Amaziko okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho akwisiseko sesivumelwano sentlalo, anikwe imbopheleleko enkulu yokulondoloza ucwangco, ukumisa imimiselo engokwasemthethweni, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kubafundi bezomthetho nabathembisi-mthetho, beqonda imisebenzi ecacileyo yala masebe, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza incoko eluncedo ngokhuseleko, okusesikweni, nokuphendula. Eli nqaku linikela ulwazi olufundisayo ngesakhiwo, imisebenzi, imingeni, kunye nokuguquka kobume bomthetho eUnited States, ukuchaza ngokuphandle ngendlela ecacileyo

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Ngokwembali

Umzekelo wonyanzelo lomthetho oqhelekileyo namhlanje awuzange uvele ngokupheleleyo. Imigaqo yangaphambili yomkhosi wamapolisa waseMerika yaphenjelelwa kakhulu yinkqubo yamaNgesi, ixhomekeke kubalindi nakumapolisa kwinkulungwane ye-17 neye-18. Umkhosi wokuqala wamapolisa wangoku unconywa ngokubanzi kuSir Robert Peel, owaseka i-London Metropolitan politan politan police ngo1829. Imigaqo ye-Prolication, eyagxininisa ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho njengosukelo olungundoqo kwaye ifuna amapolisa ukuba alondoloze ulwalamano noluntu olwakhelwe , eyaba yisiseko sentandabulumko sale mihla yeNtshona Ntshona.[FLT]

I-United States yalandela, imisela amasebe angoogcisa kwizixeko ezikhulu njengaseNew York (1845) kunye neBoston (1838). Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 kwabonakala ukunyuka kwexesha lezobupolitika, kulandelwa lixesha lengcali okanye lenkqubo yotshintsho, lixhaswa ngamanani afana noAgasti Vollmer no-W. Wilson. Eli xesha lotshintsho lagxininisa ubuchule, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa, njengonomathotholo kunye nenqwelo-moto. Ingxaki enkulu yale thuba yayikukuqhekeka kwamapolisa kunye noluntu ababesebenza kulo. Ixesha langoku, ekuqaleni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, liye lachazwa yi-communityism [[FLD:] [FLD], i-octivelkism, i-octive translate translated transport, kunye noographtivel, kunye noographic, ink, ink-ethentiethel, ink

Ulawulo Lomthetho WaseUnited States

IUnited States iqhuba inkqubo elungeleleneyo nengahlukenenga, enamasebe angaphezu kwe-18 000 kumgangatho worhulumente, wephondo, nowasekuhlaleni.

Ingxakeko yomanyano

Amasebe asebenza phantsi kweSebe loBululamiso lase-U.S. (DOJ) kunye neSebe loKhuseleko lweHomeland (DHS). ISebe loManyano loKhuseleko loKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo-ntle (FBI) likhokela kukhuseleko lwesizwe kwaye lihlola ububanzi bolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe. I-Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA) inyanzelisa imithetho yemiqathango yezotywala. Isebe loKhuselo lotywala, iDathod, iDaktom, i-Fircohovings kunye ne-Exlopoves (ATF) zilawula izixhobo zezixhobo kunye nokhuselo olunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkonzo ye-RG. Inkonzo ye-Rhashtals (USMS) ilawula imisebenzi yokhuseleko neyongamele i-U.

Ingxamiseko kaRhulumente

Amasebe amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, njenge-Iradio Highway Patrol okanye iSebe leTexas loKhuseleko lwamaPhoyisa, asoloko ejolise kumaziko asekuhlaleni akhuselekile eenqwelo-moya.

Amapolisa namagosa

Amasebe amapolisa kaMasipala neeofisi zephondo zamagosa aphezulu agunyazisa abasebenzi abafungele ukugcinwa komthetho. Amapolisa kaMasipala ajongene nezixeko needolophu ezidityanisiweyo. Amagosa aseluqinweni adla ngokunyulwa ngamagosa akwimimandla engadityaniswanga, ukusebenza kwentolongo yengingqi, nokubonelela ukhuseleko kwinkqubo yokulawula i-ofisi eMelika.

Imisebenzi Yemisebenzi Yekora Yekhorali: Ide Enzulu

Umsebenzi wemini yonke wonyanzelo lomthetho wahlukile kwaye unzima, wandisa ngaphaya kokusukela nokudubula okuboniswa kumajelo eendaba athandwayo. Uxanduva oluphambili lungaphulwa lube yindawo ezininzi ezisebenzayo.

Inkcitho Enamandla Nesenzo Esibonakalayo

Patrol isiseko samathambo amapolisa. Injongo ephambili kukugcina ubukho obubonakalayo ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubonelela ngengqiqo yokhuseleko loluntu, kwaye ibangela ukuba kungenelwe ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezimaxongo. Uphando lokuphumelela komkhosi ongakhethiyo luxutywe, lukhokelela kwimodeli yeqonga njenge i-politiki eqhotyoshekileyo , egxininisa ubuncwane kwiindawo ezincinci apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luxinene kakhulu khona. Le ndlela yogcino-data-drive ingundoqo wesixhobo sokugada i-gada.

Uphando Nenkcazelo Ecacileyo

Uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho lusebenza ngokubhekiselele kubuchule bobugcisa kunye nenkqubo yobuchule. Abafumani abanobuchule kwiintlobo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinjengokubulala, ukuphanga, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezezimali. Inkqubo yophando iqala ngempendulo yokuqala yokugada, ukukhusela umboniso, ukuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, nokuncina kwamangqina. Izinga elicacileyo, okanye ipesenti yolwaphulo-mthetho oluxeliweyo oluphumela ekubanjweni, lunzima kodwa lunesiphene. I-FBI I-FI Intestent-eting-S Ecencessss (NIBRS) ibonakalisa ukucaca kwexabiso logcino-lwazi, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo olufana nolwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo olufana nolwaphulo-mthetho olunexabiso oluphakathi kwempahla. [FLG.G.G.5.5.5.S.S.5.S.S.

Ukhuthuzo loshishino lwezithuthi nokhuseleko

Ukunyanzeliswa kwezithuthi zezithuthi yenye yezona ndawo ziqhelekileyo zokunxibelelana phakathi kwabemi kunye namapolisa. Lo msebenzi ujolise ekunciphiseni iingozi nokufa ngokumisa imithetho yeetrafi, ukuphanda ukungqubana, nokuphendula kwiimeko eziyingozi. Ukubekwa kwemiqathango yetrafi ngummandla omkhulu wengxoxo kawonke-wonke, njengoko i-data isoloko ibonisa umahluko phakathi kwemilinganiselo yobuhlanga apho kumiswa khona nokuphengululwa. Amaziko amaninzi ngoku ayamkela ubulungisa bomgaqo-mthetho womgaqo-mgaqo-mvume [[FLT: 1]]

Ulungelelwaniso Lokulondoloza Nokugcina Uxolo

Inxenye ebalulekileyo yosuku lomphathi ibandakanya ukulungiswa kocwangco, /ukuhambisana nokusetyenziswa kwengxolo, ukulawula inkathazo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphelisa iingxabano ezincinci. Ingcamango ye-Windows ebotshelelweyo, eyathi yaphikisa ngamandla iziphazamiso zamapolisa ezincinane ingaluthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, iphembelela ngamandla lo msebenzi wonyaka wama-1990 kunye nama 2000. Namhlanje, amasebe amaninzi alungisa le ndlela, esebenzisa ulwazi kwiziphumo ezithethsa inkathazo kunokuba asebenzise iindlela zokuhlasela ezinokuphazamisana namapolisa.

Ukungenelela nentsabelo yengxamiseko

Amapolisa adla ngokuphendula kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo, iimeko ezibandakanya ukungabi namakhaya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamanzi. Oku kuye kwakhuthaza ukukhula [ku- kwe-Crissis Internation Amaqela (CIT), amagosa ololiwe aphelisa ukugula kwengqondo, abandakanya abantu abagula ngengqondo kunye nokunxulumana nabo ngeenkonzo ezifanelekileyo kunokubamba. Imodeli ye-conex, apho i-klinikian idityaniswe negosa, imela uqheliselo olungcono lokusingatha ezi mcebeko zenkonzo.

Izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo zobuxhakaxhaka kumthetho wanamhlanje

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha kakhulu ukugcinwa komthetho, bunika izixhobo ezintsha ezinamandla zokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha elinye ngoxa buphakamisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni nemibuzo engokokuziphatha. Imisebenzi yobugcisa esebenzayo ingenza ubuchule, ukuphendula ityala kunye nokhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi luphucule.

Ukwenziwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili

Inkqubo yeCompStat, eyahlaziywa liSebe lamapolisa laseNew York kwiminyaka yee-1990, iguquliwe, ityala ngokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lolwaphulo-mthetho olufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukukhokelwa koovimba. Namhlanje, amanani aqikelelwayo asetyenziswa ekuchazeni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwembali ukuze kubonwe apho kwaye xa kunokwenzeka. Abaxhasi baphikisa ezi zixhobo bavumela ukuba zifumane izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo, ngelixa abagxeki bephakamisa inkxalabo yokungaguquguquki kwemithetho-algorictis kuluntu olusweleyo. I-RANDRP, kunye neminye imibutho iye yapapasha upha uphando olunzulu ngempumelelo kunye nokulungako kwezi zixhobo.

Ikhamera-yomzimba noxanduva

Iikhamera zomzimba (iiBWC) zamkelwe ngokukhawuleza njengesixhobo sokwandisa ukubonakala ngaphaya nokuphendula. Uphando, kuquka uphando, oluxhaswe yi- Bureau yeJaji I-Active Compunity-Worn Camera Hardt, lubonisa ukuba i-BWC inciphisa izikhalazo zabemi kwaye isebenzisa iziganeko ze-octive, nangona iziphumo zahluka ngokweziko nangokwenkqubo. BWC inika ubungqina obubalulekileyo kwingxengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nophando lwangaphakathi.

Izixhobo zoNcinano Eziqhubela phambili

Ubugcisa be-forensic buhambe ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubo yesalathisi se-DNA (CODIS) edityanisiweyo ivumela abaphengululi ukuba banxulumanise ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiimeko ezingaphaya. Ubuchule bomnwe wophawu lwe-Identifish (AFIS) buye basebenzisa uhlalutyo loshicilelo lwamaza eenkwenkwezi kunye nobuchule bokuhlola i-ethel benkqubo ye-enkqubo ye-el-ovenscs ngoku zizinto eziqhelekileyo ekuphengululeni, ukukhupha ubuninzi obuninzi bogcino-data kwiimfono nee-cellalmmeters. Ubuchnobo obuncinane obubulalayo, obufana nezixhobo eziqhutywa ngezixhobo zamandla (umz. Tas), kunye nama-mmmm-match-match angaphantsi kakhulu, zinika abasebenzi abasebenzi abanokukhetha okusebenza phakathi kwemiyalelo kunye namandla abulalayo.

Ucelomngeni Nezigxeko Zangexesha

Namhlanje, amaziko okunyanzelisa imithetho ajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi oluvavanya amandla awo okusebenza, ukuma kwawo, nokukwazi kwawo ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwentlalo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze kufundwe ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wamapolisa.

Ukukholosa Ngoluntu, Umthetho Nobulungisa Bemvelo

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo ejongene nokugcinwa komthetho yingxaki yokuthembana nomthetho, ingakumbi kuluntu olunombala. Iziganeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo ziye zaphelisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Uphando lukaNjingalwazi Tom Tyler lumisele iprocedrouture contration short ingcamango yokuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokujongwa kobuntu ngentlonelo kokusemthethweni, kwaye isiseko somsebenzi wezopolitiliti. Imisebenzi ifaka imali ekuqeqesheni nasekuphuculeni ukubonakala, ukungakhetheli, kunye nelizwi ngexesha lonxulumano lwamapolisa, lixhaswe ngoo oovimba bePGenecrectal [FLT]]

Ukuzigcina Usemzimbeni, Ukuzibhokoxa Nokusebenza Kakuhle

Amasebe amaninzi ajongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekufumaneni nasekugcineni amagosa afanelekayo. Intengiso yangoku yomsebenzi, uphando lwezixhobo zethematika, kunye noxinezeleko lomsebenzi, kuquka ifuthe lesifo se-COVID-19 kulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, iye yafak ’ isandla ekuncipheni kwezicelo. Intsebenziswano yegosa iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili, ijongene neenkqubo zokuthetha ngempilo yengqondo, ubuchule bomzimba, kunye nonxunguphamo olunxulunyaniswa nokuchachane nokhuthuko oluphindaphindiweyo. Ukwakha umsebenzi obonisa ukwahluka kobuntlukwano lwabantu lukwalucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukuntsonkotha Kolwaphulo - mthetho Lwanamhlanje

Umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho uye waba ntsonkothe ngakumbi. ICybercrime, esukela kwiinkcitho zentlawulelo ukuya kwi-intanethi yorhwebo lwemali kunye nokurhwebelana, inika iingxaki zolawulo kunye nobugcisa ezibangela ukuba imizekelo engokwelifa lophando ilwenzeke ukuzama ukuyithetha. Ukudityaniswa kolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi kunye nezinye iziyobisi ezitshintshwayo kufuna imigangatho ephakamileyo yokungahambelani kunye nokusebenzisana kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Impilo Yengqondo Nenkqubo Yokhuseleko

Amapolisa asoloko ecelwa ukuba enze njengabasebenzi bempilo yengqondo kunye nabasebenzi benkonzo yentlalo, indima abaninzi abangaqeqeshwanga ngayo ngokukhethekileyo. Ukunqongophala kweminatha yokhuseleko olunamandla kuthetha ukuba amagosa angagqibekanga kubaphulaphuli-mthetho abangenamakhaya, abakhotyoki, nabagula ngengqondo. Oku kuqhekezwa kweengxaki zentlalo ngumthwalo onzima kubanyanzeli bomthetho yaye ngokufuthi abasebenzi ababandakanyekileyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwemikhombathazo ekhethekileyo, njengokuthumela abasebenzi benkqeqesho-mzamzamza-mali abangaxhobiwe kwiminxele ethile engekho zixhobo, kumela indaleko ebalulekileyo kwindalo yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu

IPhondo loLuntu aliyonkqubo nje; yintanda-bulumko exhasa ukuphuhliswa kwenguqulelo yombutho ukukhuthaza ubudlelane kunye nengxaki eqhubekayo phakathi kwamapolisa noluntu. Isekelwe kulwazi lokuba amapolisa akanakuba ngabagcini bocwangco kuphela kwaye anembopheleleko esisiseko yokubonakalisa amaxabiso oluntu abalukhonzayo.

Isiseko Esibunzululwazi

Isiseko somsebenzi wobupolisa basekuhlaleni sibandakanya ukusungula ubudlelane, ukubandakanyeka kwingxaki (ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa imodeli yaseSARA: ukuvavanya, uhlalutyo, ukuphendula, ukuququzelela intlangano ukuxhasa le misebenzi. Ulawulo lwezibonelelo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuzinikela okude ukusuka kukhokelo lwezibonelelo kunye nokukulungela ukugunyazisa abaphathi kunye namalungu oluntu ukuncedisana nokucombulula iingxaki zasekuhlaleni. Iofisi yeNkonzo ye-CUMFOPS (iofisi ye-COPS) e-omatika-omati ( phakathi kolawulo lwe-DOJ inika inkxaso, uqeqesho, uqeqesho, kunye noncedo lobugcisa ukuxhasa ezi migudu ukutyhubela iUnited States.

Imizekelo yokupapashwa koqhagamshelwano esebenzayo

Iinkqubo zamapolisa ezisebenzayo ziquka iintlanganiso ezithi zifakwe rhoqo kwimipu apho abemi balapho banokubeka izinto eziza kuqala kumapolisa, amapolisa abemi afundisa uluntu ngemisebenzi yamapolisa, kunye neenkqubo zamatsha - ntliziyo ezixhobisa ubuchule babemi bemisebenzi enganyanzeliswanga. Ezi zindululo zakha ikomkhulu lentlalo-ntle kwaye zidala iinkqubo zokulawula intlalo-ntle ezinamandla zokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokususa kwijoni elijongene neliso elisezingqondweni zokhuseleko, amapolisa asekuhlaleni azama ukuvuselela ibhulorho phakathi komthetho noluntu.

Indlela Yokufundisa Eya Kumsebenzi Womthetho Onyanzelisa Igunya

Iimfuno ezibekwa kumagosa asebenza ngomthetho wanamhlanje zifuna ulwazi olunzulu namandla okucinga achuliweyo angaphaya kokuqeqeshwa kwesithethe semfundo.

Uqeqesho lweklasi kunye nemfundo ekwinkonzo

Bonke abaqeshwa bafumana uqeqesho olunzulu kwisikolo samapolisa esigunyazisiweyo okanye esinemibutho esetyenziswa yiqumrhu. Olu qeqesho lugquma umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iindlela zokukhusela, imipu, ukuqhuba ngengozi, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngokwandayo, amaziko anikezela iiyure ezithe ngqo ekususeni isantya, uqeqesho olucacileyo lwengxuba-ngxwaba, ungenelelo olucacileyo, ungenelelo oluphezulu, kunye nobuchule bonxibelelwano. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho oluphezulu olusentsimini zibalulekile ekuguquleleni ulwazi lwemfundo lwemfundo kwilizwe lokwenyani phantsi kokhokelo lwabaphathi basentsimi (FTOs).

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ephakamileyo

Kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nexabiso leqondo lamapolisa kwikholeji. Ngoxa abameli abaninzi befuna idiploma yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kuphela, iqumrhu elikhulayo lophando licebisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwemfundo ephezulu nokusetyenziswa kwegunya eliphezulu, izikhalazo ezimbalwa zabemi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingcono. Iinkqubo zezomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inzululwazi yengqondo, kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke zinika isiseko esifanelekileyo. [[FLT: 0] Umkhosi we-Motalism [umkhosi we-Prentellictic Polisticise Finalment Report uncomela ngamandla ukuba abameli bakhuthaze ukuphumelela kwemfundo yabaphathi babo.

Isiphelo: Kulwazi Lwekamva Oluneengcali Nelunokuphendula

Oku kuqonda okuphambili ngomsebenzi wabanyanzeli bomthetho kubonisa ukuba ukusebenza kwamapolisa ngokunempumelelo kukuzama okuntsonkothileyo, okufuna inkathalo, nokusoloko kulungisa. Ukusuka kwiziseko zembali ezibekwe nguMhlekazi Robert Peel ukuya kucelomngeni lwangoku lokujongwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokuthembana kwebutho labantu, ugunyaziso olungundoqo luhlala lufanayo: ukukhusela abantu ngokudityaniswa komthetho, inkonzo, kunye nomanyano.

Ikamva lokunyanzeliswa komthetho liza kuxonxwa kukugxininiswa okuqhubekayo komsebenzi, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa. Imisebenzi engenisa imfundo kunye nokulunga kwabaphathi babo, ukwakha ubudlelane obuyinyani nabantu abakhonzayo, nokunamathela kwimigaqo yokulawula imigaqo yomthetho yesizwe iya kuba yeyona ifanelekileyo ukuhlangabezana nocelomngeni lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lwenkulungwane yama-21. Ukuqonda le misebenzi akuyoyabo nje abasukela umsebenzi wasentsimini, kodwa kumntu ngamnye ofuna imbono yoyena mbutho ubonakalayo nonempembelelo.