Imililo Yasendle Nokungatshani Kwamanzi: Ingxaki Engonakalisiyo

Imililo yequbula idibene kwintshona ye-United States kunye neminye imimandla yomlilo, eqhutywa yimbalela eqhubekayo, ukunyuka kobushushu, kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yomhlaba. Le mililo ayitshabalali nje kuphela amakhaya nemekobume yezinto kodwa ikwadala iingozi ezinzulu nezihlala zihleliyo ekuseleni izinto ezikhoyo. Xa umlilo ovuthayo uphuma emanzini akhutshisiweyo anikezela amadama, imisinga, namanzi asemhlabeni, iziphumo ezinokuthi zivelise inkcenkcenkcenkcezo yentoni ebangela i-contamineminet @ash, izinyithi, izondlo, kunye nezixhobo eziyingozi eziyingozi, kunye nenkqubo zamanzi eziyingozi. Ukuvavanywa kwamanzi akhuselekileyo ekuvukeni kwezi ziganeko kuye kwaba yingxaki yoluntu kunye nocelomngeni, ezifuna ulungeleniso olukhawulezileyo nezinde.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezidambisa ngazo ubushushu bamanzi, imiqobo ejongene noluntu kunye namaqumrhu ajongene nokuchaphazeleka kongcoliso, kunye nenkqubo eveliswe ukucombulula ezi ngozi. Ngokuhlola ityala kunye nendlela yexesha elizayo, sibalaselisa imfuneko ebalulekileyo yokulawula ulawulo lwamanzi athe xhaphakile ngexesha lokutsha komlilo.

Impembelelo Yomlilo Wasendle Kumgangatho Wamanzi

Umlilo wasendle utshintsha ihydrology kunye nomatshini wokuhamba emanzini owenziwe ngenqanawa owenziwe nge-geochemistry ngeendlela ezinokuqhubeka iminyaka. Ubunzulu bobunjani bamanzi buxhomekeke kubunzulu bomlilo, iimpawu ezinyibilikayo, uhlobo lomhlaba, kunye nobukhulu bexesha kunye nobukhulu bemvula yasemva komlilo. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo ziyimfuneko ekuyileni inkqubo yokuphendula ngokunempumelelo.

Ukusulelwa koMzimba noKwenziwa

Imililo ephezulu itshisa uhlaza kunye neengqimba zomhlaba, ishiya umhlaba ungenaziphene. Oku kunciphisa ukungena kwamanzi kwaye kwandisa ukhupho. Iimvula zokuqala ezinzima emva komlilo zingabangela iziganeko ezinkulu zokukhukuliseka komhlaba, iitoni zomphantsi, uthuthu, kunye nokungcola kwimijelo yemithombo. Uthumelo lokulayisha lunyusa amanqanaba e-injini, ukukhupha amanzi angenisiweyo, kwaye zinokugqitha amandla onyango ezityalo eziqhelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, amadamastime angaguqulelwa ekubeni angabikho semthethweni kangangeenyanga okanye kwaneminyaka emininzi, njengoko umngxuma uhlala kwaye umele ukhutshwe. Umzekelo, iHayman Fire eColorado ikhokelele kwimithwalo egcweleyo, iindleko zezixhobo ezibiza amanzi, kwaye zinokubiza izigidi zexabiso lonyango oluthengezwa kwimeko zongxando zongxalo.

Izinto Ezingcolisa Imichiza: IAsh, Iintsimbi Neengcongconi

IAsh evela kuhlaza olutshayo inezinto ezininzi, eziquka icalcium, i-magnesium, kunye nezinyithi ezisetyenziswayo, kodwa isenokuba netyhefu yentsimbi eninzi njenge-arsenic, ilothe, kunye ne-mercury egcinwe kumhlaba wasendle nenkunkuma. Xa uthuthu luyiswe kwimibhobho yamanzi, lunganyusa amanqanaba enika isondlo (i-nitrogen ne-phosphosus), lubangela i-algal evelisa ubungozi kunye nobumanzi angakumbi obusezantsi. Ngaphezu koko, ukutshisa okungaphelelanga kwezinto ezifumaneka kwizinto ezifunxeba ze-hylycyclehyrocarbons (ish) kunye nezinye izinto ezitshibilisayo. Ezi zinto zinokuvelisa i-cargengen ne-massssss, ziyakwazi ukukhupha amanzi kunye nemitshiso. Iinllvers ezi zinto eziphuma emanzini ziqhubeka ziphuma emanzini okanye iipromicticsss.

Iingozi Zebhayoloji Neentsholongwane

Iimeko zexesha lasemva komlilo zinokunyusa ukungcoliswa kwemicrobial. Ukulahleka kwevegetive egqumayo kunciphisa ukungqubana kwendalo, kuvumela iintsholongwane ezisuka kwizidumbu zezilwanyana, iinkqubo ze-septic, okanye zitshiswe zibekwe kwindawo ezikhoyo ukuze zingene emanzini. Amaqondo amanzi e-Warmer kwimisinga esemva komlilo anokukhuthaza ukukhula kweentsholongwane. I-fecal coliform kunye E. i-lil izikhonkwane ezisoloko zibhaliwe emva kwemililo, i-necessistating yamanzi amanzi adityaniswe izibilisi. Ukudityaniswa kokukhula kwemibhobho kunye nokufakwa kwemicrobial kungakhulisa ulwano lwe-chlosethi ne-orebian syltiflution, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zamanzi ancindidio ezincinane zasekuhlaleni.

Iingxaki Zokungawangcolisi Amanzi

Ukusabela kungcoliseko lwamanzi olunxulumene nomlilo ovuthayo kunika iseti eyodwa yokusebenza, yokusebenza, kunye nobunzima obubangela ubunzima bokwenza kube nzima ukusabela ngexesha likaxakeka kunye nokuchacha kwexesha elide.

Ukuxilongwa Kwamanzi Ngokukhawuleza

Kwangoko emva komlilo, amaziko asebenza emanzini kunye namaziko ezempilo kufuneka akhawuleze afumanise ukuba amanzi angcolileyo abangelwa yimithombo. Noko ke, ukufikelela kumanzi atshisiweyo kusenokuvalwa ngumlilo osebenzayo, imithi enobungozi, amathambeka angashukumiyo, okanye umonakalo wendlela. ISampling kufuneka igqume ubuninzi bezinto ezinokubakho ezinokubangela uhlalutyo olukhethekileyo lwe-lebtria/ kwaye iziphumo zisenokuthatha iintsuku okanye iiveki. Ngaphezu koko, ukungcoliseka komphumo kungasuka njengothuthu kunye nodaka luhamba ngomsinga okanye njengokuba iziganeko zemvula zibangela izikhalazo eziyingozi. Oku kungabangela ukukhuthusa ukhuthuko nokungaqiniseki kwemizwanothi yomdla-o-o , ingakumbi xa kungekho ziphumo zempilo ezikhawulezileyo.

Iindlela Zonyango Lwexesha Lengozi

Naxa ungcoliso lufunyenwe, unyango lunganzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-turbidity kusenokufuneka, kodwa oku kubiza imali eninzi yamacebo okucoca intlabathi okanye kufuna umlinganiselo omkhulu wezinto zokudibanisa iintsholongwane. Ukuba kukho iinkqubo zonyango eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-chlorinan okanye ukudityaniswa kwemichiza kusenokunganeli. Iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo ezisebenza ngokutsha okanye ezibuyisela i-osmatrosiss zisenokufuneka, kodwa ezi zinto zibiza imali eninzi kwaye azinakufumaneka. Iinkqubo zokusebenzisa imichiza yeselula okanye ukudibanisa kunye nenkqubo yommelwane zifuna ixesha lokuthumela izinto ezinokuphinda ziphinde zingene ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, u-201818 kampu eKhalifonini zibangela ukufakwa kwenkqubo yamanzi, i-okloksi efuna ukuditya nokubuyiselwa kwamanzi athe kratya.

Ukunceda ufikelelo olulinganayo kumanzi acocekileyo

Iziphumo zomlilo azisasazwa ngokulinganayo. Uluntu olufumana imali ephantsi, iindawo zasemaphandleni, kunye namazwe asemaphandleni asoloko exhomekeke kwizixokelelwano ezincinci zamanzi ezinezibonelelo zemali kunye nobugcisa. Ezi nkqubo zisenokungabi nabo ubuchule bokuzalisekisa unyango oluphambili okanye ukugcina imithombo yokhuselo. Ngexesha likaxakeka lomlilo, abantu abaphantsi kwemida ephantsi kwamanzi abilayo, amaxabiso aphezulu kumanzi amdaka, okanye ukhuthuzo oluphezulu kumanzi angcolileyo.

Ukunxibelelana Phakathi Kwemicimbi Nebutho Leengingqi

Ukusabela okunempumelelo kufuna umanyano phakathi kwezinto ezininzi: izibonelelo-mali zamanzi zasekuhlaleni, amasebe esizwe, amasebe esizwe, iNkonzo yezentlalo, i-US, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), kunye nemibutho yoluntu. Kodwa la maqela asoloko enemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nemithetho elawula unxibelelwano. Iipaliti ezinxulumeneyo eziphazamisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi aphezulu, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa koovimba bendalo, kunye nokukhokelwa kokubhaliweyo kwabantu.

Iimpendulo zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Ekubeni besazi isisongelo esikhulayo, oorhulumente abakumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo baye bavelisa izixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo zokomeleza ukulungiselela, ukusabela nokuchacha.

Amalungiselelo Okuphendula Ngongxamiseko

Ulawulo oluninzi kunye nezixhobo eziluncedo ngoku ziyalela ukubandakanywa kongcoliso lwamanzi anxulumene nomlilo odaliweyo kwiinjongo zazo zongxamiseko. Ezi zicwangciso zikhankanya iziphumo zobunjani bamanzi, iprotocol yokukhupha isaziso sikawonke-wonke, kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo zonyango lokwexeshana okanye ukutsala amanzi. Zikwaphawula imithombo yokhuseleko kunye nokudibana. Umzekelo ophawulekayo weKhalifoni yimfuneko yokuba zonke iinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke wonke ezisebenza ngomlilo ziphuhlisa ucwangciso lwengozi oluthi lwama kaxakeka lookanye nokusasaza isixokelelwano somxokelelwano. Ezi zicwangciso zimele zihlaziswe rhoqo kwaye zisetyenziswe kwitefile. Ukhuseleko lokuthintelo lwendawo ebumelwayo (EPA) lukwapapashe ukhokelo [[FLT:] ukhuthulo olulungiselelwe ukusela amanzi [FLDip:], oluquka ukulungiselela ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwesikhokelo.

Imali neZibonelelo

Ubuncwane bemali buyinxalenye engundoqo yokuzinzisa. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana ne-FAMA'S Hazard Mitigation Uncedo kunye ne-USDA''s Emergency Waterhed Device Program inika izibonelelo kulawulo lomonakalo okhawulezayo, ukuqina kwezakhiwo, kunye nokuphathwa kwamanzi. Ngo-2022, iKhomishini eyabileyo inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo ngemali nge Bipartisan Infrastrasystructionation Umthetho wokuxhasa ukhuthulo lomlilo, kuquka ii-R3509 ezigidi zemisebenzi e-50,000 ze-ee-A e-Adrobocractives enceda iinkqubo zamanzi ezinokunceda, iinkqubo zesebe ezisetyenziswayo njengeenkqubo ze-Oregod Indfracracture Indacreal kunye ne-INvation Active Act (WIA) isetyenziswe ekuxhaseni kwemiqatha lemiqatha lemali ekhoyo.

Izikali Zolawulo

Imimiselo ekhoyo yomgangatho wamanzi, njengoMthendeleko Okhuselekileyo wokuNyusa Amanzi Asemgangathweni (MCL) kunye noMthetho Ococekileyo Wamanzi omninzi wemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla (TMDLs), ayiyilwanga ngemitshini etshayo. Emva kokuba umlilo welanga lelanga, izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nezinyithi ne-PAH zingadlula i-MCLs, kodwa ukuxhobisa imisebenzi esesikweni yokunyanzelisa isantya somsebenzi kucotha kwaye kusenokungacothi iziphumo ezibungozi obugqithisileyo. Amanye amazwe akhuphe ii-ravers zokwexeshana okanye ezinye iimfuno zendlela zokuvumela i-omatshini ukuqwalasela unyango longxamiseko. Indlela eninzi ehambayo ibandakanya ukufakwa komsinga emthonjeni kumgangatho wokhuseleko lwamanzi kunye nokukhutshwa kolawulo lwamanzi olunyusweyo. Umzekelo, ulawulo lweziko lwamanzi lwamanzi luye lwamkela ibhodi ye-FFG. [FFFS]

Unxibelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni

Ngexesha, ngokuchanekileyo, nangendlela efanelekileyo yonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo ibalulekile ngexesha lomlilo wemfazwe. I-Pricies ngoku igxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwemijelo emininzi yezentlalo-ntle, unomathotholo wobulali, izixhobisi zeminyango, kunye neentlanganiso zoluntu. "ukufikelela bonke abantu." Amazwe amaninzi amisele isikhokelo sokwazisa noomatshini abalumkileyo. Ukongeza, unxibelelwano kufuneka luthethe ngesikhokelo sokuziphatha: xa ubilisa amanzi, ixesha elide, kwaye yintoni enokwenziwa ukuba amanzi empompompo angcoliswe yimichiza eshushu (umz., kuphepha imvula eshushu enokukhulula umphunga). ICDC inika umgangatho wokhuseleko lwamanzi ngexesha lemilo. [[FLT:] [FLD:] imiphetho], kuquka nentebo yentelo engundoqo kwiilwimi ezininzi.

Uhlolisiso Lwezenzo Zobundlobongela Ezinempumelelo

Ukuhlolisisa le meko kutyhila iinkalo eziqhelekileyo zempumelelo kunye neendawo zokuphucula.

Icebo lokulungisa lenqanawa etshayelela ifreyimu yamanzi avuthayo yaseKhalifoniya

Emva komlilo otshabalalisayo ngo-2017 nangonyaka ka-2018, iKhalifoniya yakha icebo lokusebenza lomlilo we-Wild Dore Water Respationword, isakhiwo esinentlupheko eninzi esikhokelwa yi-State Water Resource Control Board. Esi sakhiwo simisela iindima ezicacileyo zengingqi, i-orente, kunye namaqabane alawulayo; ukwenziwa kokubaluleka komcimbini womlilo; kwaye imigca yenkqubo yokukhupha ukhuthumo lwamanzi olukhawulezileyo lwemvume kunye nezixhobo zokusebenzisa i-ravers. Yadala nokubaluleka kolwazi olusembindini lweziphumo zamanzi, ivumela oomatshini kunye noluntu ukuba bafumane ulwazi lwexesha lokwenene. Kwi-20 Agastime, iplay yenze i-getting kusetyenziswa izicwangciso-omfo ezincinane ezisebenzayo. Esinye isifundo saqala ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela emkhosini, ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe imicimbi yomsebenzi womsebenzi wonyaka.

Isicwangciso sokulungisa ubulunga bamanzi e-Oregon

Indlela yokusebenza ye-Oregon igxininisa ukuganana koluntu kunye nokuphucula okuchithwayo. Isicwangciso sobunjani bamanzi, saveliswa emva komlilo we-2020 we-Oregon, siquka umgcini-mgangxeli-msi webhunga elinomelo lomelo olusuka kumatshini osetyenziswa emanzini, oorhulumente besizwe, amaqela eezolimo, kunye nemibutho ekhusela indalo. Isicwangciso semali sitshise imisebenzi yokubuyisela ukulungiswa kwezinto ngokutsha njengenkqubo yokulungisa i-crediza, ukwakhiwa komgangatho wokuthomalalisa, kwaye sigunyazisa ukuncitshiswa komlilo wexesha elizayo. Kwakhona sinika izibonelelo zokufaka amandla ombane okwenyani nawayo kunye nenkqubo yokulumkisa i-activeiveive.

Imvelaphi yokhuselo lwamanzi enqanawa

UColorado uye walungiselela inkqubo yomanyano oludityanisiweyo oludibanisa amacandelo amanzi, abaphathi bamahlathi, kunye nokholo lwelizwe. Ngayo iColado Water Conservation Board's Forest Health and Wild Firelience inkqubo edibanisa inkxaso-mali, ibonelela ngemali enyibilikayo yokuncitshiswa kwamahlathi, ukutshiswa kwaloo mlilo, kunye nokubuyiselwa komlilo ekwindawo ephezulu ephezulu ephezulu. Oku kunciphisa amathuba engozi yomlilo ngelixa ukuphucula ubunjani bamanzi. Inkqubo ifuna ukuba kubekho ingeniso engqindibaniselanayo, ivakalise ingqiqo yoxandumiso. Unyaka ka-2016 Beavereek More kufutshane nesixeko saseGreley ibonisa ixabiso lorhwebo oluphezulu lomlilo.

Icala

Njengokuba iziphumo zemozulu zibonisa ukuba ziyaqhubeka zinyuka kubuninzi bomlilo ovuthayo nangokomelela, iinkqubo zamanzi kufuneka ziqhelane nendlela entsha. Iindlela zexesha elizayo kufuneka zijolise ekuzilungiseni inkqubo yokwakha ngokuqina kwesakhiwo, ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa, kunye nokudityaniswa kwemozulu.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho

Ungeniso kumaziko aqinileyo amanzi lunganciphisa ukuchanabeka. Oku kuquka ulwakhiwo lwendawo zokuthambisa izinto ezibomvu ezikubunzulu obahlukeneyo kumadama (njengoko umphantsi nothuthu zisoloko zihlala kufuphi nomphezulu okanye ezantsi); ukufaka iinkqubo zokususa umva okanye izihluzi ezirhabaxa; kunye nokulungisa izityalo zonyango ukuphatha i-injini ephezulu kunye nemithwalo yemichiza. Ukuzinzisa kubaluleke ngokufanayo: ukubuyisela imibhobho yokwaluphala ngezinto ezinokumelana nomonakalo wobushushu obungafunxelel'umoya. Ezinye izikhitshane zihlola iitanki zogcino-moya ezigqunywa zinokususwa xa imithombo yexesha likaxakeka.

Ubugcisa Bonyango Lwamanzi Akhulayo

Ubugcisa obutsha bonyango buthembisa ukuphatha izinto ezidibanisa umlilo ovuthuzayo. Ulwahlulo lwe-membrane filtertation (ukwahlulwa kweminxeba) lusebenza kakhulu ekususeni i-turbidity kunye nee-athogen ezininzi, ngeli xesha iinkqubo eziqhubela phambili zonyango zinokutshabalalisa imichiza yezinto eziphilayo. Iiyunithi zonyango lwe-oyile ezidibanisa ezi teksi ziphuhliswa ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zezivamvo zokwenene ezisebenzisa i-UV-V-Visofibletrytry okanye i-froisence ziyakwazi ukufumanisa utshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi rhoqo, okwenza izigqibo zokusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Uphando lwemichiza kunye nokukhutha okuthe ngqo kulwa kobuchule kulwando lwamanzi ziyaqhubeka.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Ize Ilawule Amanzi

Umlilo wenkungu lilungu elinye lemozulu ebanzi nexus equka imbalela, ukhukuliseko, kunye nobushushu bobushushu. Iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka zidityaniswe kwiiplani zotshintsho lwemozulu ebanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuhlaziya ulawulo olunyibilikileyo lokuphendula ulawulo lomlilo ngokujongana nokutshintsha kolawulo lomlilo, ukudibanisa umngcipheko wobungozi bokubonelela ngamanzi, kunye nokudibanisa ukuchachachanabeka komlilo kunye nosukelo lwexesha elide lokulondolo. Umanyano kunye norhulumente kufuneka umngcipheko wemo-zulu kwizigqibo zezigqibo zemali. I-EPA''''''''''''''''' izibonelelo zogcino-manzi zogcino-mali, ibonelela izibonelelo-zixhobo zokulungisa imozulu, kuquka nomlilo.

Ukuqinisa amaqabane oluntu

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yamanzi esebenzayo ixhomekeke kuluntu oluthe lwathenjiswa. Ulwalathiso lwexesha elizayo lufanele luquke iinkqubo zenzululwazi yoluntu apho abemi banceda ukuqwalasela impilo ephithizelayo emva komlilo, ukuseka iikomiti zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ngokwembali yabemi abangaphantsi kwamanzi banesihlalo esihlalweni etafileni. Inkqubo yomlilo elungelelanisiweyo kunye namanyathelo afanayo anokunyuswa ukuquka ugcino-moya olucacileyo. Ngokuyila ikomkhulu lentlalo ecaleni kwesiseko soluntu, abantu babanako ukumelana nokungqubana okungenakunqandwa.

Ungcoliseko lwamanzi anxulumene nomlilo luntsonkothile, lusongelo olukhulayo olufuna ulungelelwaniso, iimpendulo zenkqubo ezininzi. Ukusuka kuhlolo olukhawulezileyo kunye nonyango longxamiseko ukuya kulwandiso lwezibonelelo lwexesha elide kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu, ilungu ngalinye kufuneka lomelezwe ngenkxaso-mali enikezelweyo, imigaqo ecacileyo yokulawula, kunye nentsebenziswano kumaqela. Imizekelo evela eKhalifoniyani, e-Oregon, neColorado ibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi kunye nomanyano yomanyano kuvelisa iziphumo ezibonakalayo. Njengoko imigqomo-moya iqhubeka isanda, inkqubo yamanzi kufuneka igcine isantya solawulo oluqinileyo, inkqubo elungele ukumelana nokutshintsha, inkqubo ekhusela impilo kawonke kunye nokusingqongileyo ukuze izizukulwana ezizayo zifumane izizukulwana ezizayo.