Ukwazisa

Isenzo sokuzimela indawo ekungqongileyo sivelise umbutho ochazayo wenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu, uhloniphiso loluntu ngokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukulahleka kwezidalwa, kunye nongcoliso lwemizi - mveliso lube kukuthatha inyathelo elingqalileyo, ukungathobeli kwesizwe, nokungathobeli ngokomthetho. Njengoko izibonda zinyuka, ngokufanayo nobukhulu bokunyanzeliswa komthetho ojoliswe kumaziko okukhusela imeko-bume. Uphando olusoloko lusebenza kule migaqo-siseko yokhuseleko kunye nemfuno yezokhuseleko kawonke-wonke, ukwenza imfuneko ebalulekileyo yemiqathango ecacileyo. Ukuqonda indlela isiseko somthetho sokulawula ukuma kwemithetho ebumbene/ne, maxa linye neendawo eziphezulu zokulwanisa ezingokwasemthethweni, abaxhasi benkululeko, nabaxhasi bezomthetho. Eli nqaku lihlola indima yokufuna iimfuno zemeko-oweecert, ukuHuguququququza kwemeko-east Amement, imingeni ye-eastmentmentment, omabini, ingngngs ezingo zezo ezingo zezo ezingoluvo ezi

Umsebenzi Osemthethweni: UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa KomHlomelo Neemfuno Ezingcwele

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luqinisekisa “ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula” kwaye lugunyazisa ukuba“ akukho gunya liza kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, lixhaswe sifungo okanye isifungo, kwaye ingakumbi ukuchaza indawo eza kuphehlwa, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zithatyathwe.” Olu lwimi lumisa imfuneko yesiqinisekiso njengesiseko somgaqo wezaphuli-mthetho waseMelika. Naluphi na uphando okanye ukuphazamisa okungaphandle okungamkelekanga kuyacingelwa ukuba akunangqiqo ngaphandle kokuba kufunyaniswe isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nokohlukanisayo

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kunikezelwe imvume kumphathi-majoni onobundindi ebonisa isizathu esilindelekileyo ```ukungakhangelwa'''. Oku kunokwenzeka kokungasibopheleleki kokufumana ubungqina obucacileyo okanye kwinto ethile efuna ukukhangelwa. Umgangatho ungaphantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kobunyani kodwa obungaphezulu kobugqwesi bobugqwirha. Ngaphezu koko, imvume mayichaze indawo ethile ukuze ihlolwe kwaye izinto ezizakuthinjwa. Oku kumele kuthintelwe ukuphengululwa jikelele kwe-/iiii-* kwaye imikhosi ejongene nokucacisa oko kulindele ukuba kufunyaniswe yimeko-ntle, ezi zimfuneko zinokuba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuba kurhaneno, okanye ukuphaza okunganyanisekiyo kungachazwa kakuhle.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yakhupha iindidi eziliqela ezichasene nemfuneko esoloko ivela kuphando lwezendalo. Ezi ziquka:

  • Iimeko ezithe tye--ngoko isisongelo sokutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, ingozi kubomi, okanye ukusukela okushushu. Umzekelo, ukuba umfuni wezomoya ubonwa kwikhamera ephosa isitena ngevalve yemibhobho, amapolisa angangena kwipropati ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokukhusela umonakalo wemekobume osondeleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] i-'Ikonvoms'-isivumelwano sokuzithandela sokuphendla. Noko ke, imvume ingarhoxiswa nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye amagunya akanakuyinyanzela. Kwizithuba zolwaluko, imvume isoloko irhoxiswa.
  • Imboniselo yoPlato – ukuba amagosa akhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye abona izinto ezingekho mthethweni ngokucacileyo, akukho gunya lifunekayo lokuzibamba. Oku kunxaxhi kusebenza kwizicwangciso zikawonke-wonke apho abaphathi bagcina umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni.
  • Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa okusemthethweni – ivumela abaphathi ukuba baphengulule umntu obanjiweyo kunye nendawo ekufuphi ukwenzela izixhobo okanye ubungqina obungacimekiyo. Oku kunxaxhi kulinganiselwe kakhulu yimimiselo yakutshanje yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwaye kunqabile ukunyuselwa kwizixhobo zamanani ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • Uphando lolawulo - kushishino olunolawulo, kuquka uhlolo lwemekobume, uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lungavunyelwa phantsi kwemimiselo ethile. Kodwa ezi azisebenzi ngokuqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi yezobugrafi okanye kumakhaya.

Ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi izinto ezingafaniyo ezinokusetyenziswa kubaluleke kakhulu kubaphandi abathethelela izenzo zabo nabaxhasi bamazwe bayazicel ’ umngeni.

Uphando Kwimeko - bume Yokungathabathi Nto

Izenzo zokusingqongileyo ziquka imisebenzi emininzi — ukusuka kwimiboniso kawonke-wonke nakumaphulo okufundisa abantu abangengobundlobongela, yaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, umonakalo wempahla. Uhlobo lophando kunye neemfuno ezigunyazisayo ezisetyenziswayo ziyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yesimo sehambo engafanelekanga etyholwayo.

Uphando Oluphathekayo: Iiprojekthi, Iindawo Zokuphengulula Nokuphanda Ngemizimba Engafaniyo

Xa abaxhasi beseka iinkampu zokuvala ukwakhiwa kombhobho wemibhobho okanye ukuhlala kwihlathi eliphikiswayo, ukuphengulula ngokwasemzimbeni kwezo ndawo kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kwimida yezo ndawo. Inkampu ebekwe kumhlaba kawonke wonke isenokuba nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yeSihlaziyo sesine kunenye kwilizwe labucala. Iinkundla ziye zathi kwanakwimimandla kawonke wonke, abantu bahlala belindele ukuba indawo yabo yobuqu qhaqho okanye indawo yokufihla intente okanye inkampu. Ukuphendla ezo ndawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho umele isiqinisekiso esisekelwe nokwenzeka ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho (njengezixhobo zokonakalisa izinto ezikhovakelelekileyo) kungaphakathi. Noko ke, xa umsebenzi ukungabikho komnini wendawo okanye xa abaxhasi bezama ukuphehlahl ’ intelekelelo yabo yokuvula iinkampu zabo, ukuhlazinziswa komgaqo-uhlando olubanzi.

Iimeko ezibandakanya ukurhanelwa kwe-ecotage(-sobatage ejolise ekutshabalaliseni izixhobo okanye ekuphazamiseni imisebenzi.) apha, abaphandi bangafuna imvume yamakhaya okanye yeemoto eziziwayo zabaxhasi, kwaye imfuneko ekhethekileyo iba yeyobukhali. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaza “nasiphi na isixhobo esisetyenziswayo kwikhomishini yokuphazamisa,” ijaji ingabetha isiqinisekiso njengobubanzi obungalinganiyo. Urhulumente kufuneka anxulumane ubungqina obucacileyo kunye nesenzo esithile.

Ukukhangela Amanani: Imithombo yezopolitiko, ii-imeyili, i-metadata kunye noMsinga

Uphando lwangoku lokusebenza kwe-email luxhomekeke kakhulu kubungqina bemivo. Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo ilungiselela [[FLT:] ikhuthaza iziganeko ze-message media, idibanise nezenzo ze-imeyili. ULawulo lwesine lusebenza kugcino-lwazi lwezintlu zeminyaka ebambelwe ngamaqela amathathu. Ngokufana ne-imeyili enika inkxaso-imeyili , kodwa umlinganiselo wokukhusela wesiThintelo we-D Synames Act kunye [[FLT:] [FLT]] Riley. v.[FLT] [iintel:] [ii] iNkupho] ilawula ukuphendla ulwazi lwezingcingo zemfono ebanjwayolitholo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kufune ukubanjwa, ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba okuthe-mfono okuzinzileyo nokungangonakaliswa kobunyani. .[FLT]].[20]

Kodwa, ukujonga kwamanani kusoloko kugqitha umthetho. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungafumana imvume yokufumana imetadata (umthumeli, ixesha, ixesha, umhla), kodwa okuqulethwe zothungelwano kufuna ukuboniswa okuphezulu. Kwimeko zokusingqongileyo, urhulumente maxa wambi usebenzisa “izixhobo ezihambayo nezilandelelanayo” okanye iipeni ezibhaliweyo zekhompyutha. Ezinokuthi zigunyazwe ngomyalelo wenkundla kunokuhlola imvume epheleleyo ye-(ukuza nokuphuma kweminxeba. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba oku kudala umsantsa onokuthi uxhaswe ukwakhiwa kwebalaze uqhagamshelwano lomxhasi ngaphandle kwesizathu esanelisayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-geoficioficio-data yezixhobo ezithile kummandla othile wokuqhankca impikiswano. Abachazi bebonke iinkundla zahlula izicelo ezinjalo, njengoko befuna iimfuno ezithenelo ezithe ngqo ngogcino-data ezithe ngqo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kweinformant Nabameli Abangaphantsi Kwendawo

Omnye umlinganiso kukubekwa kwezaziso okanye amagosa okhuseleko aphantsi kumaqela alwaluko. Ngelixesha urhulumente engafuni mvume yokubeka umthengisi (ngokuba ubukho bomamkeli buthe ngqo, kwaye incoko ayiqwalaselwa njengephendla phantsi kwemfundiso yesithathu edibeneyo), umgca ufiphaza xa iincoko zolwazi zisebenzisa isixhobo esifihliweyo. Le mfundiso iPhakamileyo ibamba i-] Le mithetho i-Leokez v. Uthelekelelo lwemeko-yo United States [1963]) inokuthi ukushicilela incoko kuvezwe iyinxalenye yokwazisa okungangqubani noMphetho wesine, njengoko isithethi sithelekele ubungozi. Le mfundiso yenza ukuba kuqhutywe, okunokusetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo kunye nembutho wezo zemekobume ekwazi ukuzisa iziphumo ezikhoyo zezolwazi olunamandla.

Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzeliswa Komthetho

Ngoxa imithetho iqinisekisa ukuba abemi bafanele bakhuselwe, ikwavelisa imiqobo ebalulekileyo kuphengululo kwiimeko zemekobume.

Ungxamiseko Neemeko Ezimandundu

Isenzo sokusingela kwimekobume sisoloko sibandakanya izenzo ezicwangcisiweyo ezinokuthatha iiyure, ezifuna umonakalo okhawulezileyo . njengokugalela imithi kwiindawo zokugawula imithi, ukuhlasela umatshini, okanye ukuvala ukufikelela kwisiseko esibukhali. Xa amapolisa esazi ukuba kunokwenzeka, ajongene noxinzelelo olukhulu ukuze angenelele ngokukhawuleza. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, kufuna imvume elungiselelweyo, imvume kumtshutshisi, imvume kumtshutshisi, kunye novavanyo lwejaji. Ubungqina obucacileyo bunokutshatyalaliswa, okanye isenzo sinokubangela umonakalo onokuthi uthintelwe. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho usoloko uchaza iimeko ezingafaniyo. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla ithe thathathathi calatha ezo zinto, kwaye ukuba ungxamise ukhangelo, ukuphenguluka, ukuphengulula kusenokugqalwa, umzekelo othe wakuba ukungabikho bungqina obufanelekileyo, kodwa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, kodwa ungenza naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi uvavanyo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukuphosa isicelo esifanelekileyo esifuna ixesha kunye nobuchule obusemthethweni. Amasebe amapolisa amancinane okanye lawo angenazo iiyunithi zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinikezelweyo anokuswela ubuncwane bokulungiselela ngokucokisekileyo intelekelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwekhompyutha okanye ubungqina bemivo obufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Oku kungumqondiso ongafanelekanga wokungafunwa yijaji okanye kamva icetyiswe enkundleni. Kumatyala amakhulu, njengalawo abandakanya i-Earlicompution Front okanye achasene nenkundla yolwakhiwo lwemibhobho, ixabiso kunye nokuntlukwano kokufumana imiyalelo emininzi kusenokucinezela uqingqo-mali. Oku kusenokukhokelela ekuthembeni uluvo kugunyaziwe okanye ekuphelweni okungekho mthethweni umthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukuba buthathaka kule meko.

Iingxaki Zokungatshati Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Ngokwembono yabaxhasi, imiyalelo ikukukhusela ukungenelela koorhulumente ngokweembono zabo. Kodwa, kwanaxa imvume ifunyenwe kakuhle, kukho inkxalabo enzulu ngemiphumo ekhwankqisayo kwimisebenzi ekhuselwe ngokusemthethweni.

Imiphumo Ebuhlungu Kwintetho Nendibano Ekhululekileyo

Isisongelo sokuphengulula isiqinisekiso ("sokuphengulula) / nokuba sekhaya, iofisi, okanye isixhobo semivo-manani", sithintela abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwizenzo zokusingqongileyo. Ukuba abaxhasi boloyiko lokuba iikhompyutha zabo ziza kuthinjwa okanye iirekhodi zabo zefowuni zihlolwe, banokunxibelelana kancinci, banxulumane ngokukhululekileyo, baphephe ukuvukelwa ngumthetho kawonke-wonke. Oku akuyongozi nje ethethwayo; amatyala amaninzi abhaliweyo abonisa ukuba uphando olukhulu luye lwahlasela amaqela emekobume, okuphumela ekunciphekeni kwezenzo zobugqhinga. Ukuphengulula kwe-mali kweyene kuthelela ukuthelekelela okungaqondani okuthe ngqo, hayi ukukrokrazwa kwentso lonke. Noko ke, ukuba imvume ikhutshwa lula okanye ukuba iziphumo ezibangela ukuba zinciphene, ukukhuselwa kwento.

Izixhobo Ezininzi Nezinto Ezisetyenziswayo

Kwanaxa imvume ifunyenwe, ububanzi bayo bungabangela ingxaki. Imithetho yamanani evumela ukuphazanyiswa kwazo zonke iinqwelo-moya okanye iingxelo zamafu iqhelekile, kodwa isoloko ifumana ubuninzi bento engahambelaniyo, ugcino-lwazi lobuqu. Le “mnatha-mnatha” iziphumo zorhulumente onezikhuseli zonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo, iifoto ezifihlakeleyo, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zabucala ezingenalunxibelelwano nolwaphulo-mthetho olurhanelwayo. Ingcamango ‘ yecawa yecawa” yayicetyelwe ukunqanda oku, kodwa maxa wambi isebenza, abagwebi bayalwa ngolwimi olubanzi. Activivo kunye namaqela abo asemthethweni badla ngokuvavanyanisa izicelo ezifana ne-omforrend ngaphaya koMthethweno-Gampletelo, yaye maxa wandulo bayakwazi ukuphumelela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente zokuphengulula. Kodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo nje zokuzingelana.

Uphando lwangaphambili

Abahlalutyi bemincili bathi uphando lwemekobume lungasetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe umbhalo. /a apho umthetho usebenzisa uphando oluncinci ukuthethelela ukuphengulula okuye kwajoliswa ekuqokeleleni ubukrelekrele ekusebenziseni igunya elisemthethweni. Umzekelo, ukumiswa kwezithuthi ukuze kukhanyiswe umsila owophukileyo kungaba liqhinga lokuphengulula inqwelo-moya yempikisi ukuze ifumane ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwe-acotagement. Nangona iSindululo seSine sifuna ukuba ukuphengulula okusengqiqweni, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavumela ukumiswa kwamagama athile angaphambili ukuba kuhlale kusenzeke oko kusenokuba kubangela ukuba kukhathazwe. Lo mda unyuso ukwandisa inkxalabo ecacileyo ngokuchasene neembono zabo. ISebe leMimiselo likwahlula imigaqo enjalo, kodwa ukulwa kwemithetho, ingakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Ityala Elinokuphawulwa Namanyathelo Asemthethweni

Ukuqwalasela amatyala athile kunceda kukhanyele indlela ezifunekayo ngayo iimfuneko ezisebenzayo kuphando lwemekobume yehlabathi.

Izixhobo Zokuphonononga I-Dakota Access Pine (DAPL)

Ngexesha lemibhiyozo yowe-2016-2017 eStin Rock, amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zophando, kuquka ukuhlola iinqwelo-moya, ukujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle, nokuphengulula ngaphandle kwemvume kwiinkampu zokubhiyozela. Umbuzo wokuba inkampu yakha ikhaya okanye indawo yokuhlala yexeshana yeSindululo yeSine waxatshazwa ngokushushu. Kwesinye isiganeko, umthetho waseNtlanga-Data usebenzise ihelikoptaltal-bhayisela ukukhangela ubungqina bezinto zokuvula umlilo. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba oku kwangqinelana nokuncinwa okungenasiqinisekiso kokufunwa kwemiqathango yenkampu. Ityala alilungiswanga ngokupheleleyo enkundlekweni yemiqathango yezo ze-data ezakhankampatho.

I-“Spycops” yeNkqutyana yeNkcubeko neyoMmandla wokuHlalanisa

Nangona ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko wesiHlaziyo sesine, ihlazo elibandakanya amapolisa angena kumaqela okusingqongileyo (kuquka iGreenpeace kunye nePlane Demagency) kangangeminyaka linikela ulunyuso lwentsomi. Amagosa asoloko engena kulwalamano olusondeleyo namaxhoba kwaye aqokelela ulwazi ngaphandle kogunyaziso olusemthethweni. Ekuphenduleni, iU.K. yaseka inkqubo esemthethweni efuna ugunyaziso lwangaphambili lwemisebenzi enjalo. Eli tyala ligxininisa ukubaluleka kolawulo lwejaji, --ukuthi ngogunya okanye ugunya elilingana nalo, kwaye lithintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu ekuphengululeni.

INkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu Namandla Okuphanda

Kumatyala afana UMzalwana u-Big Watch v. u-United Kingdom (2021]), iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu yathi ulawulo oluninzi lwawaphula amalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuba banikezele ukhuseleko olwaneleyo, kuquka ugunyazo lwezomthetho lwangaphambili. Esi sigqibo sichaphazela abaxhasi bemeko-bume abajoliswe kwimiqondiso ekrelekrele, sigxininisa ukuba ukungqubana kogcino-lwazi nolwandiliseko lufuna isiseko esicacileyo esisemthethweni nolwahluzo. Umthetho ubonisa ukuba ukumiselwa okukhulayo kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe okungameleyo nje imfuneko eyimfuneko e-U.S. umGaqo-siseko uthetha ukuba umele i-oma kodwa ungomntu ongundoqo.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo: Iingxoxo Zemigaqo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo phakathi kophando olunempumelelo nenkululeko yabemi kusoloko kungummandla okhuphiswano kumatyala okuzilolonga okusingqongileyo.

Izibhengezo Zotshintsho Ezivela Kumaqela Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Iintlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, i-Electronic Foundation, kunye ne-Earth Treaty ifuna uphando olungqongqo lwabaxhasi bokusingqongileyo. Iingcebiso zazo ziquka: ukufuna isiqinisekiso sokulandelela yonke indawo (kuquka izicelo ze-geneography); ukulinganisela ubude kunye nobungakanani bemithetho elawulayo yemiqathango yemiba; ukucutha imigaqo esemthethweni ukukhusela ii-data ezimsulwa; kwaye kufuna ulawulo oluzimeleyo phantsi kwemisebenzi yokusithelekelela. Ezinye ziye zaxhasa imfuneko yokuba umthetho ugxininiso lomthetho wokulawula intetho esemthethweni yokuba ukuphengulula “ukungathabathi cala icala lomthetho” okuyimfuneko ekuphengululeni imithetho ekhoyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Le njongo ifuna ukulondoloza ukusebenza kwemeko-zimo-zinvo xa ukuvumela uphando olusemthethweni lwezenzo zogonyamelo.

Imbono Enyanzelisa Umthetho

Kwicala lomthetho lokunyanzelisa umthetho, imibutho enjenge-International Environmental Crimes of Police iphikisa ngelithi imfuneko ezivumelayo zingathintela ukusabela kwezisongelo zemekobume ezikufuphi. Baphikisa ngelithi ii-partments ezikhoyo (ukungavumelani, imbono ecacileyo) azinakuphumelela kwaye ukuphanda ngomatshini bekungayi kuba nokwenzeka ukuba nayiphi na into efunekayo xa kufunwa isiqinisekiso esithile. I-DOJ’s Environmental Crimes Proce idla ngokugxininisa ukuba ukuphendla kwabo abo bonakalisa impahla okanye babeka engozini ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa, umgca ophakathi koqhankqalayo nolwaphulo-mthetho obekekrubala ityala imithetho engqongqo enika abalwelwayo ityala imicimbi ekhuselekileyo, eyimfihlo, efihlakeleyo.

Abanye abenzi bomthetho baye bacebisa ukuba kwandiswe amaziko okuhlola indalo angenagunya, ngokukodwa ukwenzela izisongelo kwizibonelelo eziphambili. Umzekelo, amatyala agunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abarhanelwa ukuba bafumane imvume yokuzingela isakhiwo sokuhlala anyuswe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ezi ntshukumo zidityaniswe ngokuchasene kakhulu namagosa asekuhlaleni, alumkisa ngethambeka elityibilikayo elijongene nokuchasana kwabaphathi-majoni.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno eziziimfuno eziqinileyo zobuchule obungokwasemthethweni; zinguthunywa onamandla nodla ngokuqukunjelwa ekuhloleni ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume. Kumthetho onyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa ingqeqesho nokuphendula, ukunyanzelisa abaphengululi ukuba bachaze izikronga ezingqalileyo kusengaphambili. Iinkundla, imvume zinikela incopho ebalulekileyo ngokuchasene nokuqhatha, ukunceda ukulondoloza isithuba sokuzichasa okusemthethweni kunye nonxulumano. Kodwa, kwihlabathi elinobuchule bokufumana ulwazi lweziko lwezintlulo lenqanawa, ukubekwa kwenqanawa, nokubekwa phantsi kwemiqathango, imodeli engokwesithethe iphantsi kwemeko-mntlukwano ephantsi kwemeko. Iinkundla zenkundla nemithetho eqhubekayo ijongeneenjongo zokuzinzonzonzo yokuzinzisa ngaphandle kokunikela ulawulo olusemthethweni lwezonomthetho osemthethweni, imele iqinisekise ukuba umntu ngamnye nomgangatho wokuziphazabalaselele ekufuneni kwemisweni kwemekobume yemeko entle kunye neyokungenelela imigaqo yezo ezisemthethweni ezithenjiweyo ezithenjiweyo.