Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya abaxhasi-mthetho abaninzi, abaxhasi-mthetho, abasemaqulwini abaphetheyo, amaqela enzala, kunye namaqumrhu kawonke-wonke — ukusebenza kunye ukwenza, ukutshintsha, nokumisela imithetho. Iqela elinye elibalulekileyo nelinempembelelo kule ndawo ngamaqela alawulayo. Le mibutho ibonakalisa izilangazelelo ezithile kwaye isebenza ngenkuthalo ukubumba imithetho yendawo, urhulumente, amanqanaba aphezulu, kunye nolawulo lwesizwe. Ukuqonda indima yamaqela azimeleyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, impikiswano, kwaye ekugqibeleni idlule ngayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela yokwenziwa kwamaqela oonobangela ubugxaso, iindlela zokuphembelela, kunye nempembelelo yawo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ayintoni Amaqela Abalawuli?

Amaqela ee-atmon abizwa ngokuba ngamaqela enzala okanye amaqela oxinzelelo, ngamaqela afuna ukuphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngaphandle kokuqhuba ngokusemthethweni. Amela intabalala yeminqweno ebanzi, esuka kukhuseleko lwemekobume kunye nobuchule bokulungisa impilo ukuya kumalungelo asekuhlaleni, ingeniso yenkampani, kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi. Amaqela oonontlalo-ntle anokusekwa njengemibutho engangeni projekthi, irhafu yerhafu (501(c) okanye 501(c) amaqumrhu obugcisa, amaqumrhu, amashishini, okanye imibutho yoonotyaniwa. Injongo yawo ephambili kukushukushela iziphumo ezithile zemithetho-mthetho, ngokubandakanya nabaquququzeleli bemi boluvo lukawonke.

Iindidi zamaqela obuGcisa

Amaqela obuchule angacalulwa ngokwendalo yenjongo yawo okanye ubuchule amele ngabo:

  • Amaqela athanda ukudibana — Imibutho ethi isebenzela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo, njengamaqela okusingqongileyo (umz., iSierra Club), abaxhasi babathengi (umz., uLungu), kunye nenkululeko yoluntu (umz., iAmerican Civil Liberies Union).
  • Amaqela anomdla wezoqoqosho — izinto eziqhubela phambili ushishino lwezoqoqosho lwecandelo elithile, kuquka unxulumano lwezoshishino (iCentre of Commerce) ye-U.S., imibutho yobuchule (iNhlangano yezamayeza aseMerika), kunye namaqumrhu abasebenzi (i-AFLNGICOO).
  • [[UMTL:0] Amaqela amaqumrhu amatsha — Imibutho ijolise kwingingqi enye ekhethekileyo yenkqubo, njengamalungelo emipu (Intlangano yesizwe yeRifle) okanye amalungelo okuqhomfa (NORAL Proprecice America).
  • Amaqela asekelwe kwi- — izinto ezimele iqela labemi okanye izithethe, njengeNAACP (amalungelo afanelekileyo aseAfrika Amerika), AARP (amakhulu aseMerika), okanye iQumrhu lesizwe laMantokazi (amalungelo abafazi).

Ukubaluleka kwamaqela obufundisi kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Amaqela obuchule asebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho wedemokhrasi. Iindima zawo zidlulela ngaphaya kokuphembelela nje; angundoqo kuhlobo oluziintlobo-ntlobo lwenkqubo yokwenza.

  • Ulwahlulo: Amaqela akhuthaza uluntu nabantu abanokuthi ngenye indlela bangalityalwa kwibala lemidlalo yezobupolitika. Baqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo", ngokufuthi kubemi abaphantsi, zivakala ngexesha lokuva nokuvota.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaqela amaninzi obuchule asebenzisa abahlalutyi bemithetho, izazinzulu, amagqwetha, nababesakuba ngabamisi-mthetho. Olu lwazi lukhethekileyo lubavumela ukuba banike abenzi bomthetho ngogcino-lwazi oluneenkcukacha, iingxelo zobugcisa, kunye nohlaziyo olusemthethweni olwazisa ukwenziwa kwengxelo yomthetho kunye nokulungiswa kwemithetho.
  • Ukuzinziswa: Amaqela anobuchule ekukhuthazeni abemi ukuba baqhagamshelane nabameli babo, bangene kwiiholo zedolophu, babe nenxaxheba ekuvuleni, kwaye bavote. Olu xinzelelo lwengca luhlala lunyulwe ngamagosa ahlala ephendulelwa kwaye lungasusa isivumelwano kumthetho.
  • Ukukhupha nokulawula: Amaqela ajonga amatyala kwiqonga ngalinye lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho] ukusuka kuphawulo lwekomiti ukuya kumavoti omgangatho(* kwaye ingxelo esobala ngendlela abavoti bemithetho abavote ngayo. Oku kunceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi kwaye bathintele ulwabo lwegumbi lokusebenza.

Ngaphandle kwala maqela, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibiya kulawulwa phantse ngokupheleleyo zizinto ezinqwenelekayo zenkampani kunye nezingenisi zikarhulumente. Amaqela ancedisayo ekunyuseni ibala lokudlala, nangona iqondo lobulungisa lisengumbandela wengxoxo.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Indlela Amaqela Abafundisi Abe Ziintsika Ngayo Zokwenza Umthetho

Iqela lale mihla le-advocacy lavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kweXesha leNkqubela. I-Muckrakers kunye nabaququzeleli njengo-Upton Sinclair, Jane Admams, kunye nee-suffracs zasungula imibutho yamanani ukuze inyanzelise amalungelo empangelo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nomthetho wokulwa kwe-projekthi. I-American Covil Liberties Union, eyasekwa ngo-192020, kunye ne-Sierra Club, eyasekwa ngo1892, iphakathi kwamaqela asebenzayo asebenzayo. IPF. Iminyaka ye-1969 ephakathi kwe-R. Iminyaka yenzala yenzala yenzala, ekhuthazwa ngulwandidi lwamazwe asekuhlaleni kwimimandla efana namalungelo asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni, kunye nemeko-menterse-Admignes.[10]

Indlela Amaqela akhuthazayo Amaqela Anempembelelo Emithetho

Amaqela obuchule asebenzisa isixhobo esibanzi sobuchule bokwakha inkqubo. Ebonaka kakhulu [[FLT: 0] ilobbing[[FLT: 1], kodwa impembelelo ihamba nzulu.

Ukujija ngqo

Ukubotshwa kwemali kubandakanya unxibelelwano olungqalileyo nabamisi-mthetho, abasebenzi babo, namagosa esebe aphezulu. Amaqela amaninzi aqesha abangenisi-mfono-mfono ababhalisiweyo ``ababengamalungu eBhunga' okanye asebe elikhulu''. Abasebenzisa ulwalamano lwabo kunye nolwazi oluphezulu ukuze bafumane ukufikelela. Basebenzisa ulwimi lwe-projekti, bacebisa ukupheliswa, kwaye banikezele iinkcazo. E-United States, ukuphembelela ulawulo olungaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandimali ezingama-4, ngokwe-20222, njengoko kuxelwe .

Ukuntywilisela ngokungangqalanga (Iingcambu zeGrass kunye neentambo ezinomsila)

Amaqela akhuthaza uwonke-wonke ukuba aqhagamshelane nabameli bawo ngamaphulo e-imeyili, iibhanki zemfonomfono, kunye ne-media. Grasss'sss[ ukutsala intuthuzelo kubandakanya ukulungiselela abantu abanempembelelo [“iinkokeli zezoshishino, imfundo, okanye abantu abadumileyo] abanonxulumano lobuqu nabenzi bomthetho. Zombini ezi ndlela zibonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke (okanye inkcaso) yemali.

Iphulo lokulumkisa uluntu

Amaqela akhuthaza amaphulo okubhengeza, avelisa iifilimu zevidiyo, kunye noshicilelo loshicilelo lweenkupho akhupha iimbono zikawonke-wonke. Ngokubeka imbambano ngendlela enyanzelisayo, umzekelo, uchaza irhafu njenge- “mngxuma wabatyebi” okanye umthetho ‘ njengombulali wejob" bangavelisa amandla anyanzela abenzi-mthetho ukuba banikele ingqalelo.

Isakhiwo Sokwakhela Imali

Akukho qela linye linokutshintsha umthetho ontsonkothileyo kuphela. Amaqela eentlobo-ntlobo asoloko ebumba izithethe ukudibanisa ubuncwane, ubuchule, kunye nokuzisa intlalo edibeneyo. Amaqabane emali asenokuquka amanxulumani angacingelwanga `njengaxa imibutho yonqulo kunye namaqela emeko-bume yemeko- bume. IKomiti ye-Federal Uhlaziyo lwemeko-bume, umzekelo, idibanisa ugcino-mali oluthe rhoqo kunye nee-eakreksis ukuxhasa inkqubo ye-Rocessifix.

Uphando nophuhliso

Amaqela amaninzi asebenza ngokusemthethweni anikela kakhulu ekuvezeni inkqubo efutshane, amaphepha amhlophe, kunye neezifundo zezoqoqosho. Abenzi bomthetho, ingakumbi abo banabasebenzi abancinane, baxhomekeke kolu phando ukuze baqonde iziphumo zomthetho ocetyiswayo. Ingxelo exhotyisiweyo inokuba sisiseko somthetho opheleleyo. Ungcelele lweRomester Foundation luye lwazisa iingcebiso ezininzi zemithetho ebekelwe imigaqo yomthetho ukususela kwixesha leReagan.

Umthetho nomthetho

Xa uloyiso lwemithetho lubonakala lunzima, amaqela e-advocation aphethukela kwiinkundla. Afaka imecus curiae, axhasa ukumangalelwa, kwaye azisa namatyala ngqo (umz., icebo le-NAACP eliyinteligation elaqukumbela kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo). Ingalo esemthethweni ye-ACLU incedile ekuxovuleni i-ibrogspeech nemithetho eyimfihlo.

Izifundo zetyala lamaqela obuhlanga asebenza

Umthetho Osingqongileyo Weqela LaseSierra

I-Sierra Club, eyasekwa ngo-1892, ingomnye wemibutho emidala nenempumelelo yokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemekobume eUnited States. Isebenzisa impumelelo yamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3, iphembelela umthetho wendalo ofana noMthetho we-Ceoc Air Intement ka 1990 kunye ne-Cean Power Plan. Iqela layo elikhuthazayo, lidibene nemibutho yengca edibeneyo efana ne- “Beyond Coal,” inceda ukurhoxa amakhulukhulu e-ografidisiweyo yamandla e-afreat kwaye inyanzela imilinganiselo yamandla anokubuyiselwa kwakhona. Iqela likwayayayayamkela i-ligasting (ngoko umzekelo, ukuvala i-Keystone XL part. I-appel i-appel ichaza indlela eqhuba ngayo inkqubo esetyenziswayo ejikelezayo esetyenziswayo ekwayo ngexesha lokuchasana.

ISivumelwano seSizwe saseMerika Esikhululekileyo (ACLU) Namalungelo

Iqanjwe ngo-1920, i-ACLU ibingumkhuseli ongapheliyo wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Umgama wayo womsebenzi ekukhuseleni amalungelo akhululekileyo eengxube zamaqela aphikisanayo ukumisela ulingana komtshato ( wefell v. Hodges) kunye nokuvota amalungelo omthetho. I-ACLU's commentaligic abandakanya ukurhwaqeshela i-andla-amalungelo eVongling Rights Reations kunye namaphulo e-rejistament asemthethweni olungele utshintsho. Ngokudibanisa ubuchule obusemthethweni kwimfundo yasekuhlaleni kunye nokukhuthaza, i-ACCLLUU ilogo ngokomthetho kunye neendawo zelizwe ekuphumeleni komtyathotho lobucala.

Oomama Abachasene Nokuqhuba Nge-Drunk (MADD) Nokhuseleko Lomjelo

IMADD inikeza umzekelo onamandla weqela elikwiqela elinye elidala i-advocation elaguqula inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Yasekwa ngo 1980, iMADD lobbesed yengqongqo enxila ngokugqithisileyo, inyusa imigaqo esemthethweni ukuya kwi-21, kunye nokunyanzela ukuvavanywa kweepoyinti zokungaphumi. Iindlela zabo zokuhlola ingca. /iivictim eziphembelela iziphumo zepropati, iinkqubo zemfundo yesikolo, kunye namaphulo okukhumbula isithethe okunciphisa ukubulawa kwemoto ngama-50% ukususela ekuqaleni kowe1980. Impumelelo ye MADD ibonisa ukuba kwanendlela yokuhlola i-'''''''''''''', i-'igloappoints sy creactims proces proces processs sy.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Namaqela Abaxhasi

Phezu kwako nje ukuba namandla, amaqela alawulayo asebenza kwimeko - bume enzima ngakumbi.

  • [[NTL:0] Ukuhlanganisa i-0]: Amaqela amaninzi axhomekeke kwiimfanelo zamalungu, kwimirhumo, nakwiminikelo, enokuncipha ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okanye emva kokutshintsha kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika. i-Nonpaji iinzuzo ezicaciswe njengo 501(c)(3) zithintelwe kakhulu kwimisebenzi yawo yokutsala, inyanzelisa ezinye ukuba zinqamleze izixhobo zobundlobongela.
  • Ukwenziwa kube ncam-mhlaba: Njengoko iNgqungquthela isuka ingabina ncam, kunzima ngamaqela ukufumana iimpelesi ze bipartisan ngenxa yezizathu zazo. Imiyalezo ye-Advocacy eyakhe yabhenela kuwo omabini amaqela ngoku ibeka engozini yokubekwa esichengeni njenge-xractic.
  • [[FLT: 0] ingqiqo kunye nenkohliso: Amanye amaqela akhuphiswano atyholwa ngokuba “ziingca ezitshazi” (ingca), ezixhaswe zizinto ezifihlakeleyo zenkampani. Kwanamaqela asemthethweni achitha ixesha kunye nemali elwa nokugqwethwa komsebenzi wawo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufuna ukuqwalaselwa: namaqela afumana intsebenziswano kumakhulu eembambano, kunokuba nzima ukuqhekeza ingxolo. Ii-algorithm zezentlalo zixhobo zonxibelelwano zikwakhulisa ezona lizwi zingxolo zikhulu, maxa wambi ngendleko yempikiswano yenkqubo egqwethekileyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imiqobo esemthethweni kunye nemithetho elawulayo: Imithetho enjengeyoMthetho weLobbing Displarence ifuna ingxelo eninzi. Imithetho yomgangatho omtsha karhulumente ijolise “kungenelelo lolwamkelo” okanye impembelelo yamanye amazwe ingenza iinzima zokuthobela.

Ukuqwalasela Imibandela Nempikiswano Ngempembelelo

Amandla amaqela e-advocation aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela yokuziphatha. Abahlalutyi babonisa ulwalamano olujikelezayo xa abalawuli bemithetho beba ngababhexeshi ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphuma eofisini . abafihlwayo umgca phakathi komsebenzi kawonke-wonke kunye nenzuzo yangasese. Abanye baxhalatyiswa kukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela atyebileyo (umz., ishishini lonyango lonyango lonyango lonyango lwamayeza) angabona ukuba azama ukuphembelela abaenzi bomthetho. Inkonzo e-FTProffiontionment: [3] imigaqo yokuphendula imigaqo ye-bharight Dission Reaisenceivession Activestion, amaqela athe athe rhoqo. Amaqela afumana i-RGrenceldertivencel.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo: Utshintsho Lwamanani LobuGcisa

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baphinda basebenzise indlela amaqela ee-activation asebenza ngayo. Amaqonga amanani avumela izintlu zokwakha uluhlu olukhulu lwe-imeyili, anyusa iminikelo emincinci ye-gradiadar, kwaye asebenze izibhengezo ezijolise kumsebenzi. Izixhobo ezifana iziphumo ze-' kunye neengcingo ezizenzekelayo zefowuni zenza kube lula kumalungu ukunxibelelana neZingqungquthela ngemizuzu emibalwaneni. Ngoku, i-data yentlalo ingenza amaqela angakwazi ukuchaza ukuba amaqela amaninzi ayakwazi ukuphendula. [ [iiiiiiiiintegla yocingo ubuchule obusetyenziswayo obusetyenziswayo kwimiqatha yezopolitiki, obungasayinwe, obuninzi obungasayinweyo, obuninzi bemiqatha, obungasayinwe ye-A.[F]

Isiphelo

Amaqela omthetho abalulekile ngabadlali abakwinqanaba ngalinye. Anikela umelo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, anikela ubuchule obunzulu, aqokelela amandla kawonke-wonke, anike abaququzeleli bomthetho ityala. Iindlela zabo zokulungisa imicimbi, amaphulo kawonke-wonke, uphando, uphando, kunye nokucalucalula, zivumela ukuba ziphembelele imithetho kuzo zonke iinqanaba, ukusuka kwingcamango yokumisela ukumiswa kwemiqathango. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana nemali enxulumene nezopolitiki, ukulawulwa kwezopolitiki, kunye nenkxalabo yemithetho yokuziphatha ziyaqhubeka, impembelelo epheleleyo yamaqela ekwalawuleni kwedemokhrasi ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda indima yawo, abafundisi kunye nabafundi banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela enzima ngayo imicimbi yomthetho, kunye nokubaluleka kwemicimbi yezopolitiki, njengoko amatheki aguqula woomatshini kunye neemeko zezo zezo zezondaba, ezikhoyo zezo zonke ezi ntlanganiso, ezihlala kwimi kuluntu ezi zixhobo zabo ezintle zesizwe, ezihlalane zentliziyo, ezibonisa iingxelo zezo zezo zezo ze