Ukwazisa: Ishishini Loxolo Elingapheliswanga

Ukutyikitywa kweGood Wearth Agreement (Belfast Aprtive) ngoAprili 1998 yayilixesha eliphawulekayo kwimbali yoMntla Ireland. Yaphelisa eyona mfazwe inzima eyaziwa ngokuba yiNtloko, umlo wamahlelo kunye nowezobupolitika owabulala abantu abangama-3 600 kwaye washiya amashumi amawaka enzakele. Ngoxa iSivumelwano saseka urhulumente owehlisa amandla ahlukeneyo, amalungiselelo okhuseleko aqhelekileyo, kwaye saqalisa ukuqhuba ukususwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi wamajoni, omnye wezona zinto zinzima zingapheliyo: ukuphendula iziphumo zemisebenzi yomkhosi.

Imibandela yelifa ayiquki nje kuphela ukubulawa kwabantu okungalungiswanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu kwixesha elidluleyo kodwa ikwanempembelelo eqhubekayo yamaqela omkhosi asekuhlaleni, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, uhlaselo lwezimbo zomkhosi, kunye neziva ezinzulu zengqondo ezithwalwa ngamaxhoba kunye nabasindileyo. Phantsi kwe-Goold Wear Agreement, amaqela azinikele kwindlela ebanzi yokufumana ilifa, kodwa ukuhlaziywa ngokwezobupolitika, ukucaciswa ngokwezintlukwano ezahlukeneyo kokusesikweni, kunye nokuntlukwano okuthelekelela kwembali kuye kwacotha kwaza kwaza kwaza kwabangela inkqubela-phambili kwaye kwakhuphikiswana.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa uhlobo lwelifa lomkhosi phantsi kweSivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu, iindlela ezilungiselelwe ukucombulula, iingxaki eziqhubeka, namathuba okuphilisa noxolelwano ahlala evulekile kuMntla Ireland. Lisuka kuphando lwemfundo, kwiingxelo ezisemthethweni nakumazwi abo bachaphazelekayo.

Ukuqonda Iingxaki Nesivumelwano Esilungileyo SangoLwesihlanu

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imfuno yelifa lemikhosi yomkhosi ibuthathaka kangaka, umntu kufuneka kuqala ayiqonde indlela edalwe ngayo le ngxabano. IMibango (c. 1968-1988) ibandakanya umlo wendlela ezintathu oxhobileyo phakathi komkhosi womkhosi weRiphabliki-Riphabliki ye-Irikhi, okanye i-IRA), imikhosi yokhuselo lwezokhuselo (njengeUlster Colorn Force kunye neUlster Defence Association), kunye nemikhosi yeBritane (kuquka iRoyal Ulsterstabulary kunye noMkhosi waseBritane). Onke amaqela enza izenzo zogonyamelo, kwaye amajoni okhuseleko aye abekwe kwi Collion, agquma, kunye nokubulala okugqithisileyo. Isiphumo yimbali eninzi yembali echaza iinkokeli kunye nemithwalo.

Isivumelwano esingundoqo sangoLwesihlanu asizange sizame ukunikezela i-odolo, ivumelane nenyaniso. Endaweni yoko, yadala isakhiwo sokuhlalisana, ivuma ukuba uxolo lwexesha elizayo lufuna ukuthetha ngexa elidlulileyo ngaphandle kokulivumela ukuba liphele inkqubela yezopolitiko. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka: ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa amajoni akwiphepha-mvume, ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo, ukuhlaziywa kolawulo kunye nokusesikweni, kunye nokuzimisela ukuseka iindlela zokuqhubana neengxaki zokufa okunxulumene nemfazwe. Le ndawo yokugqibela ``inkqubo yelifa yashiywa ingacacanga ncam kwisivumelwano, ukuze iphele ngenxa yokuthethwana ngokulandelayo.

[[FLT: 0] Ikhonkco lobuxhakaxhaka: ukwenzela isiseko semvelaphi kwiinkathazo, i Inkonzo yeWeb ye-CAIN [ kwi Ulster University inikeza uvimba omkhulu wamaxwebhu, iilayini zexesha, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezibalo.

Ziziphi Iengxaki Zokufumana Ifa Emkhosini?

Imibandela yemikhosi emiselweyo ayiphelelanga ekubulaleni nasekwenzakaleni amawaka ngexesha lemfazwe. Iquka:

  • Ukubulala okungagqibekiyo: malunga newaka leemfazwe ezinxulumene nokufa ezisasele zingalungiswa okanye zingaphengululwanga ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi ziquka uhlaselo lwamacala onke, kwakunye neemeko apho imikhosi karhulumente isenokuba inxibelelene nemikhosi yamajoni.
  • Uhlaselo lohlobo lwe-Paraoda (PS njenge):[[FLT] Ukubetha, ukudubula, kunye nokukhupha okuqhubeka nanamhlanje, okusetyenziselwa ukunyanzela ulawulo nolwaphulo-mthetho kwimimandla esebenza kwiklasi.
  • Ubugebenga kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo: Amaqela amaninzi omkhosi aguquka aba yimibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho ebandakanyeke ekuthengiseni iziyobisi, ukurhwebelana ngepetroli, ukuphangwa kwemali, nokuphanga. Oku kuthoba ulawulo lomthetho nolukholo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Victim kunye nabasindi bafuneka: Iziphumo zomzimba, zengqondo, kunye nezoqoqosho kubantu ngabanye kunye neentsapho, kuquka ukunqongophala kokusesikweni, iinkonzo zenkxaso ezingenenkxaso, kunye nongquzulwano oluqhubekayo.
  • Umonakalo ophakathi: Usasazo lwentlungu, uloyiko, kunye nolwahlulo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, uqhubeko lolwahluko nobutha.

Ngoko ke ilifa kukujongwa kwangasemva (ukusesikweni kwixesha elidlulileyo) kunye nokujongwa phambili (ukuqalisa). ISicwangciso esiLungisayo sesivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu sakukuqonda oku ngokubiza iinkqubo eziya “kuqinisekisa uxolelwano nokuqondana” ngexesha lokuqinisekisa“ ukuphunyezwa kokusesikweni."

Isivumelwano Esilungileyo Sosuku LwangoLwesihlanu Esilungele Ilifa

Ngoxa iSivumelwano santlandlolo sabeka imigaqo ebanzi, iindlela ezisebenzayo zacaciswa kumaxwebhu alandelayo, ngokungakumbi kwisivumelwano seSt Andrews, iSivumelwano seHouse, iSivumelwano se-2014 se-Sponsont House, ne-202020 New Approach. Isivumelwano seSponsont House Account sibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko saseka ibhunga elinelifa elipheleleyo eliquka amaziko amane:

Iqela Lophando Olungokwembali (HIU)

IHIU yenzelwe ukuthatha umsebenzi wamaqela asele ekho amapolisa alifa lemveli kunye nokwenza uphando olutsha, lokuzimeleyo kukufa okunxulumene nemfazwe okwenzeka phakathi kowe-1968 nowe-1998. Ijongo lokunika iintsapho iimpendulo, ichaze nasiphi na isigebenga okanye ihambo engqubanayo, kwaye ivelise iingxelo zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ngo-2025, iHIU ayikasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yeengxaki zezobupolitika ezinxulumene nomgangatho wayo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nolwalamano lwamapolisa.

IKhomishini ezimeleyo yokuNxulumana nokuBekisiswa koLwazi (ICRIR)

Eli qumrhu, elasekwa phantsi koMthetho (Iziphene Nezixokelelwano zasemntla Ireland) (Umthetho Ka-2023) wathatha indawo yeplani yangaphambili ye-HIU. I-CRIR inika enye indlela kumthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho, ibhekisa kwingxelo yolwazi nokuthetha inyaniso kunokutshutshisa. Linamandla okuvumela ukuthintelwa ekuvalweni kwetyala ukuze kutyhilwe ngokupheleleyo. Eli lungiselelo liye laphikisana kakhulu, ngamaqela amaxhoba, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kwaye urhulumente wase-Ireland uphikisa ngelithi ingqungquthela yaseYurophu ngamaLungelo oluntu kunye neSivumelwano esilungileyo soLwesihlanu iphumele ukuzinikela kokusesikweni.

[[Umthetho: 0] Ikhonkco leNxulumano: Umbhalo opheleleyo weMntla Ireland Iinkathazo (Umthetho noVuselelo) Act 2023 ukhona kwiNcwadi yeMithetho yase-Ireland.

Imbali Eqhelekileyo (OHA)

Le yindawo egcina iingxelo zobuqu namava avela kuzo zonke iindawo zebutho labantu, elungiselelwe ukwenza ibhanki yenkumbulo eyahlukeneyo, efikelelekayo. Ayiyifushanisi inyaniso kodwa ivumela abantu ukuba bawachaze ngamazwi abo. I-OHA yenye yezinto ezingeyompikiswano kangako, nangona inkxaso yayo kunye nokulawula ixesha elide ingaqinisekanga.

ILifa leMicro / Ukuzalisekisa kunye neQela loQeqesho (IRG)

Eli qumrhu lilawula ngokugqithileyo lalilungiselelwe ukuvelela amanye amaziko nokunceda incoko ihlale ihleli kwimimandla. Indima yalo yayikukukhuthaza ukuqonda nokuxolelaniswa ngokufumana inkxaso, ngokukhupha imiyalelo, nangemfundo.

Ucelomngeni Lokucombulula Iingxaki Zeenqobo Zempi

Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo, ukuzalisekisa kuye kwaneengxaki. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo lungahlanganiswa kwiindidi zezobupolitika, ezingokwasemthethweni, ezingokwentlalo, nezisebenzayo.

Ukungavisisani Kwezobupolitika

Amaqela amakhulu aseMntla Ireland aneembono ezahlukeneyo ngokwesiseko kwilifa. Amaqela esizwe kunye namariphabliki atyekele ekubekeni phambili inyaniso, okusesikweni, nokuziphendulela, kuquka imikhosi yorhulumente. Amaqela axhasa umanyano kunye nabanyanisekileyo basoloko bephikisa ngelithi ingqwalasela ifanele ibe kukuxolelana nokuqhubela phambili, ukulumkisa ukuba ukuvula amanxeba amadala kuphazamisa uxolo. Urhulumente waseBritani utyholwe ngokumisela “ukulawula imiqathango” ngokunempumelelo ngokunika ukuthintelwa, ngoxa urhulumente wase-Ireland kunye nababukeli abaninzi bezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe bephikisa ukuba iParace Act ithossssssss elungileyo ye-Adventine. Oku kuthintela uhlobo olubanzi lwesivumelwano esifunekayo nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yokuvunywa kwelifa ukuba kubonakale ngokufanelekileyo.

Inkxalabo Ngamalungelo Asemthethweni Nawabantu

ILegacy Act icelwe umngeni kwiinkundla. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-UK yawisa umthetho ngowama-2024 wokuba amalungiselelo athile — ngokungakumbi amandla okukhusela umzimba — ayengavisisani neemfanelo zamalungelo abantu phantsi kweNkomfa yaseYurophu. Lo Mthendeleko uye wagwetywa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhunga laseYurophu, nePalamente yaseYurophu. La madabi asemthethweni abangela ukungaqiniseki nokulibazisa, ashiya amaxhoba ekwi-livovolo.

Ukungavisisani Kwabantu Abaxhatshazwayo

Amaqela amaninzi amaxhoba avakalelwa kukuba amalungiselelo amatsha abeka phambili iminqweno yomkhosi kunye nabameli bakarhulumente kunabo babandezelekileyo. Ithuba lokugonywa kokuvuma ukubulala licaphukisa kakhulu iintsapho eziye zalinda amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yokusesikweni. I-ICRIRIR igxininisa ukuba inganikela inkcazelo nangaphandle kokuchotshelwa kwamatyala, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwesisongelo sentolongo, abachaphazeli abanaso lokwenene sokuthetha inyaniso. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxaki yokubekwa umthetho ngendlela elifa.

Ukuqhubeka Nomsebenzi Womkhosi

Ngeli xesha amaqela aphambili omkhosi egqibile kakhulu amaphulo awo okuxhotyiswa, amariphabliki avukelayo kunye namanye amaqela anyanisekileyo esasebenza. Iingxelo zonyaka zeKhomishoni ye Independent on Paraiffic Account (emiselwe emva kwesivumelwano se-2014 esitsha) ziyaqhubeka zisenza uxwebhu lokubethwa, ukudubula, kunye namaziko olwaphulo-mthetho. Ngo-2023, iNkonzo yamapolisa yaseNorthern Ireland ibhalise ukuhlasela okuzikompomposiso kwama-444. Olu gonyamelo lubonisa ukuba iziphumo ezingokwelifa le mkhosi aziyo zimbali ngokupheleleyo, kwaye zisezingxaki zangoku ezifuna ukusabela kokhuseleko kwebutho labantu xa kufumaneka inyaniso.

Amathuba Okuhambela Phambili

Phezu kwazo nje iinzima, kukho iindlela zokufumana inkqubela ecacileyo. Ukuthetha ngelifa lomkhosi phantsi kweSivumelwano esiKhulu sangoLwesihlanu kufuna ukudityaniswa kokuthanda kwezobupolitika, amandla oluntu nenkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe.

Izindululo Zoxolelwaniso Loluntu

Imibutho ye- Grassroot idla ngokuphumelela apho amaqumrhu asemthethweni aye asilela khona. Amaqela anjenge-Healing Throughing, i-Junction, kunye neNtshukumo yoLuntu adibanisa abo babesakuba ngamajoni, amaxhoba, kunye nabantu abaselula ukuze babelane ngamava nolwalamano. La manyathelo ajolise ekulungiseni okusesikweni, ukuncokola, kunye nokusebenzisana okusebenzisekayo kwimibandela enjengezindlu, imfundo, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Asebenza ngaphantsi kwesixhobo sokuphelisa impikiswano yezobupolitika kwaye anengxelo ebhaliweyo yokunciphisa uxinzeleko.

Ukungena kweNkcubeko

Nayiphi na inkqubo elifa elisemthethweni kufuneka ibeke iimfuno zamaxhoba kunye nabasindi ekumgangatho wayo. Oku kuquka inkxaso eyaneleyo yempilo yengqondo, imbuyiselo yemali, kunye nokufikelela kulwazi. Amaxhoba asemntla Ireland kunye neNkonzo yabasindileyo ikhona kodwa isoloko iphantsi. Iyandisa ugunyaziso lwayo kunye nobuncwane, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba anelizwi elinyanisekileyo ekuyilweni nasekuhlolweni kwamaziko angokwelifa. I-Nonst Ireland Office i-lifaces [

Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Ehlabathini Lonke

Amanye amabutho asemva kwemvumelwano ($mZantsi Afrika, Colombia, Guatemala, iizifundo ezikhoyo. IKhomishini yeNyaniso neyokuQeqeshelwano yoMzantsi Afrika idibene nokuxolelwa nenyaniso epheleleyo, kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokungafumani tyala. Inkqubo yoxolo yeColombia iquka zombini ikomishini yenyaniso kunye nolawulo olukhethekileyo lobulungisa olulingana nesohlwayo esichaseneyo. Kumntla Ireland, imodeli ethintela ukuthintelwa komzimba womzimba ngexa usekho kulwazi olunentla lunokuphuhliswa ngoxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Uthetho lwamathetho lwamazwe oMgaqo woxolo lwesizwe lweZiko. ]

Umlinganiselo wamanani nowokufundisa

Imbali yeOral History inokuba nento yokwenza nemigangatho esetyenziswayo eyenza amabali obuqu afikeleleke kwizikolo, abaphandi, kunye nakuluntu ngokubanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona ngokwenyani kweziganeko ezingundoqo, ii-linethi ezisebenzisanayo, kunye nezifundo zengingqi ze-intanethi kunokuzinceda izizukulwana eziselula ziqonde ukuntsonkotha kwembali ngaphandle kokubanjiswa yiyo. Iinkqubo zemfundo ezifundisa ukuhlalutya imbali nokwakhiwa koxolo zibalulekile ukuze kuxolelwane ixesha elide.

Indima Karhulumente Nemikhosi Yokhuseleko

Enye yezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo zibandakanya ihambo yomkhosi waseBritane kunye neRoyal Ulster Constabulary. Ukunxulumaniswa komkhosi womkhosi onyanisekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo, nokungabufumani ubungqina ekuphandeni kwamapolisa kuyaqhubeka kuvela. Isiseko solawulo lweGood Wear Freentual siquka utshintsho lwamapolisa kunye nokudalwa kwePolice Ombudsman, kodwa ukubonakala okupheleleyo ngokuphathelele iimeko zembali kusenzima ukubhadula.

Umthetho weLegacy Act usebenza ngokufanayo kubadlali bangaphambili bamazwe, abaye bawacaphukisa amaqela amalungelo abantu. Noko ke, abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuba i-ICRTER inganyanzela ubungqina obuvela kumajoni nakumagosa amapolisa angaphambili, inganika iintsapho ulwazi oluninzi kuneenkundla eziye zakwazi ukuhlangabezana nalo. Ucelomngeni kukuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na inkqubo enjalo izimele ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye ayibi yindawo yokufihla. I- IKhomishini ezimeleyo ePricicing for Northern Ireland (Ingxelo yePatten) ibeke isiseko sokulungisa iinguqulo; imigaqo yayo mayixhaswe.

Isiphelo: Isiphumo Esiqhubekayo

Ukuthetha ngelifa lemikhosi phantsi kweSimiselo seGood Wear Agreement asingomphambili wokuzikhethela, kodwa kusemgangathweni wokukhula koxolo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu emva kwevoti yembali, i-Ireland iseluluntu olwahluleke kakhulu, kwaye impembelelo yomkhosi ihlala ingumonakalo kumazwe amaninzi. Ngaphandle kwemigudu ethembekileyo yokucinga ngexesha elidluleyo, ukuthembana okufunekayo ukuze kubekho uxolelwano lokwenene kuya kuhlala kungenakufikeleleka.

Isivumelwano esiGood Wesihlanu sasingahloselwenga ukuvelisa isiphumo esigqibeleleyo; yayikukuyekelela okugqibeleleyo okwaphelisa ukubulala kwaza kwadala indawo yezobupolitika. Ngoku eso sithuba kufuneka sisetyenziselwa ukuyila iinkqubo ezilifa ezifanelekileyo, ezikhanyayo, nezinovelwano. Oku akufuni ukuba kubekho kuphela inyathelo likarhulumente kodwa kukwafuneka nokuba nenxaxheba okukhutheleyo kwebutho lasekuhlaleni, iicawa, abafundisi, kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, amaxhoba kunye nabo basindayo.

Akukho mpendulo ilula. Uxinzeleko phakathi kwenyaniso, okusesikweni, kunye noxolo luzalwa nasiphina isicwangciso sasemva kokuphela komngxube. Kodwa oku kulandelayo `ukuvumela ilifa logonyamelo ukuba likhule, lingaphindwa kwaye lingalungiswanga(-risks) ukuphelisa inzuzo yesivumelwano. Ngokuqhubeka kozibopho, ulwakhiwo, ulwakhiwo, nenkalipho, i-Northern Ireland isenokuwuzukisa umoya ka-1998 kwaye yakha ibutho apho ikamva lifundisa khona ngaphandle kokulichaza.