Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengesiseko somgaqo wezolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhusela abantu kwiimeko ezinzima zokumangalelwa kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elinye. Njengendlela yokuzikhusela, unganika ibhatyi epheleleyo yokulungisa, iphele ngokunempumelelo ityala emva kokugwetywa. Ukuqonda iimbono zayo, imiqathango, kunye nezicelo ezifanelekileyo ziyimfuneko kulwazi olungokwasemthethweni nakubafundi ngokufanayo. Olu hlolisiso lwandisiweyo luhlola ubungozi obuphindiweyo kubunzulu, ukusuka kwiingcambu zalo zembali ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwalo kwenkundla yale mihla, kwaye luhlolisisa indlela amagqwetha akhusela ngayo ukukhusela abaxhasi bawo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yengozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi yamandulo, ebonakala kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngaphaya kwezithethe ezisemthethweni. Umthetho wamaRoma wamkela umgaqo we nezikhonkwane kwi-iEM.

Injongo yembali yayikukuthintela urhulumente ukuba axhathiswe. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, urhulumente ubenokuqhubeka emangalela ummi de afumane isiqinisekiso, ngokunempumelelo esohlwaya umntu nokuba umsulwa. Abalawuli bakujonga oku njengokuhlola oku oku kungundoqo kumandla karhulumente, ecaleni kwezinye izinto zokukhusela ngokwengqiqo njengamalungelo okucebisa nokukhusela ekuzichasa ngokwakhe.

Isiseko esisemthethweni sengozi ephindwe kabini

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nomahluko

Ubungozi obubini lilungelo lomgaqo-siseko wezwe. Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, busebenza ngqo kumatyala karhulumente. NgeSicwangciso soMqathango we-Adrectory Claus we-14th Amendment, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaquka olu khuselo kumazwe iBenton v. Maryland [1969], 395 U.S. 784] Ngalo ndlela, lonke ilizwe kufuneka lihlale ngokuchasene nomthetho oyingozi ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, umlinganiselo ocacileyo ungahluka kancinane ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo yemithetho yesizwe nemimiselo, maxa linikela ukhuseleko olukhulu kune-orhulumente.

Xa Ingozi Incamathisela

Umbuzo obalulekileyo obalulekileyo nguxa ubungozi obuthi ngokwenene "bubotshelelwe" kwinkqubela. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi incanyathiselwa xa ijaji igqibile. Kwityala lebhentshi, incamathelisa xa ingqina lokuqala lifunyaniswe. Kwizenzo zobuhlolo-mthetho babantwana, idibanisa xa ubungqina bokuqala bunikezelwa. Phambi kokuba ingozi inqatyiswe, urhulumente ungazikhupha izityholo ngaphandle kweziphumo zengozi eziphindwe kabini. Noko ke, emva kokuncamathela, ukuma kommangalelwa ekunene ukuya ekugqibeleni, kwaye nakuphi na ukupheliswa kwetyala kunganqanda ukuqukunjelwa kwakhona kuxhomekeke kwiimeko.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Amatyala amaninzi aphawula iziganeko zembali abumba imfundiso ephindiweyo. Liyanyaniswa neUnited States v. Ball (1896), 163 U.S. 662, iNkundla yathi ummangalelwa okhululwe yijaji akanakuphinda abekwe mvale, nokuba ukugwetywe ngokuchaseneyo kwemithetho ephosakeleyo. [[FLT:] Ashen [FLT][FLT][3] [1970], 397 U.S. 436, iNkundla ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa imfundiso ye-constalvalpeg (ie preclus) ukusetyenziswa kwento engalunganga engenziwangachananga. [4]

Ukusebenzisa Ingozi Kabini Njengendlela Yokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo angacela ingozi ephindwe kabini kwiimeko eziliqela ezingundoqo, ngokufuthi njengentshukumo yokurhoxa phambi kokuvavanywa okanye ngexesha lasemva kwesigwebo.

Ukuvalwa Kwamatyala Emva Kokugwetywa

Isicelo esicacileyo sibakho xa ummangalelwa ekhululekile, mhlawumbi ngesigqibo sejaji "engenatyala" okanye ngesigqibo esijoliswe jaji sokungamxeli-tyala. Urhulumente akanakubhena ukuba uvalelwe, kwaye nawaphi na umzamo wokuzama ukuvavanya ummangalelwa ngetyala elifanayo uvalelwe yingozi ephindwe kabini. Olu khuselo lusebenza ngokupheleleyo nokuba ukugwetywa okubangelwa kukubonakala ngokucacileyo, ukubhaliswa kwetyala, okanye imbono ephosakeleyo yomthetho yijaji yejaji yejaji. Umzekelo, Foong v. United States [1962], U.US 141], iNkuvo ephakamileyo yakuba nembono ephosakeleyo emva kwetyala likarhulumente. Nangona ityala lalimele liphinde libekwe ityala.

Ukukhusela Uphatho Oluninzi Kwimeko Efanayo

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini uthintela urhulumente ekuqhawuleni uthengiso olunye lwezaphuli-mthetho lube ngamatyala amaninzi kwaye amangalele ummangalelwa kwiityala ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ummangalelwa uzanywa aze agwetywe ityala elincinane eliqukwayo, umzekelo, ukubulala kwesibini-degreee/ukubulala, urhulumente akanakuchotshelwa ngokutsha ngokubulala kokuqala okuye kwabulala. Ngaphantsi kwendlela enye. [[FLT:], ukuba ukhuseleko ngalunye lufuna ubungqina bento enganye engakhange iqwalaselwe yona. Ngoko ke, iUnited States[FLT] [1932] [12], 284 U.S.29] Uphakathi kweminye imiqathango, kufuneka uphatho lwezinye iimposo zombini.[FFFFF]

Ukukhuselwa kwisohlwayo esiphindwe kabini

Kwanaxa kubekwa izityholo ezininzi kwityala elinye, iingcebiso eziphindiweyo zimisela umlinganiselo wesohlwayo esinokubekwa. Ummangalelwa akanakufumana isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo ngetyala elinye ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ifuna isohlwayo esininzi. Umzekelo, isenzo esinye sokuphanga esichasene nomthetho jikelele kunye nomthetho othile wokuphanga sixhasa kuphela ukuqiniseka ukuba iziqalelo zifana. Le "ihambo enye" ingumzekelo owenyani kwaye isoloko ifuna uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwenjongo yomthetho. Amagqwetha kufuneka acuthe ingxubuthe iso ngemiqatha yemiqathango yomthetho.

Colletaral Estopel ukusuka phambi kokugwetywa

Ukwakhiwa nge-Ashe v. Sentason, imfundiso ye-literateral estopel ikhusela urhulumente ekulungiseni imicimbi yenyani ekwakungaqiniseki ukuba kugqitywe kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngemvume yangaphambili egwetyiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ngokuphangwa emhlabeni apho ebengakho, urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuzimangalela ngenxa yemeko efanayo, ngenxa yokuba sekugqitywe ukuba ityala ligqibile. Oku kusetyenziswa ngokuphindwe kabini komngcipheko kusenokuvalelwa ngezityholo ezinxulumeneyo kwanokuba izintluvo ezisesikweni zahlukile. Amajaji kufuneka aqonde iimpikiswano ezichaphaze ngokuchaphazekileyo ngemimiselo nangxubeko yangaphambili.

Ukusetyenziswa Okufanelekileyo Emva Kwetyala

Xa ukuvavanywa kuphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuyisombululi ityala ukuba ityala livakaliswe ngokuyimfuneko (umz., umgwebi oxhonyiweyo) okanye ukuba ummangalelwa uyavuma. Noko ke, ukuba ukumangalelwa kuphumele iziphumo kwihambo yabatshutshisi ejoliswe ekufakeni ummangalelwa ekufuneni uvavanyo oluphosakeleyo, ukuqulunqwa kwakhona akuvumelekanga phantsi kwetyala [[FLT: 0]]. Kennedy[. Icebiso lokhuselo linokuphikisa ukuba ityala libangele ikhethe ngabomkhwa (ngokuthi ngokuvelisa ubungqina obungachananga okanye ngokwenza iingxelo ezingafanelekanga) ukunyanzela ukuba ligwetywe ngokungafanelekanga ngenxa yokuba eli tyala lihamba kakubi. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise oko kunenjongo yokutshutshiswa, kufuneka igxothwe ngekhethe.

Imida Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo Ukubeka Umonakalo Kabini

Ngoxa ingunobangela onamandla, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayiphelelanga. Imiqathango emininzi ivumela urhulumente ukuba aphinde azame ummangalelwa okanye aqhubeke ngokumangalelwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Phantsi kwemfundiso yolawulo olubini, iinkosi ezahlukeneyo , ezifana norhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente, okanye amazwe amabini ahlukeneyo, angamangalela ummangalelwa ngamnye ngesenzo esifanayo ukuba oko kuthabatha umthetho womlawuli ngamnye. Oku kukhetha ukuba umntu okhululwe ngokutshayelelwa kwinkundla yezolawulo kusenokuzanywa kwinkundla yesizwe ngenxa yokwaphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba lo mgaqo ugcinwe ngokuqinisekisiweyo v. Ucwangciso lwengxelo olubanzi lwe-United States[FLT] (20:9), i- 139 S. 1960, ixhasa umthetho owe-Creversity, lo mqathango kuthetha ukuba i-grackithe akawukhuseli ngokomthetho nxamnye nolawulo lwasemva kolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ubungqina Emva Kokupheliswa Kwenkolelo Ngokubhetyebhetye

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufaka isiqinisekiso ngempumelelo, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuveli kwityala, ngenxa yokuba ummangalelwa u "waved" ilungelo lokugqibezela ngokufuna uhlolo. Noko ke, ukuquluthwa kwakhona akunakukwazi ukubhenca ummangalelwa kwisohlwayo esikhulu kunasekuqaleni, ngaphandle kokuba ubungqina obutsha okanye oothunywa abatsha bavela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kuphenduliwe kungenziwa kuba ubungqina buvumelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuba agwetywe, uvavanyo luvalelwe. Lo mahluko obalulekileyo (ngowona mmangaliso uphela) kunye nokuvavanywa kweempazamo (okuvumela ukuvavanywa). [[FLT:] Brurks v [FFF:1],[127], 437], US.

Ukuphinda Ufumane Ityala Emva Kwehogu

Xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ingakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo (inkundla exhotyisiweyo), inkundla ivakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa "yokube kuyimfuneko," kwaye urhulumente angamvumela ummangalelwa. Oku kukwahluka okucwangcisiweyo; imvume yommangalelwa ayifuneki. Noko ke, ukuba ingxengxezo isoloko ingaphumeleli ukufumana ukuqinisekiswa emva kokuxhonywa kwamatyala amaninzi, igqwetha elithethelelayo lingaphikisa ukuba ukuphinda kuqukuqelezelelwa kwetyala kwaye limele livalelwe. Ngoxa iinkundla ezithile zelizwe zinokuphumelela, ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente zimisele inani lokuqulungela kwakhona kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo.

Ukwahlulwa Kocaphulo Oluphumele Kumthetho Ofanayo

Ubungozi obuphinda-phindiweyo abukuthinteli ukutshutshiswa okuphinda-phindiweyo ngenxa yetyala elahlukeneyo elibangelwa yinto enye, nokuba lisekelwe kwintengiso enye eyinyaniso. Umzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo obangela ingozi angabekwa ityala lokubulala abantu ngengozi, kuba isono ngasinye siqulethe isiqalelo esinye esingalinganiyo. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa angazanywa ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yeqhinga kunye netyala elingaphantsi. umatshini wokuhlola umqhubi we-"[FLT] ulawulo olu hlalutburger, kwaye isiluleko sokuzikhusela kufuneka sahlule kakuhle iimpazamo ezinokuphinda ziphinde zifane nalezo ezinokuthethwa ngenyani.

Ubuchule bokuqwalasela iiathori zokhuselo

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buyilungelo elimele liqinisekiswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuliphakamisa phambi kokuba kuqalise ityala lesibini, intengo ingarhoxiswa. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka afake intshukumo yangaphambili esekelwe kwingozi ephindiweyo, exhaswe bubungqina benkqubela phambili. Inkundla evavanyayo mayibambe indlebe ecacileyo ukuba iziphumo eziyinyaniso zikho. Ukuba intshukumo ikhatyiwe, isibheno esikhawulezileyo singafumaneka phantsi kwemfundiso yomyalelo osisigxina, ngenxa yokuba ilungelo elingazanywanga lilahleke ngokuphumelelayo ukuba ukuvavanywa kuyaqhubeka.

Ukugqiba Ukuba Umonakalo Ofanayo Usemcimbini

Eyona nxalenye intsonkothileyo yohlalutyo lwengozi ephindaphindiweyo kukuchonga "ityala elifanayo". Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezimbini ezingundoqo: uvavanyo olunye lweziqalelo ukusuka ku . i-stickburger kunye novavanyo olunye lwendlela yokwenza izinto olusetyenziswa kwezinye iinkundla zelizwe. Kumthetho wesizwe, ukuba imimiselo emibini nganye ifuna ubungqina belungu elinye elingalufuniyo, lulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo, nokuba inyani iyafana. Noko ke, eminye imigaqo-siseko inikela ukhuseleko olubanzi, iyawulungisa kwakhona nawuphi na umngeni wokuvela kwetyala elinye. Icebiso kufuneka liphande umthetho osebenzayo kwaye liphikisane ngokhuseleko olubanzi xa lukhona.

Ukusingatha Iimali Ezininzi Eziye Zenziwa Ngamaxesha Ahlukeneyo

Ngamanye amaxesha abagwebi bamangalela ngokwahlukileyo ngezizathu zobuchule okanye ngenxa yokuba ubungqina buvela kamva. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka alumke ekucel ’ umtshutshisi olandelelanayo phantsi kwengozi ephindwe kabini. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa umangalelwa umangalelwe ngokuhlasela emva kokuba ekhululwe ekubulaleni ukuzama ukudubula okufanayo, intshukumo yokugxotha kufuneka ibekwe ngaphandle, iphikisa ukuba uhlaselo luquka ityala elincinane kunye nokukhutshwa kwemivalo. Nokuba izityholo zibonakala zahlukene, ukuvavanywa kwe-emaillel kungagcina izibakala ezithile ekuphindenini kubekwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwengxelo Yokuvavanywa Kwetyala

A strong double jeopardy claim often depends on what the trial record shows about the facts determined in the prior proceeding. In a jury trial, the verdict alone may not reveal which facts the jury resolved; but where the jury necessarily rejected a key element (e.g., intent), that issue cannot be retried. For a bench trial, the judge's findings of fact provide clear evidence. Defense attorneys should request special verdicts or interrogatories when feasible to lock in factual determinations that may support later double jeopardy claims.

Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Neemeko Ezikhethekileyo

Ummangaleli Olahlekisayo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ukuba umtshutshisi uhlasela ngabom utyala, ukuqulunqa uxwebhu kwakhona kuvaliwe. Oku kungumngxuma; ukhuseleko kufuneka lubonise ukuba umtshutshisi uzimisele ukwenza uphazamiso oluphosakeleyo, hayi nje ukuba bayenze into engalunganga. [[FLT: 0]] Orogon v. Kennedy, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele ukuba ummangalelwa makangqine inhloso yakhe yokubophelela umtshutshisi ukuba ashukumise ummangalelwa ukuze ashukumise ityala elibu libuzo. Oku kungumthwalo ophezulu kodwa kunokuthi kuhlangatyelwe xa izenzo zomtshutshisi zingafanelekanga kwaye zijoliswe ngokucacileyo kwityala.

Ukumanyana Emva Kokukholelwa Ukuba Kumiselwe Ubuqhophololo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana isiqinisekiso ngokuqhatha, ukuqhatha, okanye ukunganyaniseki, urhulumente angarhoxa eso siqinisekiso aze aphinde aphicothe ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Isizathu sisokuba uloyiso lommangalelwa olungcolileyo lwalungelulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni okanye ulweyiselo, ngoko ke umgcinwna wento engamele isetyenziswe. Ngokufanayo, ukuba inkundla yetyala ayinagunya, ityala liyamkeleka. Icebiso lokhuselo kufuneka liqaphele ukuba ukuqhubekeka okuphumelelayo kokuchasa ngokusekelwe kuncedo olungasebenziyo okanye ukugqwetha okungekho mtshutshisi kusenokuvumela ukuqulungela ngaphandle kokuba ubungqina bunganele.

Inkqubela-phambili ye Juvenile kunye nengxinano ephindwe kabini

Ingozi ephindwe kabini iyasebenza kwizenzo zobunjubaqa zolutsha, kodwa ingongoma yokuqala edityanisiweyo xa kuthethwa ngetyala lobugqi. Ukuba umntwana uthe wagqugqisa ngenkani kwaye kamva ujongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olubini lolwaphulo-mthetho olubini ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo, ingozi ephindwe kabini isenokuthintela abantu abadala ukuba inkundla yabantwana inegunya kwaye idlulise isigwebo sokugqibela. Noko ke, ukudlulisa imimiselo kusoloko kuvumela ukuba umntwana avavanywe njengendoda enkulu ukususela ekuqaleni, kuphetshwe imibandela ephindwe kabini. Ukudlala phakathi kweenkundla ezincinane nezo zikhulile kuntlukwano ezintsonkothile yaye kuyantsonkotheza.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kobungozi Obuphindwe kabini Namanye Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ukuvavanywa Ngokukhawuleza Nokufakelwa Ngokuphindwe Kabini

Ngeli xesha isiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo, ukugxothwa kokwaphulwa kwalo lungelo akuthethi ukuba kumele kulungiswe. Noko ke, ukuba ukugxothwa kungokokuba kuxhaphakile kwimcabango ekhawulezayo, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayisebenzi kuba ummangalelwa akaphindanga aphinde afumaneke. Ukuba ukugxothwa komtshutshisi akanalo ikhethe, urhulumente ungenza umva, kwaye iingcinga-ngozi eziphindiweyo azinatyala. Ukhuselo lungasebenzisa iingozi eziphindwe kabini emva kokugxothwa ngokukhawuleza kwetyala ukuphikisa ukuba ukulibaziseka ukuhlasela, kodwa le yingxoxo engaqhelekanga.

I-Habeas Corpus kunye ne-Reopardy ephindwe kabini

Emva kokuqinisekiswa ngurhulumente, ummangalelwa angafuna isiqabu se-habeas corpus esisekelwe kwimposiso ezimbini. Noko ke, iinkundla zorhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo zibambezela kwizigqibo zikarhulumente zobungozi obuphindwe kabini ngaphandle kokuba isigqibo senkundla yephondo besiphikisana nomthetho karhulumente ocacileyo. Ukuba inkundla karhulumente ngokuphosakeleyo ivumela ukutshutshiswa kwesibini, ummangalelwa angaphakamisa loo nto kwimiba yetyala ye-athom, kodwa imigangatho ilungelelane. Ukhuselo lumele lukhuphe unyango lwezonyango lwesizwe kuqala.

Isiphelo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buhlala busisikhuselo esibalulekileyo kubamangalelwa, buthintela ukutshutshiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba kugqibelelw'umthetho. Amagqwetha okuzikhusela, ukuqonda xa kunye nendlela yokuzithethelela oku kungumahluko phakathi komthengisi ojamelene novavanyo lwesibini kunye nesiphelo esisisigxina setyala. Ukubeka ibhanki emva kokugwetywa kwesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo phantsi [[FLT: 0]] inqanda iburger , imfundiso inika amathuba amaninzi oncedo. Noko ke, imiqathango yayo eqinileyo kunye nokukwazi ukuphinda-phinda umva kwetyala ukuvavanywa kwetyala. Ngokulawula ityala, ngokucophelela, iyakwazi ukukhusela imigaqo-modeli ephinda-phinda-phindeneyo, kuquka nemithetho yayo esisiseko, kunye nee-gqweleti ezingo zasemthethweni, iyakwazi ukusebenzisa olu cwangciso olunamandla lobugqeqeqesho olunamandla.

[[10] I-FLT] ijonga i-[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Information's ukungena kwengozi ephindwe kabini[[FT:1], isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo iBenton v. Maryland[[[FLT:][4]] [[FLT]] [iiiiiindlela], kunye nohlolo lwendlela efanayo lokuvavanya ku [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [inani] i-[12] i-fLT].[FFLT] [eyenset:] [eyenset].[10] [eyenye indlela esebenzayo, umbalelwa , u-Luphayi-G.[10]