani kunye nokukwazi ukunyamekela impilo. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka isigunya somntu ngamnye, ukwenziwa kwentengiso ye-inshorensi yempilo, ulwandiso lweMedicaid (ekuqaleni lucetyo lweziko, kamva lwenziwe ngokungakhethiyo ngesigqibo senkundla), kunye nokhuseleko kubantu abanemeko ezikhoyo. Umthetho ukunciphisa kakhulu izithuba zobuhlanga kunye nengeniso: ngo-2016, umyingeno-mkhamo ongakhuselwayo phakathi kwamaMerika eMlaneka wawa ngesiqingatha. Sekunjalo, isigqibo seNkuNQuluko eliPhaka kwi [FLT:] nj B.[FLT][FLY] [FFLD1] . [20202]

Ulwando lwemali oluncinci lwephondo

Umzekelo, imfazwe yentshukumo ekhawulezayo kunye nemibutho esebenzayo elawula ukulingana kwengeniso. Ngoxa umvuzo omncinci karhulumente uye wahlala ku-$7.25 ngeyure ukususela ngo-2009, amazwe amaninzi kunye nezixeko ziye zamisela isantya sazo esiphezulu, ngokufuthi zilandela amaphulo eengcambu. Umkhosi, imfazwe yokulwa isantya sokutya, ekhokelwa ngabasebenzi abakhawulezayo kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi, iphumele ngokunempumelelo kwimivuzo engaphantsi kwe-$5 (R1 000) kumazwe anjengeKhalithalifoni, New York, kunye neMassachusetts. Uphando olusuka kwixabiso lwe-Economic Institute yoMpul ye-omility [[ lubonisa ukuba ukwanda okugqithisileyo komdlalo, abantu abaphakathiweyo, abaphakanyi abaphakanyi bemisebenzi esezantsi. Kodwa abachasana abanokunyusa intluphendulo yemali, iziphumo ezidityani, kunye nemeko yoqoqo yezoqoqosho, kunye neyo.

Ukuguquka Kwezobulungisa

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-bipartisan idibene nemfuneko yokulungisa isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, iqhutywa yinkxalabo ngokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukuqhekeka kobuhlanga, kunye nexabiso lemali. Inyathelo lokuqala I-Actstyle inciphisa ezinye izigwebo ezifunekayo zezenzo ezingezobugrobha, zandisa “i-valve-bugrafizi-goyi" kubaphungu, kwandisa i-ethenting'a, kwaye zaphucula iinkonzo zobuhlanga. Kumgangatho wezwe, i-California’Pronti 47 (i-1914 i-premiglatiessssss, ikhokelela ekunciphiseni inani labemi basento evalelweyo kwaye ithumela ingeniso kwinkqubo yolungiso-mthetho, ngokunjalo, ngokunjalo, i-Jersey kunye namanye amazwe athenwa kakhulu abonakalisa iinkonzo ezisetyenziswayo, awona amanqaku abantu abangakwazi ukuhlawula ukuhlawula.[F.[Foctivectives][2][5]

Isiphelo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ingumthetho okhuselwe kabini ekuphunyezweni kobulungisa bentlalo. Xa yenziwe ngokulinganayo engqondweni, ingasusa imiqobo, isasaze amathuba, ikhusele ababuthathaka. Xa ibunjwe zizinto ezinamandla okanye iimbono ezibuthathaka, isenokuqinisa ukungalingani kunye nokungabi nabulungisa. Imizekelo ebalaselelwe ngaphezulu kwe-("iMithetho yamaLungelo kaWonk ’ Azimeleyo) ukuthatha imirhumo-onqathe. /Iindlela yokuba inkqubo itshintshe, kodwa ifuna ukuqhubekeka kobugxwayiba, ukuyila kobungqina obusekelwe kwisiseko, kunye nokuphumelela okunamandla. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabaxhasi, isifundo sicacile: ukuqonda inkqubo kunye nokusebenza nayo kwisigaba ngasinye sokhupho-clo kwaye ukungqina ukuba ukulungele ukwenziwa nokugcinwa kolawulo. Imithetho yentlalo ayimeleki into eyenzeka ngokwemvelo; iyakhuselwa, kwaye iyanwenwa ngomgaqo-mthetho womsebenzi wasekuhlaleni.

Kufundo olubhekele phaya, ubuchule bokwenza uphando kwi i-Institutions malunga nokungalingani kwentlalo, U.S. Centification Bureau yengeniso yobunganiselo bedata[, kunye