Ukwazisa

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asebenza kulawulo oluphambili locwangco lukawonke-wonke, esebenza ngoxanduva logcino-mthetho lokhuseleko lobukho bemithetho, ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo asisiseko. "Iindibano nezibheno ezingekho mthethweni" ingxubevange okanye ukuphazamisana kwamakhaya ./ivavanya imida esemthethweni yamagunya amapolisa. Imigaqo elawula ezi meko ayilulanga okanye ayilungelelani; ifumana kwimithetho yomthetho, imimiselo yemithetho-siseko, izithethe zomthetho, izithethe eziqhelekileyo, kunye namalungelo abantu ehlabathi. Ukuqonda ezi siseko asiyo kuphela ekufuneka sifake imigaqo yabasebenzi bomthetho kodwa kwanabasebenzi bezomthetho, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye nabemi abafuna ukuphendula. Eli nqaku lihlola imigaqo engundoqo esemthethweni egunyazisa ulawulo lwamapolisa, kunye nohlalulelo lwezomthetho xa kuphethwe iindibano-ofisi ezingekho mthethweni.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sesenzo Samapolisa

Amandla amapolisa ngokwemeko yezidubedube neendibano ezingekho mthethweni zivela kwimithombo emininzi engokwasemthethweni. Ezi mithombo zichaza ixesha amapolisa anokungenelela ngalo, amandla anokuwasebenzisa, kunye neenkqubo ezimele zilandelwe. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo luyahluka ngokwemithetho, kodwa izinto eziqhelekileyo ziquka imithetho, iimfundiso zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, kunye nesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko.

Imithetho yemithetho

Umthetho omninzi uye wamisela imimiselo ekhethekileyo enika amapolisa amandla okulawula iintlanganiso ezisongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Kulo Manyano, uMthetho wePublic Order 1986 (njengoko ukulungiswa) ngumthetho oyintloko. Ichaza [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [12] [iiiiiiii-iiii-i] wiso-manistiki [iiii-Plat] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-FLT] [integ]] [iiiiiiiii-FLT] [inqana]] [iii-ivice]. Kwakhona unika amandla amapolisa ukubeka kwiimeko zikawonke wonke kunye neendibano.[5]

EUnited States, akukho mmiselo mnye wolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe; endaweni yoko, umthetho uchaza ukuba kukho imithetho yabo. Umzekelo, iPenal Code yaseKhalifoniya amacandelo 404-406 ichaza indibano engekho mthethweni (abantu ababini okanye abangaphezulu abahlanganiseneyo ukwenza isenzo esingekho mthethweni okanye ukwenza isenzo esisemthethweni sogonyamelo) kunye noqhushululu (ukusetyenziswa kwesiphendu okanye ugonyamelo ngabantu ababini okanye ngaphezulu abaphazamisa uxolo lukawonke wonke). Amaphondo amaninzi aneenkonzo [[FLT:] [[FLT] [2] [10], apho uMongameli ogunyazileyo [[FFLT:1]] agunyazisa abaphathi ukuba balawule abasebenzi abaseleyo babambe abo basele besa.[FFreat] kodwa umthetho obalulekileyo woburhulumente ngumthetho oxhotyiweyo [1] kodwa usetyenziswa ngu-2004] kodwa umqulu onegunya eliphantsi komthetho.[1]

Imithetho yokumisela imithetho ikwathetha ngezixhobo zokusebenza ezikhoyo kumapolisa. Iikhowudi ezininzi zikarhulumente zigunyazisa ngokungqalileyo ukusetyenziswa kwe i-lethal izixhobo (igesi ejikelezayo, iimbumbulu zerabha, iimbumbulu zamanzi) ngexesha lemigqomo, ezisoloko ziphantsi kwemeko ezifana nesilumkiso okanye amalinge okukhutshwa kwemali. Ezinye imikhosi, njengeJamani kunye neqela le-U.S., zifuna amapolisa ukuba anikezele isilumkiso esicacileyo phambi kokusebenzisa amandla ukuhambisa indibano. Imiphetho kunye neenkqubo ezithile kufuneka zichazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.

Imigaqo Yomthetho Eqhelekileyo

Umthetho oqhelekileyo, ingakumbi kumazwe azuzwé njengesithethe somthetho saseNgilani, unika imigaqo esisiseko ephelelisa imimiselo. Ingcamango yamandulo ye yentlanganiso engekho mthethweni [ iqala ukuphazamisa iintlanganiso zamaxesha aphakathi, ekuqaleni eziphazamisa uxolo lukaKumkani. Ngaphantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo, indibano iba yi-awukho mthethweni xa abantu abathathu okanye abangaphezulu bejongene nokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamkela [[FLT:] ummi wommi [[FLT:]] [2], kodwa ngokugqithisileyo, i-ftle i-actived transtivesssss [ult] (umthetho olawulayokusetyenziswa umkhosi]).[5]

Umthetho oqhelekileyo waseka i-principle yemfuneko , evumela amagosa amapolisa ukuba asebenzise amandla afanelekileyo ukukhusela umonakalo osondeleyo. Kumongo wesibheno, lo mgaqo uthethelela izenzo ebezingayi kuba zingekho mthethweni (umz., ukungena kwimpahla yangasese, ethintela abantu ngabanye) logama nje besalungele ukusongelo. Umthetho wamaNgesi, onje Thomas v. Sawns [13], ubambe ukuba amapolisa angene kwintlanganiso yangasese ukuze athintele ukwaphulwa koxolo, kodwa aqhubeke imo ehlala impikiswano. Noko ke, inkundla zale mihla, zigxininise ukuba umthetho ongasetyenziswangangomthetho oqhelekileyo; kufuneka asebenzisa umgaqo-grona kwi-gracntion kunye namalungelo omthetho-mode.

UMthetho woMgaqo-siseko namalungelo abantu

Mhlawumbi eyona miqathango ibalulekileyo esemthethweni kwisenzo samapolisa somthetho-siseko ivela kwimigaqo-siseko yokukhusela indibano kunye nentetho ekhululekileyo. EUnited States, iSiHlaliso sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nendlela yokulwa. Amapolisa asenokungaqhubi umkhosi ngenxa yesigidimi sawo; amele abe nobungqina bokusebenza ngokusondeleyo kokungathobeli umthetho okanye isisongelo esicacileyo sikawonke-wonke. Ityala lencwadi Brandenburg v.[ [1269]] livumile ukuba ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo lukhuselwe ngaphandle kokuba kunyanzelwe ukukhuthaza izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisondeleyo kwaye kumele ukuba livelise. Le midaba yemithetho ecacileyo yokungenelela i-ofisi yezopolitikitiko.

KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, uMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi wonyaka ka-1998 uquka iNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu (ECHR). Inqaku 11 likhusela inkululeko yokuhlanganisa kunye nonxulumano, ngoxa Inqaku 10 likhusela inkululeko yokubonakalisa. Noko ke, zombini ziphantsi kwemiqathango ebekwe phantsi kwemiqathango [ yomthetho kunye [[FLT:]] ne-[FLT] efunekayo kwibutho ledemokhrasi ngenxa yeenjongo eziquka ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukuthintelwa kwesiphithi, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abanye. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo igxininise ekungalelwanga umqondiso wesigxoko olunyanisekileyo ngenxa yokunganyelelwa kweGwa. [[FLT:]

Ihlabathi lonke, i- Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe ongokwamalungelo asemthethweni nawopolitiko (ICCPR) ukwaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa (iNkcubeko 21) nenkululeko yokuchaza (Artle 19). IKomiti yamaLungelo oluntu jikelele yeNtlanganiso kaNo. 37 2020) inikela ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kwimiqathango esemthethweni: zimele zibe [[FLT: 2] ezifunekayo, ezilungelelanisiweyo, nezingadibaniselwanga-lulekiyo[[FLT:]. i-ogrates kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba amaziko omthetho aqeqeshelwe ukuthobela la malungelo ngexesha lokulawula intlungela. [FLD:] Imigaqo esisiseko ekusetyenzisweni koMkhosi noMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi [FT] [1990]

IiNqanawa Ezisemthethweni

Ngeli xesha amapolisa enqwenela ubulumko obuphangaleleyo ngexesha lemeko ezimaxongo, kukho imiqathango esemthethweni ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa nokugcinwa komthetho. Le miqobo ayiyomiqobo kumsebenzi olungileyo wobupolisa; ikhusela ekhulisa ukuthenjwa koluntu.

Ukwandiswa nokunyanzeleka

Imigaqo emibini ye i-neasysity kunye ingumsebenzi wobungangamsha obusemthethweni. Phantsi komthetho wezizwe kunye nenkqubo zasekhaya ezininzi, amapolisa angasebenzisa amandla kuphela xa kuyimfuneko ukufikelela injongo esemthethweni, kwaye kwangoko, iqondo lamandla kufuneka lilungelelane kwisisongelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindlela ezingasetyenziswanga zimele ziqwalaselwe kuqala, kwaye ukuba amandla asetyenziswa, kufuneka asebenzise umlinganiselo omncinane ofunekayo. Dis amapolisa angasebenzisa ukulwa noxolo ngemingeni ye-'ama-'bal' okanye iirhasi ezinokuphazamisana ngaphandle kokuba ukuhlanganisana okanye ukusongela okunganyaniseki kwengozi.

EUnited States, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Graham v. Connor (1998) limiselwe ukuba ukuzibanga kokunyanzeliswa okugqithisileyo ngexesha lokubanjwa kuyavavanywa phantsi koMphetho-Mda wesine woMphetho-Mdangatho-mva-mva" umgangatho. Lo mgangatho uqwalasela ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba orhanelwayo ubangela isisongelo esikhawulezileyo, kwaye nokuba ngaba ukrokrexo uyalwa uyalwa. [FLT]] Graham[ isebenza ekuvaleni, iinkundla ezisebenzisa ukuqiqandanisa okufanayo ekulawuleni iimeko. Umzekelo, uBroseaugen. [FFF:] [5] [20], iNT.[2004] iNklkT] iNkutshintsha iNkuvo ekwaziyo ekwaziwayo kwinkundla ekwaziwayo, ngokokuba iinqobo, ngokokuba isetyenziswa ngokutyityityiswe

Amalungelo Abantu Agqalwa

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe umisela izibophelelo ezongezelelekileyo ezisenokungathathiswa ngokupheleleyo yimithetho yasekhaya. Inkundla yase-European yamaLungelo aBantu ivelise iqumrhu lomthetho wetyala ekusingatheni ingqwabalaliso yamapolisa. Oya'Ataman v. Inkundla yeTurkey (2006], iNkuvulo yafumana ukwaphulwa kweQumrhu 11 apho amapolisa asebenzisa khona iimpumlo zegesi namanzi ukuphelisa ukuchasana kokusiswa kwemeko-bume ngaphandle kokuzama ukuvavanyanisa umgangatho wasekunene. Inkundla yagxininisa inkcaso esemthethweni imele ihlomelo eqinileyo. Ngokunjalo, [FLT: 4,5]

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yabhala iziganeko apho amapolisa asebenzisa amandla angenakulinganiswa asekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwimibutho yezobupolitika enxulumene nabaqhankqalazi. IKomiti YEUN ekupheliseni ucalulo lwe-Black Discial (CERD) ikhuthaze amatyala ukuba athathe amanyathelo okuphepha ulawulo lobugqeba kwisihlwele. Umzekelo, ngexesha le-20 George Floyd e-United States, iingxelo ezivela kwi-ACLU and Human Rights Watch zabonisa ukuba ukunyanzelwa komthetho kumaqela amaBlamki kwiixabiso aphezulu kunabantu abathathi-nxaxheba abamhlophe kwiimeko ezifanayo. Okungaqhelaniswa okunga kungakhokelela kwimingeni esemthethweni ekwayaluntlulawulo olulinganayo kunye nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Kwaneendibano ezinoxolo zingathotyelwa imiqathango esengqiqweni. Oorhulumente bangamisela izifuno zemvume, bamisele amacandelo okuqhankqalaza, kunye nemida yexesha elimiselweyo . Ingulo ePhakamileyo eLawulayo, edityanisiweyo, eshicilelweyo, kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ku v. Rock Against Ractic [1999] ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente angalawula umthamo wesandi esinyuliweyo kwikomfako yogcino ngaphandle kokwaphula isiHlulo Sokuqala, lomthetho logama umthetho ufanelekile ngaphandle kokuqulungela. Ukuqiqamba okufanayo kusebenza kwimiboniso kunye nentlanganiso.

Noko ke, xa imiqathango iba nzima kakhulu okanye isetyenziswa ngokungqongqo, ingaba kukuphazamisana nelungelo lokuhlanganisa. Umzekelo, kufuna abaqhankqalazi ukufumana imvume kumphathi wamapolisa ongazange anikezele imvume yokulahla uMthetho wokuqala (bona ] Shuttlesworthworth v. Birmingham[FL:1], 1969). Ku-UK, i-[FLT] uMthetho we-Public Order u-Act 1986 unika amapolisa amandla okubeka iimeko kuludwe neendibano, kuquka nezithintelo, kodwa ezo meko zimele zisekelwe kwinkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ukonakala okungakhiyo kwempahla, okanye ukonakala kobomi kuzakuvela ipropati yoyilo. "iiiindlela yoloyiko oluqhelekileyo" ayichazwangachazwangangoko; i-oggcimbini% ye-od syst syst sy; "ith convertif"

Ukuziphendulela Okusemthethweni

Xa amapolisa egqithisa imida esemthethweni, abantu banoncedo kumacandelo amaninzi asemthethweni. Ukunyanga abantu kubandakanya izenzo zokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlaselwa ngenkohlakalo, ibhetri, ukutshutshiswa ngenkohlakalo, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye abantu. EUnited States, 422 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . imvume e- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

KuManyano eUnited Kingdom, ummangaleli usenokuzisa isenzo sobupolisa solwaphulo-mthetho kumntu okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni kobuxoki, okanye afune umonakalo phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo woMntu 1998 ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo eNdibano. Ngaphezu koko, amapolisa asenokuthotyelwa phantsi kwe- i-Ofisi ezimeleyo ye-Police Epile (IIOPC) uphando olunzulu kwiziganeko ezinzulu. I-OPC inamandla okuncomela ukuqulukwa okanye ukubhekisa kwityala le-Rhulumend Procutiation Servision Service (CPS) ukwenzela izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukumangalelwa kwamagosa ngamanye ngenxa yokuhlaselwa, ibhetri, okanye ukubulawa kwabantu kwiimeko ezimandundu. Noko ke, izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezichaphazelekayo kumapolisa zinqabile ngenxa yomthwalo ocacileyo kunye nokuthotywa kwetyala kumagosa ahlukeneyo kwisigqibo sesibini. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwangaphakathi lwamapolisa zikwadlala indima, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuba abanazibonelelo. Ezinye iinkalo ziye zaseka imibutho ekhethekileyo ejongene noocuphindo oluphezulu olufana nezoluhlalutyiweyo lwamapolisa.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Zexesha Elizayo

Iinguqu ezingokwemigaqo yezomthetho azimi nje; ziguquka ngenxa yobugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kolindelo lwentlalo, kunye neengcaciso ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezincinci

Ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza (igesi eshushu), i-kinetic yeziphumo zeziphumo (iimbumbulu zembumbulu zebhanti, ibheni, ingxowa yesandi) kunye nezixhobo zokuvakala (LRADs) ziye zabangela uphando olunzulu olusemthethweni. Iinkundla ziye zathi maxa wambi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo nxamnye nokungabikho kophako olunamandla kuphazamisana ne-Texas. Umzekelo, [[FLY: 0]] Isebe Lokhuseleko Lokhuseleko Loluntu [[FLT:] [201], inkundla yesithili ivumele ukulwa ngokuchasene noomatilo-Texas abaqhubi abaqhubi abaqhubi abaqhubi abaqhushe kancinci abangqube bengena mvume ezindaweni ezikufuphi. Inkundla yaqikeleleneyo ukuba amandla angabi nangqhinga. Ngokunjalo, ityala elingekulinganayo iNkuMandla aseYurophu [12] [12] [20] kunye nezikhotho ze-R.[20] I-S.[20] I-Spoigrognomet .

Amanye amagunya ngoku athintela okanye avimbele izixhobo ezithile ezingekho mgangathweni. I-Ofisi ye-Ofisi yasekhaya ye-United Kingdom igxininisa ukuba iimbumbulu ze-baton (iimbumbulu zeplastiki) kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko ezimandundu kunye nokugunyaziswa okuphezulu. EUnited States, izixeko ezifana nePortland, Oregon, iye yakwalela ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yokukrala kulawulo lwesihlwele ngaphandle kweemeko zongxamiseko. Noko ke, imibutho yamapolisa iyaqhubeka, kwaye isoloko iphikisa ngelithi ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kwamagosa okukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Ukhuthuzo lwamanani kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano

Izakhono zale mihla zisoloko zicwangciswe ngoncedo lwezentlalo-ntle, kwaye amapolisa aye ajonga uphando lwamanani ukuze ajonge kwaye axele kwangaphambili iindibano ezingekho mthethweni. Iinkqubo zomthetho zokuhlola ziyahluka-hluka. E-US, ulwalelo loMthambeko wesine lokuhlola nokuxhuzula lusebenza kumanani kuphela xa kukho ukulindela okufanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zathi ukuqwalasela ukuba iindawo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo-ntle zivumelekile, kodwa ukufumana indawo yokwenene yedata evela kwiinqaba zeseli kuyimfuneko. I-UK’s Resignityheed Act 2016 inikela isiseko esisemthethweni sogcino-lwazi oluninzi, kodwa uMthetho ugxeko-mthetho ugxeko-lwazi olufanelekileyo lokungangenisilwa ngokukhuselwa ngokuzinziswa kwe-mali.

Imingeni esemthethweni iye yajolise ekusetyenzisweni kobuchule bokuqwalaselwa kobuso ngexesha loqhankqalazo. Ewards v. South Carolina (1963), iNkundla yalamkela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa “ngoxolo” ngaphandle koloyiko lukarhulumente. Ukubakho kweekhamera zophando kunye nee-drones kusenokuba nempembelelo ehlasimlisayo kwelo xesha. Kulo mkhosi i-UK, iNkuNkundla yesibheno kwi-R (Bridgets) v. iNkulu enguMphathi yamaPolistile aseMzantsi Wales [[FLT:] 2020] ikholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kobuso obuzinziswa yi-onkcomputhayo bekungekho mthethweni ngokomthetho yaye kungaphumelelanga kumthetho omthetho osemthethweni kwimicimbi yolawulo lwamapolisa. Oku kukhuthaza ukulawulwa koothothotho lwamapolisa ngexesha loshishino.

Iinkqubo Ezihlanjiweyo Nezahlukileyo

Unyuko olungenalo ukhokelo kunye kunye [ii-asethi ezikhoyo] ezithi zivukele "ezinjeni" "njengentshukumo yonyaka ka-2020 Black Livetion Mains" oluthi lungavumelani nomthetho okhethekileyo. Izicwangciso zomthetho ziqikelela ukuba abaquququzeleli baphawulwe kwaye bangabandakanyeki kwingxoxo. Xa ingxubeko ivela ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esisemthethweni, amapolisa angazama ukusebenzisa ixesha, indawo, nemiqathango esemthethweni. Ezinye izindululo ziye zamkela umthetho ofuna amapolisa azame ukuzama ukuzama ukuphelisa unxibelelwano phambi kokuba asebenzise unxibelelwano oluzenzekelayo. [FT]

Isiphelo

Imigaqo yolawulo lwamapolisa amapolisa alawula iindibano nezibheno ayiyomithetho nje yobugcisa; amela ukuzimisela kwebutho labantu ukulungelelanisa ucwangco lukawonke wonke ngenkululeko esisiseko. Ukwakhiwa okuqinileyo okusemthethweni kunika imida ecacileyo yokusebenza kwamapolisa, kuqinisekisa ukuphendula xa kunqamlwa loo mida, kwaye kukhusela ilungelo labemi lokuhlanganisa nokuvakalisa izityholo. Imigaqo yemfuneko, ukulungelelaniswa, kunye nokungaguquguquki komthetho kufuneka kulawule wonke umnyanzelo, kwaye kumele kusetyenziswe inyathelo lokuqala lokungenela ekukhetheni iindlela zokusebenzisa izixhobo zekhompyutha. Njengoko kuvela ubugcisa obutsha, imigaqo-mthetho kunye neenkundla kufuneka iqhubeke ilungisa ezi ziphakamisa ezi zimodeli zombini. Amaziko omthetho ayakuvuma ukuthobela nokubonakala akuyi kumele kunciphise kuphela ukuthembeka kodwa kwanempumelelo kwe-demokhrasi.

Ufundo olubhekele phaya: