Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Yaye Kutheni Ubalulekile?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko salo naliphi na ibutho labantu abayalelweyo. Uchaza ukuba ziziphi izenzo ezivaliweyo, zimisela izigwebo zokwaphula ezo mithetho, uchaze iinkqubo ezithi ngazo abantu abatyholwayo bamiselwe ngokusesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, osoloko uthetha ngeembambano phakathi kwamaqela abantu, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente oquququzelela umntu okanye iqumrhu lolwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwabekwa izithuba njengesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. Iinjongo eziphambili zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukunqanda ukuthintelwa (ukungaqiniseki kwetyala kwixesha elizayo), isohlwaywa (ukubuyisela isohlwayo), ukubuyisela (ukulungisa ityala), kunye nokulungisa (ukuqululisa abantu abayingozi kwibutho labantu). Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziluncedo kubemi, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye nabasebenzi benkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo yolawulo lwezomthetho ziquka ukhuseleko kubantu abangabantu ngabanye.

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho awutshintshi; uvela njengendlela yokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo. Umzekelo, ukuba nomyayi kuye kwancitshiswa okanye kwasemthethweni kwiindawo ezininzi, kubonakalisa ukutshintsha kwezimo zengqondo. Okwangoku, ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha olufana nokuthetha ngekhompyutha kunye nokubiwa kolwazi ngekhompyutha. Oku kusebenza ngamandla kwenza ukuba kubaluleke ukuqonda imigaqo engundoqo ehlala ihleli kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho.

Imigaqo Eqhelekileyo Yembopheleleko Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqinisa ukuqiniseka, ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni: isenzo setyala nengqondo enetyala. Lamagama esiLatini ` actus reus kunye amadoda aphinda a-[[[FLT]]] iziqobo zokwakha iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphandle kwazo zombini, umntu ngokuqhelekileyo akanakuba noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba kwimeko ezilinganiselwe zinje ngetyala eliqinileyo.

Isenzo: UMthetho Onetyala

I-Actus reus ibhekisela kwilungu lokwenyama lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kusenokuba kukuvuma (ukukhupha isidubu), ukusilela ukwenza apho kukho umsebenzi osemthethweni (umzali osilela ukondla umntwana), okanye kwanokuba nento nje yokuba nento (ukufumana amayeza angekho mthethweni),. Esi senzo kufuneka sisenze ngokuzithandela/ukuzibhokoxa okanye intsebenziswano engakhange yanelise i-actus. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu othile unesithukutheza aze abethelele omnye umntu ngempazamo, mhlawumbi abathanga kwenzanga sisenzo sokwenza isenzo sokwenza isenzo sobuyiselo kuba intshukumo ingabanga ithandanga. Ngaphezu koko, iingcinga okanye amazwi kuphela adla ngokuzenzayo izinto ezizenzayo ezothu; ezinye ihambo zangaphandle ziyafuneka.

Amadoda Ayaphinda: Ingqondo Enetyala

Amadoda aphinda axhalabele imeko yengqondo okanye injongo yommangalelwa ngexesha lesenzo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna umgangatho othile wokubekwa ityala, osuka kusukelo lomntu nolwazi ukuya kubudedengu bokungakhathali nokungakhathali. Umntu oceba ukubulala omnye ngabom umgangatho ophezulu wamadoda kunalowo ubulala ngokuqhuba ngokungakhathali. Umgaqo othe ngqo ofunekayo utshintsha ngokolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukubulala kokuqala okuqhelekileyo kudla ngokufuna ukutyunjwa kwangaphambi komthetho, ngoxa ukubulala umntu kusenokufuna ukungakhathali. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngabanye abafanele basolwe ngokokuziphatha.

Izenzo Zobubi Ezingqongqo

Asibo bonke ulwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ubungqina bobunyani bamadoda. Ityala elingqongqo . Elifana nokudlwengulwa ngokwemithetho, ukwaphulwa kwendlela yokuhamba-hamba, kunye nokubekwa umthetho, qha, abamangalelwa abanoxanduva nayiphi na injongo yabo okanye ulwazi. Isizathu sikukuba ezi zenzo zibe nomngcipheko omkhulu wokwenzakala kwabantu, kwaye zifune ubungqina obubonisa ukuba icebo liza kuphelisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Noko ke, ityala elingqongqo aliqhelekanga kwaye lilinganiselwe kulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinci. Kwanangoko, iinkundla zisoloko zifuna ukuba ummangalelwa abekwe kanye kwisenzo sokuzithandela.

Ukuzikhusela Okuqhelekileyo Kukuchanabeka Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ummangalelwa angaphepha ukugwetywa ngokuphakamisa ingqiniseko esemthethweni. Ukhuselo ludla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezimbini: uthetheleleko nokuzithethelela. Ingxengxezo ziphikisa ngelithi isenzo sasilungile phantsi kweemeko (umz., isiqu sakho sidefense, imfuneko). Izizathu ziphikisa ukuba ummangalelwa akafanele abekwe ityala ngenxa yemeko ethile yobuqu (umz., impambano, i-cursres, i-dria), i-driase. Umzekelo, umntu obulala umhlaseli oxhobileyo ngokwesiqu sakhe, uyathetheleleka; umntu oba ukutya ukuze aphephe indlala angaphakamisa imfuneko. Ukuzikhusela kunye nomgangatho wokuzikhusela kobuqu (umz., i-g.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yokusesikweni asiyonto ikhoyo; iquka abadlali abaninzi abanendima eyahlukileyo.

Amagosa anyanzelisa umthetho

Amagosa amapolisa, abacuphi, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ngabona baphendula kuqala kulwaphulo-mthetho. Baphanda umsebenzi wokukrokra, baqokelela ubungqina, badla amangqina, badlan ’ amangqina, babambe. Umsebenzi wabo kufuneka uhambisane nemiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko, njengokwalela koMgaqo-siseko weSine ukulwa nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, busenokucinywa phantsi komthetho wokuqhaqhatha, mhlawumbi ukhuthuso.

Abagwebi

Abagwebi ngamagqwetha amela urhulumente okanye urhulumente wesizwe. Bagqiba ukuba baza kufaka izityholo, nokuba baza kufaka ziziphi izityholo ezifanele zisiwe, nokuba bathini na. Amandla abo makhulu; bangaphembelela ityala ngaphambi kokuba lifike kwityala. Imigaqo yenzululwazi ifuna abatshutshisi ukuba bafune okusesikweni, bangawi nje kuphela. Kodwa, ukugweba kungakhokelela ekuthathuleni ityala, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba.

Izixhobo zokukhusela

Amagqwetha okhuselo axhasa ummangalelwa, akhusela amalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo. Abuphikisa ubungqina betyala, anikela ubungqina obuzizinzileyo, kwaye athethana ngezicelo. Abamangalelwa abangenamdla banelungelo lokufumana icebiso elimiselweyo lenkundla 76 phantsi koMphengululo weSithandathu. Igqwetha elifanelekileyo lokhuselo libalulekile ukuphikisana nobuncwane beli lizwe.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi balawula amatyala asenkundleni, bayalela kwiinkalo zokusebenza, bayalela amajaji ejaji, bawagweba emva kokunyanzelisa. Basebenza njengabagwebi abangoondileleyo, beqinisekisa ukuba omabini amacala alandela iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwizigwebo zebhedi (apho kungekho bagwebi bagwebi bakhoyo), kwakhona ijaji imisela ityala okanye ukungabi natyala. Izigqibo zabagwebi zinokuba nemiphumo ephawulekayo, ukusuka kwimimiselo ecacileyo ukuya kubude besigwebo.

Juries

ISithandathu SoHlaziyo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala labagwebi. Indima yabo kukufumana ubungqina nokukhupha isigqibo. Indima yabo kukufumanisa ukuba ngaba ingtshutshiso ingqina ukuba inetyala na ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Kwakhona ii Juries zikwanguvavanyo kwinginginya karhulumente; zinokukhulula nokuba umthetho ungathi ufuna ukunyanzelisa, igunya elaziwayo njengelichaphazelekayo, nangona zingasoloko zixelelwa ngalo mandla.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Yokusesikweni: Ukusuka Kuphando Ukusa Kwisibheno

Uhambo lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kusetyenziswa amaqondo amaninzi, ngalinye lineenkqubo zalo nokhuseleko lwalo. Nangona ezi zinto zichanekileyo zingafani ngokwemithetho, la manyathelo alandelayo axhaphakile kwiinkqubo zomthetho.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Uphando luqala xa umthetho uqonda ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amagosa aqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, kunye nezikrokrele. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvele inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye umntu othile olwenzileyo ukwenziwa , unokwenziwa, ngokufuthi ngesiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngumgwebi. Noko ke, amagosa anokubanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba anokubona ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye aba neemeko ezixeliweyo. Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ikrokrethi ibhathi ibhaliswe kwaye ibekwe kwinkundla yokuqala.

Imbonakalo yokuqala kunye nebhatyile

Kwiiyure ezingama-48 zokubanjwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka asiwe phambi kwejaji. Ijaji ixelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, icebisa ngamalungelo abo, ize imisele iimeko zokukhulula. UBail angamiselwa ngezantsi kwemali okanye ezinye iimeko zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ubuyela kwimihla yexesha elizayo yenkundla. UMthetho wokuLawulwa kwetyala uthintela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, kodwa abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuthenga ibheyili bangavalelwa kwityala. Eli qonga libalulekile kuba uxinzelelo lwangaphambi kwesigwebo lungavumela abamangalelwa ukuba bamkele izicelo.

Ukuva Kwangaphambili

Izityholo zetyala, ukuchotshelwa kokuqala kudla ngokubanjwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubeka. Ingtshutshiso inikela ubungqina, kwaye ingxubusho inganqumla ku-‘exmonine. Okanye, inkundla enkulu yokuchophela amatyala ingakhupha ityala emva kokuva ubungqina betyala emfihlekweni. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kumiselwe, ityala liya phambili ukuya phambili ekulungiseni.

Ulungelelwaniso nePlea

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusemthethweni izityholo aze acelwe ukungena kwisicelo: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye kungekho khuphiswano (nolo imattere). Uninzi lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho (engaphezulu 90%)-(ephele) ngesicelo esinetyala, iziphumo zokucela isicelo. Isibongozo esinetyala sirhoxa ekuthethweni kwetyala kwaye sikhokelele ngqo ekugwetyweni. Isibongozo esinganetyala sibeka icala emendweni eliya kwityala.

Ukufunyaniswa Neentshukumo Zangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba kuchotshelwe ityala, omabini amacala anikana ubungqina ngokufunyanwa. Ityala kufuneka lityhile ubungqina obubonisa ukukhutshelwa kwetyala obunokunceda ukukhusela ityala. Iinkqubo zenkundla zisenokufuna ukucinezela ubungqina, ukulahla izityholo, okanye ukutshintsha indawo ekuyo. Ngokomzekelo, igqwetha elizikhuselayo lingashukumela ukuphelisa ukuvuma izono elikufumene ngaphandle kwesilumkiso sikaMiranda. Ezi zinto zingacombulula ngaphandle kokuvavanywa okanye ukubumba ubungqina obuza kuviwa ngabachopheli-tyala.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho singqiniso sifikelelwayo, ityala liyaqhubeka liqukunjelwa. Ityala lithwele ityala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Ukuzithethelela akufuneki kungqina ukuba akukho tyala; kufuneka kuphakamise amathandabuzo asengqiqweni. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, omabini amacala anikela ubungqina, amangqina, kwaye adlulise iingxoxo zokuqulunqa ityala. Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mgwebi ngomthetho osebenzayo. Abachopheli-mthetho baphinde baqule ngasese baphinde babuyise isigwebo esingqinelanayo kumatyala amaninzi alwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba abagwebi abanokuvumelana, ukumiswa kwetyala kuxelwa, kwaye abagwebi bangaphinda baphikise ityala.

Ukugweba

Emva kwesigqibo setyala, ijaji iqhuba isigwebo. Iimeko eziqwalaselweyo ziquka uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, impembelelo kumaxhoba, naziphi na iimeko ezibangela ityala. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kuyahluka kusuka ekuvalweni okanye ekuhlawuleni, kwezinye iindawo, kwisigwebo sokufa.

Izibheno Nokuhlangulwa

Abameli abakholelwa kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo ukuchotshelwa kwetyala labo banokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zijolise kwimiba yezobuzwe okanye yomgaqo-siseko, hayi kwizibakala eziphindayo. Ukuba inkundla yezaphula umthetho ifumene impazamo engenakuguqulwa, isenokubhukuqa ityala okanye iwise umthetho omtsha. Emva kokuba izicelo ezithe zaphelelwa, abamangalelwa basenokufuna uncedo lokuposa, njengezicelo ze-habeas corpus, ezibonisa ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko njengoncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko.

Ukwahlulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho: Iingcamango, iiMisdemers, kunye neengxwabangxwaba

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokubekwa ngokwamaqela, nto leyo emisela isohlwayo nendlela yokusebenza. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso kunceda ekufakeni imo-zulu yezibonda nakweyiphi na imeko.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ezigwetywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka okanye ngokufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulawa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Kwimimandla emininzi, amatyala aphinda ahlulwe ngokweqondo (umz., okokuqala, ukubulala nge-asethi.) Ityala lesibini eliyi-feelo lisoloko lithwala iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, imiqathango yokufumana imiqathango yemipu, nokufumana umsebenzi.

Iimpazamo

Izigwebo eziphosakeleyo azikho zinzulu kangako, zidla ngokugwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, kwifashoni okanye kwityala. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlaselwa okulula, ukungalungelelani, nokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (ityala lokuqala). Nangona ityala elingekho mandundu, ukugwetywa okungathethekiyo kusenokuphumela kwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchaphazela izindlu namathuba omsebenzi.

uphazamiso

Izaphuli-mthetho zincinane, zidla ngokusohlwaywa ngokuhlawuliswa kodwa zingavalelwa. amatikiti omjelo, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, nokuhamba ngejay ziyimizekelo eqhelekileyo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho alugqalwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezininzi, yaye abamangalelwa abanalungelo lokuchotshelwa kwityala lejaji okanye icebo elimiselwe yinkundla. Noko ke, imali engahlawulwanga ingakhula ibe yimiphumo enzulu ngakumbi.

Ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kwinkqubela yezaphuli-mthetho

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika imigaqo emininzi ekhusela abo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akawasebenzisi kakubi amandla akhe yaye abamangalelwa bafumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo.

UMthetho Wesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuphendla okanye ukuthatha impahla. Okukhethekileyo kubandakanya imvume, imbono ecacileyo, kunye neemeko ezicacileyo. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokungathotyelwa koMthetho weSine woLawulo oluHlathisiweyo bungakhutshwa phantsi komthetho wokuzikhulula.

Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu: Ukungavumelani kunye nokungahlawulwa

IsiHlomelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthula nokukhusela ekunyanzelweni ukuba ube lingqina elichasene nomntu ngokwakhe. Esi sisiseko sesilumkiso sikaMiranda. Sikwathintela iingozi eziphindwe kabini, ukuzama kabini ityala elifanayo emva kokuxolelwa okanye ukuqiniseka.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukufanele Ukucetyiswa Nokuvavanywa Kwetyala Okufanelekileyo

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethi buso, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. Abameli abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha kufuneka banikwe elinye. Ilungelo lokucebisa linxulumene namanqanaba anzima, kuquka ukuncinwa kwetyala kunye nokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Eli lungiselelo liye lasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni iimeko zokuvalelwa nokuba nezenzo ezithile zokugweba, njengesohlwayo sokufa kolutsha okanye kwabo baneziphene zengqondo.

Izibonelelo zeNkqutyana: xa ufunda nzulu, jonga U.S.. Amaphepha afundisayo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, I-Cornell Information Institute’s remodefication compute , kunye nesikhokelo sogwebo lweJaji kwityala le-gevertious [[FLT]]

Isiphelo

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ululungiselelo oluntsonkothileyo olubonisa imfuneko yebutho labantu yokulungelelanisa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni ngokunentsingiselo kwe-stuus reus kunye nabantu abaphinda bangene kumaqondo antsonkothileyo okumangalelwa kunye nemigaqo eqinileyo enikwa abamangalelwa, le nkqubo ibonisa i indaleko esemthethweni. Ukuqonda ezi siseko zinika abemi amandla okusebenzisa inkqubo yokusesikweni ngolwazi, enoba ngabavoti, abalawuli, okanye abameli. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, imigaqo engundoqo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho isafuneka ekulondolozeni ibutho labantu elilungileyo nelikhuselekileyo.