Ukuqonda Okusesikweni: Imigaqo Yemigaqo KaCore Nesiseko Senkqubo

Okusesikweni kusebenza njengesiseko solawulo lwebutho elilungelelanisiweyo, elimela isiseko sokuziphatha nomthetho apho abantu kunye namaziko abo baphenduliswa khona. Kwimeko elula, okusesikweni kukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyayifumana into ayifaneleyo, / nokuba ukhuseleka phantsi komthetho, ukuvavanywa okusesikweni, okanye ukucalulwa kobulungisa, okanye ukuphicothwa kokubiwa kwento ekhoyo. Ingcamango iye yaphikiswana ngezithandi zobulumko ukusuka kuPlato ukuya kuJohn Brawlls, kwaye iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoko imibutho yamazwe intsonkothile. Ngoxa izithethe ezahlukeneyo nezithethe zezomthetho zichaza okusesikweni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, inkoliso yeentsika ezimbalwa ezisisiseko:

  • I- Ukungalawuleki: Bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki imeko, uhlanga, okanye ubutyebi, kufuneka baphathwe ngokulinganayo phambi komthetho.
  • Ityala [: Abo baphula umthetho okanye benzakalise abanye kufuneka baphendule ngezenzo zabo, kwaye amaziko kufuneka asebenze ngokucace gca.
  • Imilinganiselo yemithetho : Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zivuleke kuphando lukawonke-wonke, zivumele abemi ukuba bathembe inkqubo.
  • Ikhethe: ABagwebi, amaqumrhu, kunye nabalawuli kufuneka balubeke ecaleni ucalucalulo lobuqu xa besenza izigqibo.

Ngaphaya kwezi siseko, abaphengululi badla ngokuhlula-hlula ubulungisa ngamasebe amaninzi: ukusasaza okusesikweni (ukwabiwa kobuncwane), ukusasaza okusesikweni [ (ukohlwayo olufunekayo lokwenza okubi), kunye nobulungisa bokwahlula-mthetho obunobulungisa obunobunyani (ukwenza umonakalo ngoxolelwaniso). Isebe ngalinye lisebenzisana nengqiqo yenkqubo efunekayo ukuze kuphumelelwe iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Imodeli ingumthetho ofundisa ngokunemvelaphi enzulu. Eli binzana livela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwakudala njengeMagna Carta (1215), eyathi “akukho mntu ukhululekileyo oya kuthi abhaqwe okanye afakwe entolongweni... ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni wabalingani bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Lo mgaqo wavela kwiinkulungwane, ekugqibeleni ufumana indlela yawo yokufumana imimiselo yale mihla. EUnited States, iDeclaration of Human Rights (Artle 10) iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Oku kukhusela okuko kusemgaqwele yomthetho wezizwe ezininzi zolawulo-demokhrasi nakumalungelo abantu njengeSibhengezo Sesizwe samaLungelo (iCentle 10).

Inkqubo efunekayo ifeza indima emibini: ikhusela abantu kwizenzo zorhulumente ezizimeleyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yomthetho iqhutywa kakuhle. Ukuze ubani aqonde indlela esebenza ngayo, kufuneka ahlolisise iinxalenye zayo ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo encinci efunekayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi ithetha ukudityaniswa kwemithetho kunye nemimiselo. Ithintela urhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho echasa amalungelo asisiseko ngaphandle kokuba kukho inzala yemeko enyanzelekileyo. Ngelixesha uluhlu lwamalungelo akhuselweyo ehluka ngokwamandla, imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Ilungelo lokutshata ukuze ube nentsapho
  • Ilungelo lokukhulisa nokufundisa abantwana
  • Ilungelo lokufumana imvume yobuqu, kuquka ukuzilawula kwenzala nokuthembeka
  • Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nelonqulo
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba nokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo

Iinkundla zisebenzisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo okuhlola xa zivavanya imithetho echaphazela la malungelo. Strict uhlalut [ lusetyenziswa xa umthetho uchukumisa ilungelo elisisiseko okanye ulwahlulo olurhanelayo (njengohlanga); urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba inenzala enyanzelekileyo kwaye umthetho ulungiswe kancinci. Isiseko sesiseko sohlalutyiso siyalula kwaye sisebenza kwimimiselo yezoqoqosho emininzi, ifuna ukuba umthetho ungqamane kuphela nosukelo olufanelekileyo kusukelo lukarhulumente. Ukhetho lomgangatho wokuhlola lungagqiba iziphumo zemeko, yenza inkqubo ephezulu yokhuphikiswano-mthetho.

Amatyala okuphawula umhlaba anjenge Roe v. Wade (1973] kunye bergefell v. Hodges (2015]) ibonisa amandla enkqubo elindelekileyo: zombini izigqibo eziqwalaselwe amalungelo asisiseko (ukulingana nomtshato, ngokulandelelana) kwaye zawisa phantsi imithetho karhulumente eyaphula loo malungelo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inkqubo encinci ye-Substantisg ivumela abagwebi ukuba baquluke kwibheri, ngexa abaxhasi beyigcina ikhusela amagcuma kumgangatho omkhulu.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ixhalatyiswa ii-methis apho urhulumente ahlutha khona umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iqinisekisa ukuba phambi kokuba nasiphi na isenzo esingalunganga sithatyathwe, umntu uyamkela:

  • Iphepha le projekti.
  • [[UMTL:0]A ukuva [: Ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, kunye nabamangaleli abanqamlezi be-examine.
  • Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso: Ijaji okanye umlawuli ongenayo ipali yobuqu kwisiphumo.
  • A isigqibo esicatshuliweyo: ingcaciso yesiseko solawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lithuba lokubhenela [[UMTL:1]: Yindlela yokuvavanya iimpazamo kwinkqubela yokuqala.

Iimfuno ezichanekileyo zenkqubo yokulungisa iprocedtura eyahluka-hlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kumongo wento ethethwayo. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa wesigebengu ojongene nexesha lasentolongweni unelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nomelo olusemthethweni, ngelixa umfundi ojongene nokugxothwa esikolweni sikawonke-wonke efuna nje uvavanyo olufutshane olungacwangciswanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo olulungelelwaniso uMathews v. Eldridge [10] [7] [7] [6] ukugqiba imigaqo efunekayo: inkundla inokuba nomngcipheko womdlalo wobuqu ochaphazelelweyo, ityala lokungalelwa kwempazamo, nomdla kurhulumente kwimpumelelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo elungeleneyo ayiyo i-fashoni-all.

INkqubo eBambeleyo kwiNkcukacha: IiNkqubo Zehlabathi Zokwenene

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni engokomthetho, kodwa iyacelwa yonke imihla kwiinkundla, kumaqumrhu olawulo, kwanasemaqulunqweni azimeleyo asebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente. Ngapha koko ziinkalo ezingundoqo apho ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lubonakala kakhulu.

Iinkqubo Zobulungisa Zezaphuli - mthetho

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo efunekayo kukwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abakhuseli banandipha ukuncitshiswa kwamalungelo: ukucingela ukuba umsulwa, ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokumela asemthethweni owaneleyo. Ityala lesazinzo sonyaka Gideon v. Wainwr [1963] limiselwe ukuba amagunya kufuneka anikele isiluleko kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abagwetyiweyo, kuqinisekiswe ukuba ubuhlwempu abukuthinteli ukufikelela ekukhuseleni okusesikweni. Pleacenset, nto leyo egqiba uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, lukwanyusa inkqulukelo olufanelekileyo nokuzinyobisayo ngemdlalo lweziphumo.

Inkqubela yamakhaya nolawulo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idlulela kude ngaphaya komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwizityholo zamakhaya, amaqela anelungelo lokubeka ityala lawo phambi kwejaji engenamkhethe okanye abachopheli-tyala. Ekuchopheni kwejaji yejaji, amasebe karhulumente kufuneka alandele imithetho ye-procedmentalaltives ngaphambi kokulahla iphepha-mvume, ukukhanyela inzuzo yesiphene, okanye ukubeka intengiso. Umzekelo, xa iSocial Security Ad Administration igqiba ukuphelisa iingenelo, ummangaleli kufuneka afumane isaziso, ithuba lokuphendula, kunye nokubukezwa ngumgwebi womthetho olawulayo. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzi bezindlu zikawonke-wonke abajongeneyo ukugxothwa kwabo kufuneka bafumane ukuthethwa ngaphambi kokuba basuswe emakhayeni abo.

Uqeqesho Kwiziko Lemfundo

Izikolo zikarhulumente, njengabadlali bakarhulumente, kufuneka zinikezele inkqubo efunekayo xa abafundi beqeqesha. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Gos v. Lopez (185) yakholelwa ukuba umfundi ojongene nokunyotywa kweentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezimbalwa unelungelo lokufumana isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo sezityholo kunye nethuba lokucacisa icala lakhe. Ukugxothwa okanye ukugxothwa okuthe rhoqo kufuna iinkqubo ezisesikweni. Oku kukhusela imfuneko yesikolo kunye nomdla womfundi ekuqhubeni imfundo.

Uthutho norhoxiso

Umthetho wokufudusa yindawo entsonkothileyo apho inkqubo efunekayo isoloko ingqubana nolawulo lwesizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukhuseleko olungelulo olukhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni eUnited States.Njengoba abo bangenayo imo esemthethweni (_yeyonwabisiwa) amalungelo athile enkqubo efunekayo. Kufuneka bafumane isaziso sokususwa kwento, ukuva phambi komgwebi ofudukayo, nelungelo lokubhenela. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wala malungelo unciphilele kunabemi; umzekelo, akukho gunya lemithetho-siseko ekunikezeleni isiluleko sikarhulumente ekugxothweni kweemeko. Ingxoxo yakutshanje emalunga nokususwa kwetyala nokuvalelwa kwemiqathango.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwixesha lamanani

Ukumiswa ngokukhawuleza kweenkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nonyuko lwezimo-manani zesigqibo sokwenza i-algorithm kuzisa ucelomngeni olutsha kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Xa i-algorithm imisela inzuzo efunekayo, iflegi yomhlawula irhafu yophicotho-zincwadi, okanye incomela isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, abantu banokusivavanya njani isigqibo esizenzekelayo? “ibhokisi emnyama” yohlobo lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi yomatshini eyenza kube nzima ukunikezela okanye ukuva okunentsingiselo. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo efunekayo yokubhatasa inteko kufuneka ifune ukuba `/iiibhalo kunye namaziko amaziko amele aphoqeqeshe ukutyhila ugcino-data kunye nokuqikelelo olusemva kwezigqibo, kwaye kufuneka abantu ngabanye bachatshate ekunene ukuba bahloleni komntu.

Additionally, the Fourth Amendment’s protections against unreasonable searches and seizures intersect with due process in the context of digital privacy. Government requests for data from technology companies must be accompanied by proper warrants, and individuals must be given notice when their information has been accessed (unless an exception applies). As society becomes more data-driven, the courts will need to clarify what process is due before the state can sift through a person’s digital life.

Ingqikelelo-magama yomhlaba wonke kwinkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngoxa inkqubo efanelekileyo isoloko inxulumene nomthetho-siseko waseMerika, ukhuseleko olufanayo lukho kwinkqubo yomthetho-siseko ehlabathini lonke. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo (eUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, e-Ostreliya, eIndiya), lo mgaqo uqukwa “kubulungisa bemvelo,” obuquka ilungelo lokuviwa kunye nomthetho wokungavumelani nocalucalulo. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya (iFransi, iJamani,) ziqinisekisa amalungelo okufumana izithethe ngemithetho ebhaliweyo, nangona indima yomgwebi ingaphezulu kokuncinwa kwetyala kune-arhenterstal. Inkundla yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe enjengeNkundla yamaLungu amele ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo efunekayo phantsi kweSivumelo 6 seNkulumbuso waseYurophu kuMalungelo abantu, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokulungileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kuyahluka kakhulu kulawulo lobuzwilakhe okanye kumazwe anolawulo olubuthathaka lomthetho. Kuloo meko, iimvavanyo zisenokuba zezothukutheza nje, abamangalelwa basenokungavunyelwa ukufikelela kwisiluleko, kwaye abagwebi basenokungafumani nkululeko. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, isebenzela ukuveza ukwaphulwa noxinzelelo loorhulumente lokuphakamisa imilinganiselo encinane yenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe Kuluntu Lwanamhlanje

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo esisiseko, inkqubo efunekayo ijamelana nezisongelo ezininzi.

  • Incopho kumelo olusemthethweni: Ixabiso eliphezulu leenkonzo zomthetho lithetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abafumanayo abaxelelwanga kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, bababeka kwingxaki enzima. Iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla emininzi ziphantsi, zikhokelela ekuthwaleni kwetyala eliphezulu kunye nomelo olungelulo.
  • Izixhobo ezisemva zovavanyo ezinzima : Iinkundla ezingaphezulu zibangela ulibaziseko olunokuthi ludlule iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka. Kumntu ovalelweyo elindele ukuvavanywa, ukulibazisa kweeveki ezimbalwa kungathetha ukuphulukana nenkululeko engapheliyo. Ukulingwa ngokukhawuleza kungumGaqo-siseko, kodwa izithintelo zezibonelelo zisoloko ziyenza ibe phantsi.
  • [[NT.0] Iziciko kunye nocalucalulo: ucalucalulo olupheleleyo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye udidi lungasulela onke amaqondo enkqubo yokusesikweni /ukusuka ekuyekeni amapolisa ukuya ekugwebeni. Okusemngciphekweni (umz., isantya esiphezulu sentolongo yeqela elincinane) siphelisa ukuthemba uluntu kunye nokunyusa inkxalabo ekufuneka kuyo.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwemfihlo: uphando lweMisa, ukufikelela korhulumente kugcino-lwazi lwamanani, kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulayo kobugcisa bokwazi ubuso kungenza imbonakalo yokukhululeka kwaye kukhokelele ekuvalweni okungalawulekiyo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo eqinileyo yokuhlola, abemi bangajoliswe kwimiqathango ephosakeleyo okanye kwiimithetho-mithetho-siseko ephosakeleyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Izaphulo ze-Barganing Plains: E-United States, ngaphezulu kwe-95% yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lubangelwa kukucetyiswa kwesicelo kunokuba kuvavanywe. Isisongelo sesigwebo eside singanyanzela abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bacele ityala, bagqithe ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwetyala.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Okusesikweni

Ulwazi lunamandla ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho. Abantu abaninzi abayiqondi kakuhle inkqubo yomthetho kangangokuba bacele ukukhuselwa okufanelekileyo okanye baqonde xa bephulwa.

Isiphelo

Okusesikweni asiyonjongo emileyo ``imodeli ekhoyo''. Kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokuzinzileyo kwenkqubo efunekayo. Enoba kukwinkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuva okuyingenelo, okanye impikiswano ye-intanethi, imigaqo yesaziso, ukuva, ukungakhethi, kunye nesibheno singumthombo wenkqubo ehlonela isidima somntu kwaye inyanzelisa amandla angenangqiqo. Njengoko ubugcisa besanda namaqela abantu ehambela phambili, iingxaki zenkqubo efunekayo ziya kwanda kuphela. Kodwa ngokuzifundisa nokukhuthaza utshintsho, singaqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuhlala kufikelelekile kubo bonke abantu. Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo akuyo nje inkqubo yabameli nabagwebi nabagwebi.