Inkqubo Yezeejaji: Ukugadiswa Kwamalungelo Nomthetho

Inkqubo yokugweba imiswe njengentsika esisiseko yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, esetyenziselwe ukutolika imithetho, ukucombulula iimbambano, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuphandwa ngurhulumente okanye ngabadlali abazimeleyo. Ukuzimele kwayo kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu kuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuvavanya ulawulo kunye nolwahlulo oluthintela ukubekwa kwamandla nokulondolozwa komthetho. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo nolungakhethi cala, amalungelo akhuselwe kwimimiselo nakummiselo aba ngamadinga angenanjongo. Eli nqaku lihlola inkqubo, imisebenzi, ikhuselwa, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo yezomthetho, ngokubhekisele kwindlela abagcina ngayo ulungelelwanomthetho kunye nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Isiseko Senkqubo Yeejaji Engokwembali

Iinkqubo zomthetho zale mihla zilandela imvelaphi yazo kwikhowudi yamandulo kunye nezithethe zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zamaxesha aphakathi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 idla ngokukhankanywa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko olwamisela umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo nolumisela amandla enkosi. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ukuphuhliswa komthetho oqhelekileyo eNgilani nasemgaqweni weYurophu yadala imizekelo emibini emibini. IUnited States, ngoMgaqo-siseko wayo kunye noMgaqo-siseko weJadisi ka-1889, yaseka umgaqo wephondo lwephondo lwenkundla yephondo eliphakamileyo kwiNkulawula kwayo, ubuvulindlela bengqiqo yogwebo kwi-mthetho-mthetho-siseko v. [18].[10].

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezeejaji

Inkqubo yokugweba ilungelelaniswa ngobuchule, kunye nemigangatho emininzi yeenkundla ezisingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatyala. Esi sakhiwo sisisiseko siquka iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla ezifumana ityala, inkundla ephakamileyo okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yezomGaqo-siseko ephezulu. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zithetha ngeenkalo ezithile zomthetho ezinjengeentsapho, irhafu, ukubhatala, ukulawulwa, okanye imicimbi yomkhosi.

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala zingowona mbandela wokuqala wokungena kwiimbambano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni. Ziva ubungqina, zihlolisisa amangqina, zize zisebenzise umthetho kwizibakala zetyala. Kwimicimbi yamatyala, iinkundla zamatyala zigqiba ukuba zityala okanye zimsulwa; kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, zicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela. Ezi nkomfa zisoloko zahlulwe ngokweenkundla zezolawulo jikelele (ukusingatha amatyala anzulu) kunye neenkundla zegunya elilinganiselweyo (ukusingatha amatyala amancinane okanye izityholo ezincinane). Ubukho bamatyala kwiinkundla zamatyala, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, bunika ingxingxelo kumandla ejajini ekwahlulelezelo kwaye buqinisekisa ukuba abantu bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zetyala eziye zavavanya izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla zamatyala. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zamatyala, azibuphulaphuli ubungqina obutsha okanye azibuzi izibakala; zigxininisa kusini na iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazele iziphumo. Iinkundla ze-intermediate appenellate zikho kwiindawo ezininzi ukukhulula umsebenzi wenkundla ephakamileyo. Izigqibo zazo zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho kwilizwe okanye kuhlanga. Inkundla yeZibheno, umzekelo, zahlulwe ngokweziphakamlo ezilishumi elinesithathu, inxalenye nganye egqugqithile.

IiNkundla eziPhakamileyo neeNkundla zoMgaqo-siseko

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba idla ngokusebenza njengommeli womthetho wokugqibela. Kumazwe amaninzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya lokuhlola ngokugweba, “‘ amandla okuphelisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Amanye amazwe, njengeJamani neFransi, ahlule iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezinikezelwe kuphela kwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko, ezahluke ngokupheleleyo kwimigangatho ephambili eqhelekileyo. Ezi nkundla ziphezulu zimisela imiqathango edibanisa iinkundla ezisezantsi zezokwalathisa ukucaciswa okusemthethweni kwixesha elizayo.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zisingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Imizekelo iquka iinkundla zentsapho, eziqhubana noqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana; iinkundla zerhafu, eziva iimpikiswano phakathi kwabahlawuli-mali namaqumrhu karhulumente; iinkundla zokuwa kwamahlwempu, ezijongela phantsi kweengxelo zentelekelelo; kunye neenkundla zemikhosi, ezizama ukuwaphula umthetho wasemkhosini. Ukuzinzisa ngokukhethekileyo kuvumela abagwebi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule obunzulu kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo, baphucule impumelelo nokungaguquguquki. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zinokuhlukaniswa nemigaqo engongoma engowona ngokomthetho.

Imisebenzi yenkqubo yezeeJaji

Inkqubo yokugweba yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu elisebenzayo. Le misebenzi iquka ukuphikisana ngesigqibo, ukutolika umthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo nokungamela isenzo sikarhulumente.

Isisombululo seNkqutyana yeNkcaso

Iinkundla zinikela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, enoxolo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kunye norhulumente, okanye phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. Ngokunikela isifungo, iinkundla zinciphisa imfuneko yokuzinceda okanye yokulumkisa, zomeleza uzinzo lwentlalo. Ezinye iindlela zempikiswano ezifana nokukhupha umva nokuthintelwa, nangona zisoloko zingeyonkqubo yenkundla esesikweni, ngamanye amaxesha zidityaniselwa kwimithetho yesithethe yamakhaya ukunciphisa ukuthwaliswa kwetyala kunye neendleko.

Ukucaciswa Nokulungelelana Kwemithetho

Imithetho emisela imithetho edla ngokuba mikhulu okanye engaqondakaliyo. Iinkundla ziyichaza le mithetho xa iyisebenzisa kwiimeko ezithile. Ngezigwebo zenkundla zezomthetho zizalisa izithuba, zicombulule imicimbi emidala, zilungise nemithetho emidala kwiimeko ezintsha. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, apho imizekelo (inkqubo ye-stances) iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kwinkqubo yezomthetho yamakhaya, iinkundla zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigaqo ebanzi, kodwa ukutolikwa kusekho indima ebalulekileyo yokugweba.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wejaji kukukhusela amalungelo abantu ekungeneni korhulumente okanye kumaqumrhu anamandla azimeleyo. Iinkundla zinyanzelisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uqinisekise inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo neyobungqungquthela; ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo; ukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula; kunye nokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ngenkqubo efana ne-habeas corpus, iinkundla zinokuyalela ukukhululwa kwabantu abavalelwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Inkqubo yokugweba ikwanikela ukucombululwa, imilinganiselo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, kunye nokuphulwa kwenkululeko yabemi.

Ulawulo Lwesenzo sikarhulumente

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luvumela iinkundla ukuba ziphelise izenzo zamasebe owiso-mthetho okanye alawulayo achasene nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi ugcina umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente, kuquka imiyalelo kunye nemimiselo elawulayo, zihambelana nemigangatho ephezulu yomthetho. Iinkundla zolawulo okanye iinkundla ezingoorhulumente zinokuhlola izigqibo ezimiselwe ngamaqumrhu afanelekileyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba zisemthethweni, zisengqiqweni, kwaye zisesikweni. Ngaphandle kokungavelela, amanye amasebe anokugqitha igunya lawo ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Indima YaBagwebi

Abagwebi bangamacandelo aphambili kwinkqubo yokugweba. Bongamela imicimbi, balawula kwiintshukumo, bafundisa amatyala, bamisele izigwebo. Izigqibo zabo kufuneka zisekelwe kuphela kumthetho nakubungqina, ngaphandle kwekhethe okanye impembelelo. Ukuzimela ngokweejaji (ukuxhotyiswa ngemigaqo yokumiswa okanye yokuchongwa, ukukhuselwa, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemivuzo ephambili, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuthembeke ebantwini. Iindlela nganye zorhwebo zimele zikhoke, ubulumko, nokuqondwa ngokunzulu kwemigaqo esemthethweni. Ukukhethwa kwabagwebi kuyahluka: amanye amazwe asebenzisa uthumo olusekelwe kwigunya eliphantsi, amanye axhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwemithetho ephantsi okanye ekuqinisekisweni, kwaye abagwebi abanyuli abathile baxhomekeke kwivoti evoti edumileyo.

Imilinganiselo Eqhelekileyo Nokungakhethi Buso

Abagwebi babotshelelwe ngemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha efuna ukungacaluli, ukukhuthala, nokuzibamba. Kufuneka bazibeke ityala kwiimeko zokungqubana. Nayiphi na imbonakalo yekhethe ingenza abantu bangathembaki. Iindlela zokuzimela, ezifana neekomishini yehambo yokugweba, zivumela izikhalazo nxamnye nabagwebi abaphula imithetho yokuziphatha. Ukulondoloza ukungacaluli kucelw'inzima ngokukodwa kwiimeko eziphezulu okanye ezichaphazela ezopolitiko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukukhuselwa kwemibutho kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukuze inkqubo yokugweba ikhusele amalungelo ngokunempumelelo, bonke abantu kufuneka babe nokufikelela okunentsingiselo. Noko ke, abaninzi bajongene nemiqobo enjengeendleko eziphezulu zomthetho, iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, imiqobo yolwimi, kunye nomgama wengingqi. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkonzo ze-probono, kunye nabakhuseli boluntu banceda ekuthetheni ngezi zikhewu, kodwa oovimba abangenele kwimimandla emininzi. uqulu-mthetho we-Online, ukwenziwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kunye nekliniki-kliniki-mthetho esemthethweni iyakhula. Injongo yeZizwe Ezihlangene Ezixhasa UphuhlisoPhuhliweyo inkqeleko 16 zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokufikelela kolwazi olulinganayo kwimithetho esesikweni kubo bonke.

Umelo olusemthethweni

Ilungelo lokucebisa lilelokubekwa phantsi kwetyala lobulungisa. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukufikelela igqwetha basoloko benelungelo lokufumana umkhuseli woluntu. Noko ke, ukuthwaliswa kwetyala elinzima nemali elinganiselweyo kungachaphazela ubunjani bomelo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, uncedo olusemthethweni aluqiniseki, lushiya ii-ligigit ukuze zizimela (zingoonotyala). Ukuzimela ngokwako kubeka umthwalo kubagwebi kwaye kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa. Abaxhasi bemi. [FLT: 0] banelungelo lokucebisa [ abameleli besiqinisekiso sokuzisa imicimbi ebalulekileyo yamakhaya, njengengxhuzulelo-lo, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nemiyalelo yogonyamelo.

Ukugcina Umthetho

Umthetho ufuna ukuba kungabikho mntu okanye similiselelo esingaphezulu kumthetho nokuba imithetho inyanzeliswe ngokulinganayo nangokungaguquguquki. Ijaji ixhasa lo mgaqo ngokummisela ngokungakhethi buso nangokugcina onke amasebe karhulumente enoxanduva lokuphendula. Xa iinkundla zisebenzisa umthetho ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukukholiswa, zomeleza isivumelwano sentlalo kwaye zithintela amandla olwaphulo-mthetho.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Uzimele-mthetho luyinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho angaphembelela isigwebo ngamadinga, ngoqingqo-mali, nangokwagunya eencwadi, kodwa ijaji isenokubetha imisebenzi yawo njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Kwezinye iinkqubo zepalamente, uhlolo lomthetho lungaphelela kwiinkundla zomgaqo-siseko, ngoxa kwezinye iinkundla zinokuyisebenzisa. Umlinganiselo uyahluka, kodwa injongo yayo ihlala ihleli: ukukhusela inkululeko.

Ukuqheliselwa kweNjongo yezeMigaqo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusisixhobo esinamandla. Umzekelo, inkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla yase-U.S. ingummiselo wesiko kwi- rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ivakalise ukukhetheka kwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke. Kutshanje, iinkundla zelizwe ziye zachitha imithetho ethintela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, amalungelo okuvota, nenkululeko yonqulo. Noko ke, ukuhlola kwezomthetho kusenokuphikisa ukuba abagwebi abangamiselwanga bamele bawubhukuqe imithetho yedelelo. Abaxhasi bachasa ukuba imimiselo yezomthetho ingummiselo engundoqo ekhusela abagqeqeshiweyo kwizenzo zolawulo, neenkundla zinikwe ngokwezikhundla.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene Nenkqubo Yezeejaji Zanamhlanje

Phezu kwayo nje indima yazo ebalulekileyo, iinkqubo zokugweba ehlabathini lonke zijamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu olunokuphelisa ukuphumelela nokuthembana kwabantu.

Ukusebenzisana Kwezobupolitika Nezisongelo Zokukhululeka

Kwamanye amazwe, abalawuli okanye amaziko endlu yowiso-mthetho asebenzisa ingcinezelo kubagwebi ngokuphanga inkundla, ngokusongelo, ngokubeka uqingqo-mali, okanye ngokususa iingxoxo. Kwanakwizikhundla ezimiselweyo zolawulo-siseko, kuvela iingxwabangxwaba xa imithetho yezomthetho ingqubana nemithetho yezobupolitika. Ukukhusela okunjengobomi (okanye imigaqo emide emiselweyo) kubagwebi abaphezulu, iinkqubo zokumisa ngokucacileyo, kunye namabhunga agweba ayalukhusela ukhuseleko lwenkululeko. Kodwa kufuneka ukuphaza okuqhubekayo ukunqanda ukuphamba.

Imithetho Yasemva Nexesha Lokulibazisa

Iinkundla ezininzi zijamelene nobunzima obugqithisileyo, obukhokelela ekulibaziseni okungavumelaniyo nokusesikweni ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kwezinye iindawo, ityala elilula loluntu lingathatha iminyaka ukufikelela kwityala. Ukusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa (e-filfire, inyani, ulawulo lwetyala oluzenzekelayo, ukuphucula ubuchule bokuchophela ityala, kodwa iinguqu zifuna utyalo-mali kunye noqeqesho. Ingxubusho ekhethekileyo yenkundla yemijelo yemida encinane nayo inganceda ekunciphiseni imicimbi yangaphakathi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke Nokuthemba

Ukukholosa kwabantu ngokubanzi kwijaji kubalulekile. Xa abantu bejonga iinkundla njengezinganyanisekanga, ezinekhethe, okanye ezingachaphazekanga, basenokubhenela kwiindlela ezingaphaya kwezamayeza. Ukubekwa kwecala okuphezulu, izivakalisi eziyekelelayo, okanye ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kolawulo loluntu bungabonakalisa ukuthembana. Ukubonakala kwimicimbi, ukuqiqa okucacileyo ngezigqibo, kunye neenkqubo zokufumana intlalo kunceda ukugcina ukuthembana. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokweekomiti, ezifana nokuvavanya imigaqo yezekomiti, kwanovavanyo, kwakhona zifeza indima ethile.

Ukufikelela Kwimida Yokusesikweni

Kwanakumazwe atyebileyo, inxalenye ephawulekayo yabemi ayinawo amanani afanelekileyo asemthethweni. Iindleko zokuqesha igqwetha zingathintela, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Uqingqo-mali loncedo lwasemthethweni lusoloko luphakathi kwezokuqala ukunqunyulwa ngexesha leengxaki zemali. Iindlela zokuvula amatyala "ezingenamthetho" ezincinane ezithi zifuneke, iinkundla ezingokwasemthethweni, kwi-intanethi, kunye neenkqubo ze-probono zizama ukuphelisa ezi zizithuba, kodwa zininzi izisombululo ezicacileyo ezifunekayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nemfihlo yogcino-lwazi

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamanani kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nobungqina, ukuzimela, namalungelo afanelekileyo okuvavanya. Iinkundla kufuneka zixhathise ukungakwazi kobungqina bamanani, ukuqwalasela i-elektroniki, kunye nokwenza isigqibo somthetho-manani ekugwetyweni okanye ekuhlolweni komngcipheko.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: UMthetho Oqhelekileyo uphikisana noMthetho waBami

Iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zomthetho zibumba iinkqubo zomthetho ezingundoqo ezilawula imicimbi yezomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, ezifumaneka eUnited States, e-United Kingdom, eKhanada, e-Ostreliya, nakwezinye, zixhomekeke kakhulu kumthetho olandelwayo kunye nemizekelo engokomthetho. Abagwebi kwiinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo banendima ephambili ekulungiseni umthetho ngokutolika. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya, ezixhaphakileyo kwilizwekazi leYurophu, elaseLatin America, kunye namazwe alapha e-Asia, zixhomekeke kwimimiselo ebumbeneyo, kunye nabagwebi abasebenzisa ngokuyintloko imigaqo-siseko kunokuyila imizekelo. Zombini ezi nkqubo zineendlela zomthetho ezisebenza ngokulula, ngoxa umthetho wamakhaya unika ukucaca nokuxeka.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwincwadi Yesikhungu Ezimeleyo

Inkqubo yokugweba asiyonkqubo nje yokucombulula iingxabano; sisixhobo sokuphelisa umgaqo-siseko nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokutolika imithetho, ukuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, nokubeka ityala kurhulumente, iinkundla zigcina umthetho. Nangona imingeni yezopolitiko //ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, imiqobo, ukuphazamiseka kwezixhobo, kunye nokuphazamisa kwezobugcisa , , i-'divictal', ihlala ibalulekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Izakhono, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye nabenzi bemithetho kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuqinisa amaziko echola, ukwandisa ukufikelela komthetho, nokugcina ukungakhethi okubangela ukuba umgwebi othembekileyo. Ngokwenjenjalo, sigcina amalungelo nenkululeko yedemokhrasi echaza ibutho elisesikweni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona U.S. inxuwa elisemthethweni leNkundla ePhakamileyo, isikhokelo ABA kwindlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo[, kunye [ Umthetho woMthetho nobulungisa iphepha.]