Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wakha isiseko somthetho wale mihla, ochaza ukuba ziziphi izenzo ezivaliweyo ngurhulumente kwaye unika izigwebo kwabo banqumla loo mgca. Kubafundi abalungiselela imisebenzi yomthetho, okusesikweni, okanye inkqubo kawonke-wonke, ukuqonda umqathango opheleleyo womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho obalulekileyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olucokisekileyo lomthetho, isizathu sokuba kubekho, iindidi zolwaphulo-mthetho ezigqunywa ngurhulumente, inkqubo yenkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho ehamba phambili, neziphumo ezifikelela kude ezilandela ukuchasana okusemthethweni. Ukuba ufunda ngemviwo, ubhala iphepha, okanye uzama ukuphucula ulwazi lwakho loluntu, olu lunika ukhokelo olunengqiqo ethembekileyo komnye wenkqubo yebutho elinamandla kakhulu.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho yimithetho nemithetho echaza ihambo eyalelwe ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ulungelelwano, okanye intlalo-ntle. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, osingatha iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela angawomntu, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente njengeqela lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umgaqo osisiseko osisiseko osekelwe kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kukuba izenzo ezithile aziphosalanga nje ngokuchasene nomntu othile kodwa zizizonono zoluntu lonke.

EUnited States, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukho kumanqanaba orhulumente orhulumente naworhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe umangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nemimiselo karhulumente wase-U.S., njengorhwebo ngeziyobisi zangaphakathi, ukubhatala irhafu, okanye ukukhohlisa. Urhulumente uphatha uninzi lwetyala, ukusuka kubusela nokuhlasela ukuya kubulala. Imithetho yemodeli efana nePenal yeModel

Injongo Yomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda ezi njongo kucacisa isizathu sokuba izigwebo zahluka nendlela umthetho olungelelanisa ngayo amalungelo abantu neemfuno zabo.

Umgangatho

Enye injongo ephambili kukuthintela umntu owenze isono (ukungathinteli okungqalileyo) kunye noluntu ngokubanzi (ukuthintelwa) ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Isisongelo sesohlwayo/sohlwayo, okanye esinye isigwebo, sicetyelwe ukwenza ukuba izaphuli-mthetho zilinganisele iindleko ngaphambi kokuba zithathe inyathelo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuqiniseka kwesohlwayo kusoloko kuphembelela ukuziphatha okungekhona kobungqongqo.

Ukubuyiselwa

Iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zale mihla zigxininisa ngokungakumbi ukuhlaziywa kwabephuli-mthetho ukuze babuyele kwibutho labantu njengabemi abangakwaziyo ukuthobela umthetho. Iinkqubo ziquka imfundo, uqeqesho lwemisebenzi, ukucebisa ngengqondo, kunye nonyango lokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi.

Unikezelo

Isohlwayo sibonisa umgwebo wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ofanelwe ngabaphuli-mthetho ukuba bafumane isohlwayo esilingana nesonzakalo abasenzayo. Le njongo ijongwa emva yanelisa imfuneko yentlalo efuna okusesikweni kwaye ibonisa ukugwetywa kwezenzo ezithile zoluntu. Isohlwayo singundoqo: isohlwayo kufuneka silufanele ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukucazulula

Ngokuvalela entolongweni izaphuli-mthetho eziyingozi, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela uwonke-wonke ekonakalisweni. Ukungacaci ngokomzimba kususa abantu ngabanye kwibutho labantu ngexesha lesigwebo sabo. Abanye baphikisa izigwebo ezinde ngenxa yogonyamelo okanye ukuphinda-phinda izaphuli-mthetho, ngoxa abanye bephakamisa inkxalabo ngokugqithisa nokuzibeka phambili kwemali ehlalisayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkundla iyalela abaphuli-mthetho ukuba bahlawule amaxhoba, bahlawulele ukulahlekelwa ngemali okanye umonakalo wempahla. Ukubuyiselwa kusebenza umsebenzi wokulungisa, unceda amaxhoba achache ngoxa nawo enika abo bani babo abanokuphendula.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwahlulwe ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa owona mahluko usisiseko nguwo phakathi kwetyala kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga. Ukwenziwa komthetho kumisela apho liza kuvavanywa khona ityala, isigwebo esinokwenzeka, neminye imicimbi emininzi ye-procedect.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu zisohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka omnye, ngokufuthi ixesha elide. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, ukuqweqwedisa, ukurhwaphiliza iziyobisi, kunye nokurson. Ityala elirhabaxa lingathwala intengo enzima, ukuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, kunye nemiqathango engokuba nemipu. Kwamanye amazwe, amatyala athile afanelwe yisohlwayo sentambo yokubulawa.

Iimpazamo

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo luncinane, oludla ngokugwetywa ngetyala okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni de kube unyaka, lusoloko lusebenza kwiintolongo zasekuhlaleni kunokuba lube ziintolongo zikarhulumente. Iziphazamiso eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukungalungelelani, kunye nexesha lokuqala le-DUI. Nangona i-Dui ingenzima kakhulu, ukukholelwa okuphosakeleyo kusenokuba nemiphumo ehlala ihleli kwimisebenzi nakumathuba okuhlala.

uphazamiso

Asikuko konke ukwaphula umthetho okungqongqo. Izaphuli-mthetho, ezifana namathikithi emoto okanye ukuhamba ngentambo, zizinto ezincinane ezidla ngokuphumela kwimali ehlawulwayo kuphela. Azithwali ihlazo okanye iziphumo ezingqinelanayo zengxelo yezaphuli-mthetho, nangona ukungakwazi ukuhlawula kunokuthi qokolele kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iindidi Ezisekelwe Kwingozi

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lukwaqukwa ngokwendalo yengozi. ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo luquka ubusela, ukuqhekeza, ukonakalisa, nobuqhophololo. ulwaphulo-mthetho olubalukileyo [ lusuka kuhlaselo nokuphanga ukuya kubulala. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ulwaphulo-mthetho lwegazi olumhlophe [[ lubandakanya ukungalawuleki ngokwemali okufana ne- embhrac, ngaphakathi korhwebo, kunye nobusela. [[FLT:]]] [FLT]] ukugquma, ukwenza, nokusasaza izinto ezilawulwayo. [FLT:]

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Yokusesikweni

Uhambo olusuka kulwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo ukuya kuhlobo lokwalungela lubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi, ngalinye lineendlela zalo ezisemthethweni zokukhusela. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abafundi babone indlela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olusebenza ngayo kwimicimbi yehlabathi.

Uphando

ISindululo Sesine sifuna ukuba kuphandwe yaye kufunyanwe ubungqina obungavumelekanga, yaye xa kusenziwa uphando, amapolisa asenokunikela ubungqina obungakumbi ngokunikela ubungqina obuphathekayo.

Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa amapolisa ethatha umkroti, ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Amagosa abambileyo kufuneka azise abo barhanelwe ngamalungelo abo phantsi kweMiranda v.Arizona(ilungelo lokuhlala buthule kunye nelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekucinezelweni kwamazwi athethwa ngexesha lokubanjwa.

Ukutsala kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Abagwebi bahlola ubungqina baze bagqibe ukuba baza kufaka iifayile zetyala. Ukuba ityala libekwe, umkrokrele usiwa phambi komgwebi ukuze abonakale okokuqala, apho axelelwa ngezityholo namalungelo abo. I-Bail okanye i-pregement imodeli ibekwe kweli nqanaba.

Ukuva kwangaphambili okanye umva omkhulu

Kumatyala amsulwa, ngokufuthi ijaji ibamba ityala lokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba bukho ubungqina obaneleyo ukuba liqhubeke na. Okanye, amaphondo amaninzi kunye neenkundla zemali zisebenzisa inkundla ebalaseleyo yokuchophela ityala ukugqiba enoba kukho unobangela onokubakho na wokumangalelwa. Ukuba iqumrhu eliphezulu liyavuma, kukhutshwa ityala.

Ulungelelaniso

Kwityala, ummangalelwa uvela kwinkundla evulekileyo ukuze aphulaphule izityholo aze angene esibhedlele: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye kungekho mphicotho. Uninzi lwabamangalelwa lummangalela lungagwebi ekuqaleni, lunika ixesha lokuthetha ngezicelo okanye lokulungiselela ukuvavanywa.

Intshukumo yangaphambili nokufunyanwa

Ngaphambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala anikana ubungqina (ukufihla) kwaye asenokuthatha izithuba ukuze aphelise ubungqina, alahle izityholo, okanye anyanzele ukufunyanwa kwetyala. Oku kusenokubumba ukutyala okanye kugqibe ityala phambi kokuvavanywa.

Ukuvavanywa

Xa kuchotshelwa ityala, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngokusengqiqweni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala (ngaphandle kwamacala amancinane), ukumangalela amangqina, ukunikela ubungqina, nokuhlala ethulile. Ukuba abachopheli-mgwebi bafikelela kwisigqibo esihlangatyelweneyo, elo tyala liya kugqitywa. Ukuba akunjalo, ityala lingavakaliswa ngokuphosakeleyo.

Ukugweba

Ukuba ijaji igwetyelwe, ibeka isigwebo kwimigaqo esemthethweni. Ukugwetywa kusenokuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawuliswa kwetyala, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukudityaniswa. Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa imigaqo egwebayo okanye imiqathango enyanzelekileyo kwizenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona abagwebi besoloko benengqiqo. Amaxhoba asenokunikela ingxelo echaphazelekayo kweli nqanaba.

Izibheno

Abameli bangabhenela kwityala elisekelwe kwimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazelekayo kwiziphumo zetyala. Izibheno asizizo iityala ezintsha; iinkundla ezidlulisa ityala zihlola ingxelo yeempazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo. Ukuba isibheno siphumelele, ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala kungarhoxiswa okanye ityala elitsha liwiselwe umthetho.

Imiphumo Yokwaphula Umthetho

Ukuqonda imiphumo yale miphumo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda ngokusesikweni, kuba kuchaphazela abamangalelwa, amaxhoba, iintsapho nabantu abahlala apho.

Imiphumo Esemthethweni

Izigwebo ezingqalileyo eziveliswa yinkundla ziquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, ukuvavanywa, nokusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yoluntu. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kusenokuphumela ekuvalweni ixesha elide, ngoxa abasebenzi abagqithayo bephethe izigwebo zentolongo ezifutshane okanye imali ehlawulwayo. Ezinye izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo zithwala izigwebo ezincinane ezisusa isigwebo sokugweba.

Imiphumo Ebuhlungu

Ngapha koko, isigwebo sidala imiqobo ehlala ihleli. Amazwana amaninzi athintela abasebenzi abakwityala lokuvota, abasebenza kwimibutho yejaji, okanye abakwiofisi karhulumente. Umthetho woMasipala uyabalela abantu ababanjiweyo ukuba bagwetywe ngetyala elithile ngenxa yokuba nemipu. Izatifiketi zoochwepheshe (ngoothisha, abongikazi, amagqwetha, abasebenzi bezamasipala (/asoloko ehlawulwa okanye akhatywa. Abaqeshisi-mthetho basoloko besenza uvavanyo lwendawo, beyenza nzima imisebenzi ekhuselekileyo. Abasebenzi basenokungayamkeli bendlu yokuqesha. Ezi ziphumo zezahlulelo-mali zinokuqhubeka zikho emva kokuba isigwebo sigqityiwe.

Iziphumo Zoluntu Nezobundlobongela

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linesidima entlalweni. Iintsapho zisenokuqhekeka; ubuhlobo bungaphela. Kwanasemva kokukhululwa, abantu basoloko bejamelene nentswela-ntle nokukrokreleka. Esi sohlwayo soluntu sinokuba yingozi njengalowo ungokwasemthethweni, ingakumbi kwabo babewelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala okanye abo bagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqwethekileyo.

Imiphumo Engokoqoqosho

Iintlawulo ezisemthethweni zodwa zingaba zininzi, zidla ngokunyanzelisa abamangalelwa ukuba bangene ematyaleni. Umsebenzi ophoswe ngexesha lokubonakala kwenkundla okanye ukuvalelwa ukhokelela ekulahlekelweni yingeniso. Imali entle kunye nokuhlawulwa kwemali egciniweyo. Emva kokukhululwa, kuncitshiswa ukuhlawulwa kwemali ngenxa yobunzima betyala. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abamangali-mali bafumana imali engaphantsi kwama-40% ngonyaka kunabo abangenazo iingxelo.

Imiphumo Engokwengqondo

Uxinezeleko lokubanjwa, ukutshutshiswa, nokuvalelwa engcwabeni lungabangela okanye lwenze imeko yempilo yengqondo ibe mbi. Ukuxhalaba, udandatheko, kunye nokuxinezeleka kwasemva kwe-traumatic disorder kuxhaphakile phakathi kwabo baye basebenzisa inkqubo yobulungisa. Ukuvalelwa kwe-Solitary, ingakumbi, kunxulumene nengozi enzulu yengqondo. Ukuvavanywa nokungxinwa ngesisongelo sokugxothwa kubangela uxinezeleko olungapheliyo.

Imiphumo isenokubonakala intinga.

Ukukhusela Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Abameli asingombandela ongekho mthethweni; banelungelo lokucel ’ umngeni ityala lomtshutshisi ngokhuseleko olwahlukeneyo. Ezi ndlela zokukhusela zingakhokelela ekuxolelweni, ekuncitshisweni kwezityholo, okanye kwizigwebo ezincitshisiweyo.

Albi

I-alibi ingqina ukuba ummangalelwa ebengekho kwindawo yolwaphulo-mthetho xa lusenzeka. Ubungqina bungaquka ubungqina obunikela ubungqina, iirisithi, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, okanye ukuchophela ityala. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka ingqine ukuba inetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni; i-abi enamandla ingatshabalalisa imeko karhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lobuqu nolwabanye

I-enodefini ivumela umntu asebenzise amandla afanelekileyo ukuze azikhusele kwingozi ekufuphi. Amandla asetyenziswayo kufuneka athelekise kwisisongelo. Uninzi lwamazwe lunemithetho "emele umhlaba" esusa umsebenzi wokurhoxa, ngexa ezinye zifuna ukurhoxa ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukhuselo lwabanye lwandisa elilungelo ukukhusela amaqela esithathu.

Ubuyatha

Ukuzithethelela ngengqondo kunqabile kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ithi ummangalelwa, ngenxa yengxaki enzulu yengqondo, akakwazi ukuqonda uhlobo lwezenzo zabo okanye ukwahlula okulungileyo kokubi ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Amazwe awahlukeneyo asebenzisa iimvavanyo njengomthetho we-M'Naghten, umgangatho wemithetho yePenal, okanye umthetho weDurham. Izicelo zengqondo eziphumelelayo zikhokelela kwisakhiwo sengqondo kunokuba angene entolongweni.

Ixesha

Imisebenzi iyasebenza xa umntu esenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kuba babesongelwa ngengozi ekhawulezileyo, enzulu ukuba abathobeli. Isisongelo kufuneka sisondele kwaye ingozi enzulu kangangokuba umntu onengqondo ungenza okufanayo.

Iyimfuneko

Imfuneko yokuzikhusela ivela xa umntu ephule umthetho ukuze athintele ingozi enkulu. Umzekelo, ukuqhekeza kwigumbi lokulala ukuze aphumele kwigumbi elibi. Ummangalelwa makabonise ukuba ingozi iphephe ngaphezu kwengozi yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye akukho enye into esemthethweni ekhoyo.

I-Etrapment

Umthetho ubangela ukuba umntu ayenze ulwaphulo-mthetho abangalufuniyo ukulwenza. Ukuba ihambo karhulumente ithe yazimela kakhulu, ummangalelwa angakhululwa. Ukuzikhusela akusebenzi ukuba ummangalelwa sele ekulungele yaye ekulungele ukwaphula umthetho.

Ukuphazama Kwenyaniso

Maxa wambi, ummangalelwa akayiqondanga kakuhle into engundoqo. Umzekelo, ukuphatha ijazi efana neyakho kwireji yevenkile yokutyela yimpazamo yenyani, enokuthi ilahle injongo efunekayo yokuba. Kodwa, ukungawazi umthetho akusoloko kuyinkuselo.

Umququzeleli

Kwiindidi ezithile ezilinganiselweyo . "ezinje ukuhlasela okanye ubusela" ukuvuma kusenokuba lukhuselo. Umzekelo, ukuba umnini wempahla unika umnini-mpahla into ngokuzithandela, lowo wamkelayo akanakubekwa ityala lobusela. Ukumvumela akusebenzi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukonakaliswa komzimba okanye inkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Umthetho wokwaphula umthetho awuvumelani noMthetho wamakhaya

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuluncedo ukuwuthelekisa nomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, kumaqela azimeleyo (abefundisi) abamangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo okanye imiqathango. Umgangatho wobungqina ngukuqwalaselwa kobungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu), obungaphantsi komthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ongenakuthandatyuzwa. Isenzo esinye sinokubakhokelela kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho nakumangalelwa kwabantu. Umzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa ye-DuI kunye nomntu onxaniweyo ngenxa yetyala.

[[NTL:0] ISikolo soLwiso-mthetho seSikolo soLwimi inikeza ushwankathelo olulungileyo lwemigaqo yomthetho wamakhaya. Ukuqonda ulwahlulo kunceda abafundi baqonde ukuba kutheni ukuziphatha okufanayo kunokuba neziphumo ezininzi ezisemthethweni.

Imbambano Yangaphambili Kumthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Ummandla womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uyaqhubeka uguquka. Iingxoxo zangoku ziquka utshintsho kugwebo olunyanzelekileyo, ukuhlaziywa kwetyala elithile leziyobisi, nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokulungisa ngokutsha ezizisa abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namaxhoba. Ubugcisa bunika imingeni emitsha: imimiselo ye-inthaneti kufuneka iqhubeke nesantya sobusela amanani, ukuqhekeza, kunye nobuqhetseba kwi-intanethi. iCyber Division ye-FB

Enye imbambano exinzelelayo kukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. I-United States ibamba amabanjwa amakhulu ehlabathini, aneendleko ezinzulu zoluntu. Amazwe amaninzi ayimigaqo-nkqubo yokuphinda afumane izigwebo ezinde kubenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangenabundlobongela. Ukuqonda ezi zimo kufuneka ulwazi lweleta yomthetho kunye neziphumo zayo zokwenene zehlabathi.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho asiyonkqubo emileyo kodwa yinkqubo ephilayo ebumba kwaye ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yoluntu. Ukusuka kwiinjongo zobukho becawa zokunqanda nokubuyisela umva ukuya kumaqondo acacileyo okubanjwa, ukuvavanywa, nokugwetywa, zonke iinkalo zithwala ubunzima kubantu ngabanye nakuluntu. Iziphumo zokwaphula umthetho . //engokwasemthethweni, ngokwentlalo, ngokwezoqoqosho, okanye ngokwengqondo" zisebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuba kuhlonelwe imicimbi yomthetho. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuhlolisisa ezi mpawu, kwakha isiseko sobumi banini bomthetho kunye nemisebenzi elindelekileyo esemthethweni, inkqubo yomthetho, okanye utshintsho lwezaphuli-mthetho.

Ukubhekisa phambili uphando lwakho, qwalasela uphando lwemithombo enegunya njenge U.S. Isebe leJaji okanye i-Fudicary[. Ukuqonda iintsingiselo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho akuyondlela nje yemfundo."Ibalulekile ekwakheni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilungeleleneyo.